MASTER’S DEGREE IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

BUILDING PHYSICS

RAFAA OTHMANI : a54355

PRACTICAL WORK N°5

Prof. Maria Isabel Lopes Marcelino Dias de Abreu

BRAGANCA
2023
 Table of Contents

1.1- the most recent energy goals and policies from the initiative of the
European Commission European (legal framework) for the EU Member States: 2
1.2- the main energy policies and requirements that are implemented in UK for
new buildings and building renovations: ............................................................ 4
1.3- the main energy policies and requirements that are implemented in
TUNISIA for new buildings and building renovations:...................................... 6
1.4- The comparison between European policies for new buildings and
building stock renovation with the ones that are in action nowadays in Tunisia: 9
2.1- The climate zone of Matmata – Tunisia .................................................. 10
2.2- The architectural design drawings of a single-family: ............................. 10
2.3- Examples of traditional houses for climate zone of Matmata – Tunisia with
their fundamental vernacular/passive solutions for air heating and cooling ...... 12
2.4- Using the Givoni Bioclimatic Chart, the appropriate passive and active air
heating and cooling strategies........................................................................... 14
2.5- Some passive and active energy efficient solutions for the building: ....... 21
2.6- Resize the existent fixed solar protections: .............................................. 25
2.7- Paint with red color the building external envelope (roofs, external walls,
windows, etc.): ................................................................................................. 28
2.8- The constructive solutions for each of these external building envelope
elements : ......................................................................................................... 30
1.1- the most recent energy goals and policies from the initiative of the
European Commission European (legal framework) for the EU Member
States:

The energy plan for Europe, or EPE, has three primary objectives:
- Promote renewable energy.
- Secure foreign energy supply.
- Encourage research and development of energy technologies.
Energy efficiency policies and programs can help drive the implementation of projects that minimize
or reduce energy use during the operation of a system or machine and/or production of a good or
service. Resources related to different types of energy efficiency policies and programs are available
below.
The European Commission is committed to policies that will contribute to the European Green Deal
ambition of achieving carbon-neutrality by 2050. They are also aimed at boosting the internal energy
market, making our energy more secure, more sustainable and more affordable.
The five main aims of the EU's energy policy:

- Energy security
- The internal energy market.
- Energy efficiency.
- Decarburization of the economy.
- Research, innovation and competitiveness.
The purpose of EPC:
An EPC is intended to inform potential buyers or tenants about the energy performance of a building,
so they can consider energy efficiency as part of their investment or business decision to buy or
occupy that building.

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The recent energy goals from the initiative of the European Commission European for 2030:
- The Renewable Energy Directive sets rules for the EU to achieve its 32% renewables target by
2030.
- EU countries will have to achieve new energy savings of 0.8% each year of final energy
consumption for the 2021-2030 period, except Cyprus and Malta that will have to achieve
0.24% each year instead.
- In May 2022, in the context of the REPowerEU plan, the Commission proposed an increase to
the binding EU energy efficiency target from 9% to 13% compared to the 2020 Reference
Scenario (750 Mtoe in final and 980 Mtoe in primary energy consumption, respectively).
- The recast EPBD aims to accelerate building renovation rates, reduce GHG emissions and
energy consumption, and promote the uptake of renewable energy in buildings. It would
introduce a new EU definition of a 'zero emissions building', applicable to all new buildings
from 2027 and to all renovated buildings from 2030.

In addition, for 2050:

- Europe's future depends on a healthy planet. EU countries are committed to achieving climate
neutrality by 2050, delivering on the commitments under the Paris Agreement. The European
Green Deal is the EU's strategy for reaching the 2050 goal.

- A 100% renewable energy system enables the EU to become climate neutral before 2050 in
the most cost-effective manner. A 100% renewable energy system in Europe will lead to
sharpest decline in GHG emissions, down to zero by 2040. Solar power is set to generate more
than 60% of EU's electricity by 2050

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1.2- the main energy policies and requirements that are implemented in UK
for new buildings and building renovations:

The energy white paper 2020 has set within it a target to achieve net zero within the UK by 2050 in
efforts to halter progress of Climate Change.
The UK government aim to do this by:
 Investing heavily in renewable energy sources with a goal set of 40GW (about 60% of the
UK's energy consumption) of offshore wind by 2030.
 Getting a large-scale nuclear project to the investment stages.
 Grow the rate at which electric heat pumps are installed.
 Support the deployment of CCUS
 Establishing a new UK emissions system
 Debating whether to end connections to the gas grid for new homes.

All homes and businesses will have to meet rigorous new energy efficiency standards to lower energy
consumption and bills, helping to protect the environment, ”the Housing Minister Chris Pincher has
announced today (19 January 2021)”.
The government has set out plans to radically improve the energy performance of new homes, with all
homes to be highly energy efficient, with low carbon heating and be zero carbon ready by 2025. These
homes are expected to produce 75-80% lower carbon emissions compared to current levels. To ensure
industry is ready to meet the new standards by 2025.
The radical new standards announced today will not only improve energy efficiency of existing homes
and other buildings, but will also ensure our new homes are fit for the future, by reducing emissions
from new homes by at least 75%.This will help deliver greener homes and buildings, as well as
reducing energy bills for hard-working families and businesses.
The government plans also include measures to tackle;
 Ventilation – a new requirement for additional ventilation and indoor air quality monitoring in
high-risk non-domestic buildings such as offices and gyms, reducing the risk of any potential
infections being spread indoors.
 Overheating in residential buildings - a new overheating mitigation requirement in the
Building Regulations.
There will be stringent transitional arrangements in place to provide all developers with certainty
about the standards they are building. These will last for one year and apply to individual homes,
rather than an entire development.
The government has also announced a consultation on higher performance targets for non-domestic
buildings, which will mean they will be zero carbon ready by 2025.
The government is committed to reaching net-zero and is taking considerable action to address the
emissions from buildings – with heating and powering buildings currently accounting for 40% of the
UK’s total energy usage.

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The government achieved so far:
- The UK have already saved households on the lowest incomes around £300 a year on bills,
through energy efficiency measures – and we are investing over £6 billion on decarbonising
the nation’s homes and buildings.
- The number of homes with an Energy Efficiency Rating of C or above is 46%, up from 13%
in 2010, and rapidly rising thanks to government commitments.
- The UK has a strong track record in making homes more energy efficient, with 40% in
England now at EPC B and C or better and 84% of new builds in the top energy efficiency
bands A or B.
- By 2025, around 700k homes will be upgraded, and by 2050, all our buildings will be energy
efficient with low carbon heating.
For improve energy efficiency, the government is:
 Publishing the landmark Heat and Buildings Strategy with an accompanying £3.9 billion of
support.
 This includes nearly £1.8 billion targeted at low-income households through the Home
Upgrade Grant and the Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund. This builds on more than £1.2
billion we have already invested this Parliament to support low-income households to install
energy efficiency measures. We are also investing more than £1.4 billion to upgrade public
sector buildings. This brings capital spending on buildings decarbonisation over the lifetime of
Parliament to £6.6 billion
 Expanding the Energy Company Obligation to £1 billion per year from 2022-2026, helping
133,000 low-income households annually to improve their energy efficiency
 Combined, all this funding will improve up to 500,000 homes, saving households hundreds of
pounds per year on their energy bills and reduce our reliance on gas
 Setting a 2035 date by which we intend to phase out the sale of new and replacement gas
boilers
 Introducing a package of measures to increase deployment of heat pumps to 600,000
installations per year by 2028, and expanding heat networks through the Green Heat Networks
Fund and designating heat network zones

In 2019, the government introduced a legally binding target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net
zero by 2050 – making the UK the first major economy in the world to legislate a zero net
emissions target. The measures announced today recognize the important role that the energy
efficiency of buildings can play in achieving this goal.

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1.3- the main energy policies and requirements that are implemented in
TUNISIA for new buildings and building renovations:

Tunisia is one of the first countries in Africa and the Arab world to put in place a proactive policy in
this area. In 1985, Tunisia was created the Energy Management Agency. After changing the name of
the agency two times. Finally in 2004 the name of this agency is became the National Agency for
Energy Management ANME also in the same year, the ANME is placed under the administrative
supervision of the Ministry of Energy.

Planning of ANME:
- PRESENTATION
In order to carry out forecasting work and medium- and long-term planning in the fields of energy
transition and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, ANME has developed various tools to help
decision-making which…
 Monitor and evaluate energy efficiency and renewable energy programmes;
 Set quantitative objectives related to energy efficiency policy, to the development of
renewable energy and to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions;
 Identify the challenges and assess the impacts of the energy transition and mitigation policies
on the different elements of sustainable development;
 Develop roadmaps for the completion of programmes and action plans in the fields of energy
efficiency and renewable energies;
 Enable access to finance from climate change and international co-operation supporting
integrated energy transition and mitigation policies;
Two main planning and forecasting tools have been developed:

- The Enerinfo Information System: Enerinfo

Since 2005, ANME has had the ‘SIM2E’ information system, which has enabled monitoring and
evaluation of energy management policy and consequently of greenhouse gas mitigation, according to
a top-down approach.
Seeking to optimize and improve this information system, ANME developed the ‘Enerinfo’ integrated
data management system.
This system should make it possible to monitor the impact of energy transition policy, and to measure
the interactions between energy transition, greenhouse gas emission mitigation, and socio-economic
development.
Enerinfo should ensure the management of information flow, analysis and data processing of all
programmes in the energy sector, and generate a set of energy, socio-economic and environmental
indicators, according to both top-down and bottom-up approaches to analysis.
Examples of monitoring indicators include:
 Emission reductions;
 Energy savings;

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  Investments made;
 Aid received;
 Public energy subsidy reductions;
 Reductions in the national energy bill;
 Reductions in consumers’ energy bills;
 Jobs created…

- Med-Pro Energy Forecasting Model:

Collective solar thermal installations are classified into two categories:
In 2012, ANME set up the ‘Med-Pro’ techno-economic model to simulate energy demand by sector
and by form of energy. This model has been adapted to the Tunisian energy and socio-economic
context, making it possible to carry out long-term (2050) energy and climate (mitigation) forecasting.
 Med-Pro uses a bottom-up approach, based on classifying energy consumption by energy use,
form of energy and industry. It thus enables…
 Simulation of future energy demand;
 Identifying an accurate forecast for the energy mix;
 Accounting for energy sector related to greenhouse gas emissions, in accordance with the
methodology recommended by the IPCC.

Rational use of energy in Construction:

The building industry has great potential for energy savings, which could reach 56% by 2030.
To achieve this potential, ANME employs a range of mechanisms, including regulation, advice and
incentive, to improve energy performance throughout the different phases of building use, from design
until operation.
ANME’s initiatives can be gathered into two types, namely:
 Passive energy efficiency, which encompasses all efforts aimed at increasing the intrinsic
qualities of a building (orientation, insulation, waterproofing, etc.).
 Active energy efficiency, including all procedures to optimize energy systems and uses
(energy-efficient technologies, regulation, behavioural modification, etc.).

The key programmes in this sector are the energy audits for new buildings and the audits for existing
buildings. Both programmes employ regulatory measures ranging from thermal regulation for
buildings to energy certification of household appliances.
ANME also provides support programmes for companies in the research and implementation of
Combined Heat and Power projects, including assistance with the ISO 50001 EMS (Energy
Management System) certification process as well as in the certification of buildings according to the

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Tunisian EcoBât scheme. ANME is also working on the design of mechanisms to provide energy
saving solutions to Tunisian households, taking account of their geographical distribution.
For individual housebuilding (much of the residential sector), ANME oversees the design of
procedures to provide domestic energy-saving solutions.

Heat Production in Residential Solar Energy:

Evolution of the Solar Water Heating Market in Tunisia
Solar Water Heating (chauffe-eau solaire – CES) is today, a technically and commercially mature
technology, and one that is well adapted to the needs of Tunisian consumers. Indeed, many Tunisian
households have been using SWH to provide domestic hot water for more than thirty years.
In 2005, the Tunisian State launched the ambitious PROSOL programme as part of its national energy
management programme
Aims of the PROSOL programme
The PROSOL programme aims to achieve a total installed area of 1.3 million m² by 2020 and 2.85
million m² by 2030, broken down as follows.

The annual growth of solar collector installations is shown in the graph below. It should be noted that
just 60,000m² of solar collectors were installed in 2018, i.e. 60% of the objectives set for that year:

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Review of the Achievements of PROSOL
Since its start in 2005, the achievements of the PROSOL programme in Tunisia have gradually
increased.
Between 2005 and 2019, the PROSOL programme achieved 85% of the annual objectives set for this
period, i.e. 900,000 m² of installation.
This change of scale is due to improvements in the PROSOL procedures aimed at removing
constraints – including the departure of former suppliers and the introduction of new lines of credit –
in order to promote lower prices and reduce consumers’ initial outlay. The improvements are also
aimed at reducing the red tape involved in the purchase and installation of SWH systems.

Conclusion:
The Tunisian government is preparing a national strategy for solar power generation with the aim of
reaching 3.8GW of installed solar power by 2030.
While the installed solar capacity in Tunisia in 2020 only reached 95MW, the government has
awarded contracts or launched tenders for 1.1GW of solar capacity so far.
In December 2021, the final government approvals were granted for five solar independent power
producer (IPP) projects with a total capacity of 500MW. The developers had been selected in 2019
following a competitive tendering process.
The objective of Tunisia’s NDC is to reduce emission intensity (CO2 consumption per unit of gross
domestic product or GDP) by 41% by 2030 compared with 2010. As energy is responsible for 58% of
emissions, this sector plays the central role in mitigation targets.

1.4- The comparison between European policies for new buildings and
building stock renovation with the ones that are in action nowadays in
Tunisia:
Start with the European policies, the government invest in construction and Nearly Zero Energy
Buildings. As EU are a rich continent, the government help their people with money and
encourage them to build with energy efficient. However, they put roles and obligated the people
to build with energy efficient. EU have a goal to achieve with a 100% renewable energy system
enables in 2050. Move on to Tunisia, the government try to help their people and encourage them
to renovation building and new building with energy efficient despite their economic problems.
Tunisia dependent in the awareness of the civil society. As we know geolocation of Tunisia. The
government invest in solar energy and encourage the Tunisian to put solar water heater in their
house.

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2.1- The climate zone of Matmata – Tunisia
Matmata is a village in the south of Tunisia dependent on the governorate of Gabès.
Matmata is characterized by a hot dry climat.
In Matmata, summers are very hot, dry and clear, and winters are chilly, dry, windy and clear overall.
During the year, temperatures generally range from 3°C to 39°C.

2.2- The architectural design drawings of a single-family:

Note: Please find the attached file “architecture of a house for a single-family.dwg”.

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2.3- Examples of traditional houses for climate zone of Matmata – Tunisia
with their fundamental vernacular/passive solutions for air heating and
cooling

Matmata is known for its cave dwellings. These Berber houses, created to resist the climate, are dug
around a large circular open-air well to capture light, and keep a relatively regular temperature
throughout the year. Often with 2 floors: the lower floor reserved for bedrooms (camour), kitchen
(matbakh), sheepfold for goats and stables, the upper floor reserved for storage (makhzen) of cereals,
dates, olives and dried figs.

Hot and dry regions

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2.4- Using the Givoni Bioclimatic Chart, the appropriate passive and active
air heating and cooling strategies

a. Using the bioclimatic map of Givoni, and following our analysis, we consider the comfort
zone where no strategy is necessary are months April, May, June and October.

-April-

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 -Mai-

-June-

-October-

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 b. Using the bioclimatic map of Givoni, and following our analysis, we notice that there are two
parts of the year that need passive and active air heating and cooling strategies.
First Part is months from November to March, and they need passive and active air heating
strategies:
- Internal Heat Gain.
- Passive Solar Direct Gain High Mass.
- Heating. Add Humidification if needed.

- November to March -

-Example ; November 27-

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 -Example; December 6-

-Example; January 13-

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 -Example; February 19-

-Example; March 1-

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 Second Party is months July, August and September .They need passive and active air-cooling
strategies:
- Sun Shading of Windows.
- Two-Stage Evaporation Cooling.
- Natural Ventilation Cooling.
- Dehumidification Only.
- Cooling. add Dehumidification if needed.

-July to September-

-Example; July 10-

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 -Example; August 9-

-Example ; September 3-

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2.5- Some passive and active energy efficient solutions for the building:
Passive air heating Strategies:
Internal Heat Gain: Heat gain from lights, people, and equipment greatly reduces heating needs so
keep home tight, well insulated (to lower Balance Point temperature)

Passive Solar Direct Gain High Mass : representation of roof openings for a space in the passive
solar heating zone.

Active air heating Strategies:

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Heating. Add Humidification if needed: use Active Solar Heating Systems and humidification
technique.

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Passive air-cooling Strategies:
Sun Shading of Windows: Window overhangs (designed for this latitude) or operable sunshades
(awnings that extend in summer) can reduce or eliminate air conditioning.

Natural Ventilation Cooling: using natural forces, such as wind and buoyancy to drive cool outdoor
air through a space.

Active air-cooling Strategies:

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Two-Stage Evaporation Cooling: Evaporative cooling strategy (Alternatives to active HVAC systems
2012).

Direct evaporative cooling Indirect evaporative cooling

Cooling. add Dehumidification if needed: Air conditioning (Wall mounted split systems).

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2.6- Resize the existent fixed solar protections:
Section A-A: We propose a new roof eaves for solar protection the window on first floor.

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Section B-B: Using the Climate Consultant, we propose to use trees around the house for protect the
balcony on the summer.

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2.7- Paint with red color the building external envelope (roofs, external walls,
windows, etc.):
Note: Please find the attached file “architecture of a house for a single-family.dwg”

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2.8- The constructive solutions for each of these external building envelope
elements :
Roof: Polyurethane Foam (PIR/PUR) is a thermal insulation board produced in a chemical process
from rigid polyurethane (PU) foam combined with an isocyanurate catalyst. This is a universal and
efficient solution for all kinds of exposed roofs. It is one of the most suitable insulation types for
adhered roof systems and can be used in ballasted roof applications.

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External walls: cellulose one of the most eco-friendly forms of insulation, besides it is also one of
the most fire resistant forms of insulation.

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Windows: Aluminum window (Modern double-glazed windows, including the frames) can achieve
such excellent overall insulation values thanks to a combination of multiple innovations.

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