Trig Cheat Sheet Formulas and Identities

Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas

sin " cos " 1
Definition of the Trig Functions tan " = cot " = sin 2 " = (1 ( cos ( 2" ) )
Right triangle definition cos " sin " 2
For this definition we assume that Reciprocal Identities 1
Unit circle definition
1 1 cos 2 " = (1 + cos ( 2" ) )
! For this definition " is any angle. csc " = sin " = 2
0 < " < or 0° < " < 90° .
2 y sin " csc " 1 ( cos ( 2" )
1 1 tan " =
2

sec " = cos " = 1 + cos ( 2" )

( x, y ) cos " sec "
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1 1
hypotenuse y " cot " = tan " = sin ($ ± % ) = sin $ cos % ± cos $ sin %
opposite tan " cot "
x
x
Pythagorean Identities cos ($ ± % ) = cos $ cos % ! sin $ sin %
" sin 2 " + cos 2 " = 1 tan $ ± tan %
tan ($ ± % ) =
adjacent tan " + 1 = sec "
2 2 1 ! tan $ tan %
Product to Sum Formulas
opposite hypotenuse y 1 1 + cot 2 " = csc 2 "
sin " = csc " = sin " = =y csc " = 1
hypotenuse opposite 1 y Even/Odd Formulas sin $ sin % = .0 cos ($ ( % ) ( cos ($ + % ) /1
2
adjacent hypotenuse x 1 sin ( (" ) = ( sin " csc ( (" ) = ( csc " 1
cos " = sec" = cos " = = x sec " = cos $ cos % = .0 cos ($ ( % ) + cos ($ + % ) /1
hypotenuse adjacent 1 x cos ( (" ) = cos " sec ( (" ) = sec " 2
opposite adjacent y x 1
tan " = cot " = tan " = cot " = tan ( (" ) = ( tan " cot ( (" ) = ( cot " sin $ cos % = .0sin ($ + % ) + sin ($ ( % ) /1
adjacent opposite x y 2
Periodic Formulas 1
Facts and Properties If n is an integer. cos $ sin % = .0sin ($ + % ) ( sin ($ ( % ) /1
2
Domain sin (" + 2! n ) = sin " csc (" + 2! n ) = csc " Sum to Product Formulas
The domain is all the values of " that Period
cos (" + 2! n ) = cos " sec (" + 2! n ) = sec " !$ + % " !$ ( % "
can be plugged into the function. The period of a function is the number, sin $ + sin % = 2 sin $ % cos $ %
T, such that f (" + T ) = f (" ) . So, if # tan (" + ! n ) = tan " cot (" + ! n ) = cot " & 2 ' & 2 '
sin " , " can be any angle
is a fixed number and " is any angle we Double Angle Formulas !$ + % " !$ ( % "
sin $ ( sin % = 2 cos $ % sin $ %
cos " , " can be any angle have the following periods. & 2 ' & 2 '
! 1" sin ( 2" ) = 2sin " cos "
tan " , " # $ n + % ! , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… !$ + % " !$ ( % "
2! cos ( 2" ) = cos 2 " ( sin 2 " cos $ + cos % = 2 cos $ % cos $ %
& 2'
sin ( #" ) , T = & 2 ' & 2 '
csc " , " # n ! , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… # = 2 cos 2 " ( 1 !$ + % " !$ ( % "
! 1" 2! cos $ ( cos % = (2 sin $ % sin $ %
sec " , " # $ n + % ! , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… cos (#" ) , T = = 1 ( 2sin 2 " & 2 ' & 2 '
& 2' #
2 tan " Cofunction Formulas
cot " , " # n ! , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,… tan (#" ) , T =
! tan ( 2" ) =
1 ( tan 2 " !! " !! "
# sin $ ( " % = cos " cos $ ( " % = sin "
Range 2! Degrees to Radians Formulas &2 ' &2 '
csc (#" ) , T =
The range is all possible values to get # If x is an angle in degrees and t is an !! " !! "
csc $ ( " % = sec " sec $ ( " % = csc "
out of the function. 2! angle in radians then &2 ' &2 '
(1 ) sin " ) 1 csc " * 1 and csc " ) (1 sec (#" ) , T = ! t !x 180t
# = - t= and x = !! " !! "
tan $ ( " % = cot " cot $ ( " % = tan "
(1 ) cos " ) 1 sec " * 1 and sec " ) (1 ! 180 x 180 ! & 2 ' & 2 '
(+ < tan " < + (+ < cot " < + cot (#" ) , T =
#

© 2005 Paul Dawkins © 2005 Paul Dawkins

 Unit Circle
Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
y
( 0,1) y = sin ( 1 x is equivalent to x = sin y cos ( cos (1 ( x ) ) = x cos (1 ( cos (" ) ) = "
! y = cos ( 1 x is equivalent to x = cos y sin ( sin (1 ( x ) ) = x sin (1 ( sin (" ) ) = "
!1 3"
! 1 3" $$ , %%
$( , % 2 &2 2 '
y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y
(1
& 2 2 ' ! ! 2 2" tan ( tan ( 1 ( x ) ) = x tan (1 ( tan (" ) ) = "
2! 90° $$ , %%
! 2 2" 3 & 2 2 '
$( , % 3 Domain and Range
& 2 2 ' 120° 60°
! Alternate Notation
3! ! 3 1" Function Domain Range
4 $$ 2 , 2 %% sin (1 x = arcsin x
4 & ' ! !
! 3 1"
$( , % 135° 45° ! y = sin (1 x (1 ) x ) 1 ( ) y)
& 2 2' 5! 2 2 cos ( 1 x = arccos x
6 y = cos x (1
(1 ) x ) 1 0) y )!
6 30° tan ( 1 x = arctan x
150° ! !
y = tan (1 x (+ < x < + ( < y<
2 2
( (1,0 ) ! 180° 0° 0 (1,0 )
x Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents
360° 2!

c % a
210°
7! 330°
11!
6 225°
! 3 1" 6 ! 3 1" $ &
$ ( ,( % 5! 315° $ ,( %
& 2 2' & 2 2'
4 240° 300° 7!
! 2 2" 4! 270°
4
b
$( ,( % 5! ! 2 2"
& 2 2 ' 3 3! $ ,( %
3 & 2 2 '
2 Law of Sines Law of Tangents
! 1 3"
$ ( ,( %
!1
$ ,(
3"
% sin $ sin % sin &
= = a ( b tan 12 ($ ( % )
& 2 2 ' &2 2 ' =
( 0,(1) a b c a + b tan 12 ($ + % )
Law of Cosines b ( c tan 12 ( % ( & )
=
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 ( 2bc cos $ b + c tan 12 ( % + & )
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos " = x and sin " = y b 2 = a 2 + c 2 ( 2ac cos % a ( c tan 12 ($ ( & )
=
c = a + b ( 2ab cos & a + c tan 12 ($ + & )
2 2 2

Example
Mollweide’s Formula
! 5! " 1 ! 5! " 3
cos $ %= sin $ %=( a + b cos 12 ($ ( % )
& 3 ' 2 & 3 ' 2 =
c sin 12 &

© 2005 Paul Dawkins © 2005 Paul Dawkins