MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

DENSITY (ρ), SPECIFIC WEIGHT (γ), SPECIFIC VOLUME 5. Mercury stands in a soda-lime glass tube of 5.0 mm diameter
(V), SPECIFIC GRAVITY (s.g.) at a height of 20.0 mm. What is the true static height? The
surface tension of mercury is 0.32 N/m.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMMON FLUID
NOTE: The specific gravity of some substances at 20°C
and 1 atm unless stated otherwise VISCOSITY
Substance SG
Water (at 4°C) 1.0 Viscosity is a property of a fluid that quantifies the ratio of
Seawater 1.025 shear stress to rate of deformation (strain rate) of a fluid
Gasoline 0.68 particle.
Ethyl alcohol 0.790
Mercury 13.6 𝑑𝑣
𝜏=𝜇
Air 0.001204 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
1. The specific weight of a substance is 8.4 kN/m3. What is the 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
mass density, specific volume, and specific gravity? 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑑𝑦
2. If 160 ft3 of oil weighs 8,560 lb, calculate its specific weight,
density and specific gravity. 6. When the force P is applied to the plate, the velocity for a
Newtonian fluid that is confined under the plate is
approximated by 𝑢 = (12𝑦1/4) mm/s, where y is in mm.
SURFACE TENSION, σ Determine the shear stress within the fluid at y=8mm. Take
𝜇 = 0.5(10 −3)𝑁 ∙ 𝑠/𝑚2
Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid– vapor
or liquid–liquid interface resulting from the imbalance in
attractive forces among like liquid molecules at the interface.
Energy required to increase
Force along the interface the surface area of the fluid
= =
Length of the interface Unit Area

Surface Tension of Water at any Temperature (in °C) 7. The 0.15m-wide plate passes between two layers A and B
of different oils, having viscosities of 𝜇 𝐴 = 0.03 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠 and
𝜇 𝐵 = 0.01 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠. Determine the force P required to move the
plate at constant speed of 6mm/s.

LIST of COMMON CONTACT ANGLE, θ

CAPILLARY ACTION, h
Contact
BASIS Liquid Solid
angle, θ MANOMETRY and PASCAL’s Law
Total Surface Weight of
= water pabs = pgage + patm
soda-lime glass
Tension Capillary Action carbon tetrachloride lead glass 0°
patm =101.325 kPa
pgage =   h
fused quartz
acetic acid (vinegar)
paraffin wax 107°
=760 mm Hg = 760 Torr
water
silver 90° =29.92 in Hg
mercury soda-lime glass 140°

CE Board Nov 2021

3. A water strider is an insect known to 8. A mercury barometer reads 660 mm.
float to water surface. Its foot a) What would be the corresponding reading of a water
transmits a vertical force of barometer?
2.29 x 10-4 N due to its own weight. b) What is the atmospheric pressure in KPa?
The foot is 4 mm in diameter and
makes and angle of contact from the CE Board May 2018
vertical of 75 degrees. What is the 9. A mercury barometer at the base of mountain reads 620
surface tension of water? mm. At the same time, another barometer at the top of the
mountain reads 450 mm. Assuming air specific weight of 11.6
4. Determine the capillary rise of water in a tube 5.0 mm N/cu.m
diameter assume 𝜎 = 0.0728 𝑁/𝑚 and the angle of contact
equal to 0°.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

10. The inverted U-tube manometer is used to measure the

difference in pressure between water flowing in the pipes at
A and B.

a) Determine the pressure difference between A and B if the

top segment is filled with oil of density 800 kg/cu.m.

b) Determine the pressure difference between A and B if the

top segment is filled with air.

11. A hydraulic jack shown is filled with oil at 850 kg/m 3.

Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what force F on the
handle is required to support the 1.5 MT weight?

12. CE MAY 2015. The unit weight of a liquid is variable and

is given by the relation 𝛾 = 10+0.5h, where 𝛾 is in kN/m3 and
h is the depth of the liquid from the free surface in meters.
Determine the gage pressure in kPa at a depth of 5m.
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CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
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Review MODULE – HYDRAULICS 1 (Fluid Properties)

GAS LAWS HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES

NOTES: The pressure and temperature must be ABSOLUTE HYDROSTATIC FORCE, F
General:
BOYLE’S LAW (Pressure vs. Volume):
dF = 𝜸hdA = 𝒑
̅ dA
P1 V1 = P2 V2
For Regular Shaped Surface Projections:
CHARLES’ LAW (Volume vs. Temperature):
V1 V2 ̅A
F = 𝜸𝒉
=
T1 T2 Location of the Center of Pressure:
GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW (Pressure vs. Temperature): Is
P1 P2 yp =
= Ay̅
T1 T2 Ig
yp = y̅ +
COMBINED GAS LAW: Ay̅
P1 V1 P2 V2 Ig
= e= (distance from CG to CP)
T1 T2 Ay̅

1. Mr. Tiko travels around in a hot air balloon. At his launch site (from a SITUATION. [NOV2021] A triangular plate of height h = 1.20 m and base
mountain), the temperature is 5º C, the atmospheric pressure is 0.80 b = 2.0 m is submerged vertically in water with its base at the liquid
atm, and the volume of air in the balloon is 120 L. When he lands in surface and parallel to it.
a coast line, the temperature is 28º C and the atmospheric pressure 1. Evaluate the total force acting on one side of the plate, in kN.
is 101.325 kPa. What is the new volume of the air in the balloon?
2. Determine the location of the force from the center of gravity of the
plate, in mm.
2. An open-top cylinder 0.75 m in diameter and 2 m high is to be
submerged in such a way that the open top will be facing the 3. Obtain the location of the force from the liquid surface, in mm.
seawater surface (SG = 1.025). If the depth of the fluid inside the
tank is 15 m from the seawater surface, what is the height difference
between the cylinder opening and the water level inside the cylinder? SITUATION. A circular gate 1.5 m in diameter is inclined at an angle of
45º. Sea water stands on one side of the gate to a height of 10 m above
the center of the gate.
4. Evaluate the total force on the gate, in kN.
COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
5. Locate the point of action of the total force from the bottom on the
COMPRESSIBILITY, β
plane of the gate, in meter (s).
Compressibility is the fractional change in volume per unit increase in pressure.
1 6. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to the gate
β=
K at the bottom that will be required to open it, in kN.
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, K
-∆P -∆P
K = ∆V = ∆V 7. A vertical square plate 1.20 m in each side is submerged half in oil
(V ) (V )
o o and half in water. If the top of the plate is flushed with the oil surface,
what is the ratio of the force of water to oil. Specific gravity of oil is
1. A certain liquid is pressurized from 3 MPa to 3.5 MPa. Its density 0.80.
increases from 500 kg/m3 to 501 kg/m3. Determine the average bulk
modulus of the liquid.

SITUATION. The Mariana Trench has a depth of 11 km. The gauge

pressure at its bottom is around 110.6 MPa. Assuming an average bulk
modulus of elasticity of 2.34 GPa for the given depth: (Use Sea surface
unit weight of 10.05 kN/m3)
2. Find the change in specific volume between the surface and the
bottom of the trench.

3. Determine the specific weight at bottom of the trench.