Value and reference type assignment

4000

4000
Dog d1=new Dog(); d1
int a=4000 4000
int b; Dog d2;

b=a d2=d1 d2
4000
Value type assignment Reference type assignment
 Object

has part does part

5th Rule : Every object has something and does
something . Has part is nothing but properties and
does part is nothing but behaviors .

Dog

has part does part

name void eat()

colour void sleep()
cost void bark()
datatypes methods
 Types of Methods
There are 4 types of methods as listed below,
1) no input ,no output
2) Input but no output
3) no input but output
4) input , output
 Output 30
1) no input ,no output
OS

class LaunchCalculator{
p s v m(String args[]){
Calculator calc=new Calculator();
void add(){
calc.add(); } a=10;
} b=20;
class Calculator{ c=a+b;
int a,b,c; S.o.p(c);
}
void add(){
4000
a=10;
p s v m(String args[]) a 0 10
b=20; {
c=a+b; Calculator calc=new Calculator(); b 0 20
calc
System.out.println(c); calc.add(); c 0 30
4000
}
}
}
Stack Heap
output name(input)
{
activity
}

returntype name(parameters)
{
Body of the method
}
 Output 30
2) input but no output
OS

class LaunchCalculator{
p s v m(String args[]){
Calculator calc=new Calculator();
void add(int x,int y){
int a=10,b=20; c=x+y;
calc.add(a,b); } S.o.p(c);
} } x 10 y 20
class Calculator{
int c;
void add( int x,int y){ 4000
c=x+y; p s v m(String args[])
{
System.out.println(c); Calculator calc=new Calculator();
} int a=10,b=20; calc
calc.add(a,b); 4000 c 0 30
}
} a 10 b 20
Stack Heap
 Output 30
3) no input but output
OS

class LaunchCalculator{
p s v m(String args[]){
Calculator calc=new Calculator(); int add(){
int res=calc.add(); a=10;
S.o.p(res);} b=20;
}class Calculator{ c=a+b;
return c;
int a,b,c;
}
int add(){
4000
a=10;
p s v m(String args[]) a 0 10
30 b=20; {
c=a+b; Calculator calc=new Calculator(); b 0 20
calc
return c; int res=calc.add(); c 0 30
4000
Sop(res);
} } res 30
}
Stack Heap
 Output 30
4) Input output
OS

class LaunchCalculator{
p s v m(String args[]){
Calculator calc=new Calculator();
int add(int x,int y){
int a=10,b=20; c=x+y;
Int res=calc.add(a,b); return c;
Sop(res);} } x 10 y 20
}
class Calculator{ 4000
int c; p s v m(String args[])
30 int add( int x,int y){ { res 30
c=x+y; Calculator calc=new Calculator();
int a=10,b=20; calc
return c; Int res=calc.add(a,b); 4000 c 0 30
} } a 10 b 20
}
Stack Heap
 Method Overloading
C
int add(int x,int y){ float add(int x, float y){
return x+y; return x+y;
} }

ERROR
In C programming language , to add numbers we
cannot have two methods with same name it
leads to error as shown above.
 Method Overloading
C double add6(int x, float y, double
int add1(int x,int y){ z){
return x+y; return x+y+z;
double add11(float x, double
} }
float z){
float add2(int x, float y){ float add7(int x, float y, float return x+y+z;
return x+y; z){ }
} return x+y+z; float add12(float x, int y){
} return x+y;
float add3(float x,float y){ float add8(float x, float y, float z){ }
return x+y; return x+y+z;
} }

double add4(int x, double y){ double add9(double x, double y, double z){

return x+y; return x+y+z;
} }
int add5(int x, int y, int z){
return x+y+z; double add10(double x, float y, float z){
} return x+y+z;
}
 class LaunchCalculator
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
int p=10,q=20,r=30;
float m=10.5f,n=20.5f,o=30.5f;
double a=10.5,b=20.5,c=30.5;
//to add two integers=?????
//to add all three float numbers=?????
//to add all one int one float=?????

As we have used different names for different

methods to add different types of numbers . It is
difficult for a user to remember respective
method name.
C++
Method Overloading
class Calculator{
double add(int x, float y, double z){
int add(int x,int y){ return x+y+z;
return x+y; }
double add(float x, double y,
} float z){
float add(int x, float y){ float add(int x, float y, float z){ return x+y+z;
return x+y; return x+y+z; }
} } float add(float x, int y){
return x+y;
float add(float x,float y){ float add(float x, float y, float z){ }
return x+y; return x+y+z;
} } }

double add(int x, double y){ double add(double x, double y, double z){

return x+y; return x+y+z;
} }
int add(int x, int y, int z){
return x+y+z; double add(double x, float y, float z){
} return x+y+z;
}
 class LaunchCalculator
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
int p=10,q=20,r=30;
float m=10.5f,n=20.5f,o=30.5f;
double a=10.5,b=20.5,c=30.5;
//to add two integers
calc.add(p,q)
//to add all three float numbers=?????
calc.add(m,n,o);
//to add all one int one float=?????
calc.add(p,m)
}
}
For adding any type of numbers the method
name is add() hence the person who will code
main method will think that it is VIRTUAL
POLYMORPHISM.
 VIRTUAL POLYMORPHISM.
false 1:M

The person who will be coding main method will

come to conclusion that one single method is
performing different operations but it is not true
in reality . Different methods for different
operations will be present.
• Method Overloading is a process of having
multiple methods with same name , same
number of parameters , same type of
parameters however the order of occurrence
of type of parameters should be different.
Prg 1)class Calculator class Calculator
{ {
void add(int x,float y)
P s v m(String args[])
{
float c=x+y; {
} Calculator calc=new
float add(int x,float y) Calculator();
{ Calc.add(10,20.5f);
float c=x+y;
return c; }
} }
} Output error:above program results in an error as this program (prg 1) results In
an error stating that already method add(int , float ) exists.
Above is the error because return type doesn’t play any role in method
overloading.
Prg 2)class Calculator class Calculator
{ {
void add(int x,float y)
{ P s v m(String args[])
float c=x+y; {
System.out.println(c);
}
Calculator calc=new
float add(int x,float y,double z) Calculator();
{ Calc.add(10,20.5f);
float c=x+y;
return c; }
} }
}
Output will be30.5 because of first method , not because of second method as it
was expecting 3 parameters which was not given while calling it.
 Method overloading with numeric type promotion

Prg 3)class Calculator class Calculator

{ {
void add(int x,float y)
{ P s v m(String args[])
float c=x+y; {
System.out.println(c);
}
Calculator calc=new
double add(int x,float y,double z) Calculator();
{ Calc.add(10,20);
double c=x+y+z;
return c; }
} }
}
Output will be30.0 because of first method ,as it can store 20 in y as 20.0.
Prg 4)class Calculator class Calculator
{ {
void add(int x,float y)
{ P s v m(String args[])
float c=x+y; {
System.out.println(c);
}
Calculator calc=new
float add(float x,int y) Calculator();
{ Calc.add(10,20);
float c=x+y;
return c; }
} }
}
Output will be an error because if multiple methods are promoting numeric type
promotion it leads to ambiguity.