Statistics and

Probability

1
Sampling and
Sampling Distribution
Lesson 1 Objectives
• Illustrate random sampling
• Distinguish between parameter and statistics
• Identify sampling distribution of sample means
• Find the mean and variance of sampling
distribution of the sample means
• Define the sampling distribution of the sample
means for finite and infinite population
• Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem
Lesson 1 Outline
• Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
• Finding the mean and variance of sampling
distribution
 Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
• Suppose we have a population of size N with
a mean  , and we draw or select all possible
samples of size n from this population.

• Naturally, we expect to get different values of

the means for each sample.

• The sample means may be less than, greater

than, or equal to the population mean  .
• The sample means obtained will form a
frequency distribution and the corresponding
distribution can be constructed.

• This distribution is called the sampling

distribution of the sample means.
 Characteristics of Sampling Distribution
1. The sampling distribution mean is equal to the population mean  X  .
2. The standard error of the sampling distribution is

X  when the population is infinite or when sampling is

n with replacement, and

 N n when the population is finite or when sampling

X   N n
N 1 is without replacement. The term is
n N 1
called the finite correction factor. In practical application,
it assumed that the population is infinite.
3. The sampling distribution will tend to have a normal distribution,
regardless of the shape of the population.
 For easy computation and application of the concept of
sampling distribution the following formulas will be applied:
Steps in Constructing a Sampling Distribution
Example 1

A population consists of five values (Php 2, Php 3, Php 4, Php 5,

Php 6). A sample of size 2 is to be taken from this population.

a) How many samples are possible? List them and compute the
mean of each sample.
b) Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
c) Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
d)Find the mean and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution.
e) Find the mean and standard deviation of the population.
Possible Sample
Means
of size 2
b)Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Step 3: Step 4:
Frequency

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Total
c)Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of
the sample means.

2.5

Probability 2

1.5

0.5

0
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Mean
 MEAN and STANDARD DEVIATION of the
Sampling Distribution
• The mean of the
f P(X) sampling distribution is

(2.5)(1/10)= (6.25)(1/10)=
2.5 1 1/10
2.5/10=0.25 6.25/10=0.625
3.0 1 1/10
3.5 2 1/5
• The standard deviation of
4.0 2 1/5 the sampling distribution
4.5 2 1/5 is
5.0 1 1/10
5.5 1 1/10
Tot
10 1
al
 Variance and Standard Deviation
X X2 of the Population
2
Population variance: Population standard deviation:
3
X  X 
2 2
 X2   X 
2
4
 
2
     
5 N  N  N  N 
6  

N=5
n=2
 Standard
Deviation
of the Sampling
Distribution
Example 2

The following table gives the monthly salaries (in thousands of

pesos) of six officers in a government office. Suppose that random
samples of size 4 are taken from this population of six officers.

Officer Salary
A 8
B 12
C 16
D 20
E 24
F 28
 The following table gives the monthly salaries (in thousands of
pesos) of six officers in a government office. Suppose that random
samples of size 4 are taken from this population of six officers.

a)How many samples are possible? List them and

compute the mean of each sample.
b)Construct the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
c)Construct the histogram of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
d) What is the mean and SD of the sampling
distribution?
e) What is the population variance and SD of the
given data?
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample Salaries Mean
A, B, C, D 8, 12, 16, 20 Mean Frequency
A, B, C, E 8, 12, 16, 24
A, B, C, F 8, 12, 16, 28
14
A, B, D, E 8, 12, 20, 24 15
A, B, D, F 8, 12, 20, 28
16
A, B, E, F 8, 12, 24, 28
A, C, D, E 8, 16, 20, 24
17
A, C, D, F 8, 16, 20, 28 18
A, C, E, F 8, 16, 24, 28
19
A, D, E, F 8, 20, 24, 28
B, C, D, E 12, 16, 20, 24
20
B, C, D, F 12, 16, 20, 28 21
B, C, E, F 12, 16, 24, 28
22
B, D, E, F 12, 20, 24, 28
C, D, E, F 16, 20, 24, 28
Total
 Variance and Standard Deviation
of the Sampling Distribution
The mean of the
f sampling distribution is
14 1 1/15
15 1 1/15
16 2 2/15
17 2 2/15
The standard deviation
18 3 1/5
of the sampling
19 2 2/15 distribution is
20 2 2/15
21 1 1/15
22 1 1/15
Total 15 1
 Variance and Standard Deviation
of the Population

X X2
 X2   X 
2

8  
2
  
N  N 
12
16
20
24
28
X   X2 
 Variance and Standard Deviation
of the Sampling Distribution
Original Formula Alternative Formula

 The mean of the sample is equal to the mean of the population

 The sample means vary fr0m 14 to 22
 SD (population)=6.83 > SD (sampling distribution)=2.16
Exercises

I. Determine the number of different samples of the given size n that

can be drawn from the given population of size N.

Number of
N n
Possible Samples
7 3
15 5
50 4
10 3
25 4
II. The following are heights of five students in centimeter. Suppose samples of size 3 are
taken from this population of five students.
Student Height (in cm)
Bert 120
Tony 130
Danny 110
Henry 125
Peter 115
a) How many samples are possible? List them and compute the mean of each sample
b) Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means
c) Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Describe
the shape of the histogram.
d)Compute for the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution and
population.
III. Find the value of the finite population correction factor given the following:
1. N=40 and n=2 4. N=90 and n=22
2. N=100 and n=14 5. N=150 and n=20
3. N=80 and n=25

IV. Random samples of size n=2 are drawn from a finite population consisting of the
numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
a. Find the mean of the population .
b. Find the standard deviation of the population  .
c. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means  X .
d. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution  X .
e. Verify the Central Limit Theorem by
1. comparing  and  X .
2. comparing  and  X .
3. constructing the histogram of the sampling distribution.
• Sources:
– Albert, J. R. G. (2008).Basic Statistics for the Tertiary Level (ed. Roberto Padua,
Welfredo Patungan, Nelia Marquez), published by Rex Bookstore.
– Takahashi, S. (2009). The Manga Guide to Statistics. Trend-Pro Co. Ltd.
– Workbooks in Statistics 1: 11th Edition, Institute of Statistics, UP Los Banos,
College Laguna 4031
– Handbook of Statistics 1 (1st and 2nd Edition), Authored by the Faculty of the
Institute of Statistics, UP Los Baños, College Laguna 4031
– “Candy Judging” Lesson Plan by Susan Haller, St. Cloud State University in
STatistics Education Web (STEW) Online Journal of K-12 Statistics Lesson
Plans. http://www.amstat.org/education/stew/pdfs/CandyJudging.pdf
– https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistical-studies/statistical-
questions/v/statistical-questions
– https://www.illustrativemathematics.org/content-standards/tasks/703
– https://www.reference.com/math/importance-statistics-66787baffae65125#
– http://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/importance-of-statistics-in-
different-fields.html