Q1. How are SQL commands classified ?

Answer =
SQL COMMANDS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:
DDL (Data Definition Language)
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DQL (Data Query Language)
DCL (Data Control Language)

Q2. Differentiate between DDL and DML commands.

DDL:-

1. DDL is Data Definition Language

2. These are used to define data structure
3. It is used to define database structure or schema
4. Commands are: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME
5. It works on whole table
6. It do not have a where clause to filter
7. Changes done by DDL commands cannot be rolled back
8. Example --  Drop table student

DML:-
1. It is Data Manipulation Language
2. It is used to manipulate the existing databases.
3. It is used for managing data within schema objects
4. Commands are: SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, MERGE, CALL
5. It works on one or more rows
6. It have where clause to filter records
7. Changes can be rolled back
8. It is further classified as procedural and non procedural
9. Example --- Select * from student

Q3(a) What is the use of UPDATE statement in SQL ? How is it different from ALTER
statement
(b) Mr. Shankar created a table VEHICLE with 3 rows and 4 columns. He added 1 more
row to it deleted one column. What is the Cardinality and Degree of the Table VEHICLE ?
(c) Consider the following table named "GYM" with details about fitness items being sold
in the store. Write command of SQL for (i) to (iv).

(i) To display the names of all the items whose name starts with "A".

(ii) To display ICODEs and INAMEs of all items, whose Brandname is Reliable or Coscore.

(iii) To change the Brandname to "Fit Trend India" of the item, whose ICODE as "G101".

(iv) Add a new row for new item in GYM with the details :

"G107", "Vibro exerciser", 21000, "GTCFitness"

Answer =

(a)

The UPDATE statement in SQL is used to update the data of an existing table in database .
ALTER is a DDL (Data Definition Language) statement. Whereas UPDATE is a DML (Data
Manipulation Language) statement. ALTER is used to update the structure of the table (add/remove
field/index etc). Whereas UPDATE is used to update data.

(b)
 number of cardinality = 4
Number of degree = 3

(c)

(i)
select INAME from GYM
Where INAME like  “A%”

(ii)
select ICODE , INAME from GYM
Where BRANDNAME in  ( “Reliable” , “Coscore” )

(iii)
update GYM
Set BRANDNAME = “Fit Trend India ”
Where ICODE = “G101”;

(iv)
insert into GYM values ("G107", "Vibro exerciser", 21000, "GTCFitness") ;




Q4. (a) Mr. James created a table CLIENT with 2 rows and 4 columns. He added 2 more
rows to it and deleted one column. What is the Cardinality and Degree of the Table
CLIENT ?
(b) Consider the following table FITNESS with details about fitness products being sold in
the store. Write command of SQL for (i) to (iv).>
 
(i) To display the names of all the products with price more than 20000.
(ii) To display the names of all products by the manufacturer "Aone".
(iii) To change the price data of all the products by applying 25% discount reduction.
(iv)To add a new row for product with the details
 "P7", "Vibro Exerciser", 28000, "Aone".

Answer =
(a)
Cardinality = 4
Degree = 3
(b)
(i)
select PNAME from FITNESS
Where price > 20000;
(ii)
select pname  from FITNESS
Where manufacturer = “Aone”;
(iii)
update FITNESS
Set  price = price * 0.75 ;
(iv)
insert into FITNESS values (“P7” , “Vibro Exerciser”, 28000, "Aone" ) ;
Q5.Write SQL commands for the following on the basis
of given table CLUB.
(a) To show all information about the swimming coaches in the club.

(b) To list names of all coaches with their date of appointment (DATOFAPP) in
descending order.

(c) To display a report, showing coachname, pay, age and bonus (15% of pay) for
all the coaches.

Answer =

(a)
Select * from CLUB
Where sports = “SWIMMING”;

(b)
select coachname, datofapp from CLUB
Order by datofapp DESC;

(c)select coachname , pay , age , pay * 0.15 as Bonus from CLUB ;

Q6. Write SQL commands for the following on the basis

of given table STUDENT1.

(a) Select all the Nonmedical stream students from STUDENT1.

(b) List the names of those students who are in class 12 sorted by Stipend.

(c) List all students sorted by AvgMark in descending order.

Answer =

(a)
select * from student1
where stream = “Nonmedical” ;

(b)
select name from student
where class like “12%”
order by stipend ;

(c)
select * from student1
order by AvgMark desc

Q7.What is foreign key ? How do you define a foreign

key in your table?

Answer =

A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that provides a
link between data in two tables. It acts as a cross-reference between tables because it
references the primary key of another table, thereby establishing a link between them.

A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together.

A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY
KEY in another table.

Foreign key ( <column name>) REFERENCES <parent table name > ( < Column name  > )

Q8.How is FOREIGN KEY commands different from

PRIMARY KEY command?

Answer =
1. Primary key can not accept null values . while foreign key can accept multiple null
values .

2. only one primary key in a table while more than one foreign key in a table .

3. primary key uniquely identify a record in the table while foreign key is a field in the table
that is primary key in another table

Q9.How is FOREIGN KEY commands related to the

PRIMARY KEY?
Answer =
A primary key-foreign key relationship defines a one-to-many relationship between two
tables in a relational database. A foreign key is a column or a set of columns in one table
that references the primary key columns in another table. The primary key is defined as a
column (or set of columns) where each value is unique and identifies a single row of the
table.

Q10. What are table constraints? What are column

constraints? How are these two different? Answer =
A Constraint is a condition or check applicable on field or set of fields.

The two basic type of constraints are Column constraints and table constraints. The
difference between the two is that column constraints apply only to individual columns ,
whereas table constraints apply to group of one or more columns.

Q11. Insert all those records of table Accounts into

table Pending where amt_outstanding is more than
10000.

Answer =

Query if you have already created table Pending :-

Insert into Pending

Select * from Accounts where amt_outstanding > 10000 ;

Query if you have not created Pending table in your database :-

Create table Pending Select * from Accounts where amt_outstanding > 10000 ;
Q12. Increase salary of employee records by 10% (table
employee).

Answer =

Update employee
Set salary = salary + salary * 0.10 ;
Q13. Add a constraint (NN-Grade) in table Empl (given
before assignment) that declares column Grade not
null.

Answer =

Alter table Empl add column grade int(1) Not null;

Q14. Drop the table Empl.

Answer =

Drop table Empl ;

Q15. Differentiate between:

(i) DROP TABLE, DROP DATABASE

(ii) DROP TABLE, DROP clause of ALTER TABLE.

Answer =

(i)
drop table = it delete  table or relation from database
Drop  database = it delete the database from MYSQL server.

(ii)
drop table = it delete  table or relation from database
DROP clause of ALTER TABLE = it delete a particular column or filed from table or relation.
Q16. Mr. Mittal is using a table with following columns:

         Name, Class, Stream_ld, Stream_name

He needs to display names of students who have not been assigned any stream
or have been assigned stream_name that ends with "computers".

He wrote the following command, which did not give the desired result.

SELECT Name, Class FROM Students

WHERE Stream_name = NULL OR Stream_name = "%computers" ;

Help Mr. Mittal to run the query by removing the error and write correct query.

Answer =

SELECT Name, Class FROM Students

WHERE Stream_name is NULL OR Stream_name   like "%computers" ;
Q17. The Doc_name Column of a table Hospital is given below:

Doc_name

Avinash

Hariharan

Vinayak

Deepak

Sanjeev

Based on the information, find the output of the following queries:

(i) SELECT doc_name FROM HOSPITAL WHERE Doc_name like "%v";
(ii) SELECT dcc_name FROM HOSPITAL WHERE doc_name like "%e%";
 

Answer =

(a)
 Doc_name

Sanjeev

(b)

Doc_name

Deepak

Sanjeev

Q18. Sarthak, a student of class XII, created a table

"Class". Grade is one of the columns of this table. 10 i
the details of students whose Grades have not been
entered, he wrote the following MySql query, which did
not give the desired result:
SELECT * FROM Class WHERE Grade = "Null";

Help Sarthak to run the query by removing the errors from the query and write the
correct query.

Answer =

SELECT * FROM Class WHERE Grade is Null ;

Q19. What is the purpose of DROP TABLE command in
MySql? How is it different from DELETE Command?

Answer =

Delete is used to remove the rows, while drop is used to remove the tables and DB. delete -
removes the rows from the table - where clause can be used to delete specific rows.