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HYDRO 1 - Module 2.1 Classifications of Flow

The document discusses fluid flow fundamentals and classifications. It introduces the Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches to understanding flow. Flow can be classified based on whether it is laminar or turbulent, steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, continuous or non-continuous. Reynolds number determines if flow is laminar or turbulent. Flow is also classified based on whether velocity and cross-sectional area change over distance or time. Continuity equations relate flow properties at different points in compressible and incompressible fluids.

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27 views4 pages

HYDRO 1 - Module 2.1 Classifications of Flow

The document discusses fluid flow fundamentals and classifications. It introduces the Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches to understanding flow. Flow can be classified based on whether it is laminar or turbulent, steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, continuous or non-continuous. Reynolds number determines if flow is laminar or turbulent. Flow is also classified based on whether velocity and cross-sectional area change over distance or time. Continuity equations relate flow properties at different points in compressible and incompressible fluids.

Uploaded by

Philip Sabadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE


Civil Engineering Department

Hydro 1 – Hydraulics
MODULE 2.0. Fluid Flow Fundamentals

Topic Learning Outcomes:


By the end of this module, the student must be able to:
1. Explain the two main approaches in understanding flow;
2. Define what a flow is;
3. Describe and classify flow; and
4. Perform calculations pertinent to fluid flow.

Approaches in Understanding Flow


▪ Langrangian Approach
- Named after the Italian mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813).
- In this analysis, Newton’s second law or other physical laws are applied to a solid body, the
focus is on the motion of the body, and the analysis follows the body wherever it moves.
▪ Euler’s Approach
- Named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).
- The fluid flow analysis is focused on a fixed frame in space, usually referred to as control
volume, through which the fluid passes.
Flow
Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time. This is
expressed as a mass flow rate, and volume flow rate or flow rate.
• Volume Flow Rate,
𝐕
𝐐 = = 𝐀𝐯
𝐭
For real fluid:
𝐀
𝐐 = ∫ 𝐯𝐝𝐀
𝟎
• Mass Flow Rate
𝐦̇ = 𝛒𝐐 = 𝛒𝐀𝐯

Classifications of Flow
A. Laminar & Turbulent Flow
a. Laminar Flow - laminar flow occurs when the paths of the individual particles do not intersect.
For laminar flow, Reynold’s number Re ≤ 2000.

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog


• A path line or streamline is the path followed by a particle in a flowing stream.
• A stream tube is a small bundle of path lines.
b. Turbulent Flow - turbulent flow occurs when the path lines are irregular curves which continually
cross each other forming a complex network of intersecting path lines. For turbulent flow, Re >
4000.

• Reynold’s Number:
- Reynold’s number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force to viscous force. For
pipes flowing full,
𝛒𝐕𝐋 𝐕𝐋
𝐑𝐞 = =
𝛍 𝐯
where: ρ = fluid density
μ = absolute or dynamic viscosity
v = kinematic viscosity = μ/ρ
L = length or diameter of the fluid
V = mean fluid velocity

Question: What is the classification of fluid flow if Reynold’s number is between 2000 and 4000?

Related Video:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzuzbwJWlYs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rn9y1CSoFZs

B. Steady vs. Unsteady Flow


a. Steady Flow – This occurs when the discharge (Q) passing a given cross-section is constant with
time.
b. Unsteady Flow – The discharge passing through a section varies with time.

C. Uniform vs. Non-Uniform Flow


a. Uniform Flow – The flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow at a given instant do not
change with distance.
b. Non-uniform Flow – Non-uniform flow occurs when the cross-section and velocity changes in a
stream.

***Steady (or Unsteady Flow) can be combined with uniform (or non-uniform) flow (e.g., steady
uniform flow).

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog


Exercise
Classify the fluid flow as described in the following:
1. Fluid flows through a uniform cross-section at constant discharge.
Ans.:
2. Water flows through a river with a constant discharge.
Ans.:
3. Air constantly flows through a ducting system with a tapered section.
Ans.:
4. Air flows through a regular rectangular duct with sudden changes in discharge and pressure.
Ans.:
5. Water is released in the network of canals, causing pressure surges on the pipes with variable
cross-sections.
Ans.:

D. Continuous Flow
A flow is continuous if, at any instant, the number of particles passing every cross-section of the stream
is the same. If between, any two points of a stream, flow is added or taken out through distributaries, the
flow between the two points is not continuous. Continuity for non-compressible fluid (liquids) occurs
when,

𝐐 = 𝐐𝟏 = 𝐐𝟐 = 𝐐𝐧
A1 V1 = A2 V2 = An Vn

Q Q1 1 Q
Q2 2

For compressible fluid (gasses)

𝒎̇ 𝒎̇𝟏 𝒎̇
1
𝒎̇𝟐 2

mass
ṁ = ṁ1 = ṁ2 = mass flow rate =
time
From the relationship of mass, volume, and density.
mass, m
density, ρ =
volume
mass = ρ(volume)
Divide the equation by time, t.
mass volume
= ρ( )
time time
ṁ = ρQ = ρAV
Thus, for compressible fluids, the continuity formula is,

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog


𝛒𝟏 𝐀 𝟏 𝐕𝟏 = 𝛒𝟐 𝐀 𝟐 𝐕𝟐 = 𝛒𝐧 𝐀 𝐧 𝐕𝐧

Sample Problems:
To be continued…

References:
• King, H.W., Wisler, C.O., & Woodburn, J.G. (1948). Hydraulics. 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
New York & London.
• Gillesania, D.I.T. (1999). Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics. 2nd ed. Gillesania Printing Press. Leyte,
PH.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzuzbwJWlYs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rn9y1CSoFZs

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

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