MOTHERMAJERIPRI

MARYSCHOOL
P.
6INTEGRATEDSCI
ENCEL
ESSONNOTESF
ORTHEYEAR.

THEME:THEWORL DOFL I
VINGTHI NGS
TOPI C:CL ASSI F ICATI ONOFANI MAL S.
Whatar elivingt hi ngs ?
-Li
v i
ngt hingsar et hi ngst hatcar ryoutlif
epr ocesses.
Char acteristicsofl ivingt hi
ngs
 Theyf eed .  Theymov e.
 Theygr ow.  Theyex crete.
 Theybr eat he.  Theyr eprod uce.
 Theyr es pi re.  Theyr espondt osti
mul
i/
irr
itabl
e.
Whatar es timul i?
-Thesear echangesi nt heenv i
ronmentt owhi chli
vingthingsares ens i
tiv
eto.
Exampl esofs timul i
 Wat er  Gr avi
ty
 L ight  Ai r
 Touch  Chemi cal
s
Gr oupsofl i
v ingt hings
 Pl antk i
ngd om
 Ani malk i
ngd om
 Bact er ia/ Moner akingd om
 F ungik ingd om
NB:Al llivi
ngt hi ngsar emad eupofcel ls.
Whati sacel l?
-Acel listhes mal l
es tf uncti
onaluni tofal i
vingthi
ng.
I
mpor tanceofcel l
st ol ivi
ngt hi ngs .
 F orr epr od uct ion
 F orr es pi rat ion
 F orgr owt h
 F orpr ot ect ionagai ns tinf ections
Not e
 Agr oupofcel l
sper formi ngas imi
larfuncti
oni scall
edat i
s sue.
 Agr oupoft iss uesper for mingas imil
arfunctioniscall
edanor gan.
 Agr oupofor gansper f ormingas i
milarfunctioniscall
edas ystem.
 Sy stemsf or manor gani s m.
As tructur eofanani malcel l

As
truct
ureofapl
antcel
l

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Page
Whered oesr espi
rati
onoccuri nacell
?
 Mi tochondri
a.
Di
fferencesbet weenplantsandanimals
 Pl antshavechlorophyllwhil
eanimal
sl ackchl
orophy
ll.
 Pl antsmaketheirownf oodwhileanimalscan’
tmaketheirownf ood.
 Pl antshaves l
owr esponsetosti
muliwhi l
eani
malshavequickres ponset
ost
imul
i
.
 Pl antcellshavecel lwallswhileanimalcell
sd on’
thav ecellwal l
sbuthavecel
l
membr anes.
 Ani malsmov efromonepl acetoanot herwhil
eplantscan’tmov efromonepl
aceto
another.

Not
e;
 Organi
smsmad
eupofonecel
lar
ecal
leduni
cel
lul
aror
gani
smsors
ingl
ecel
led
or
ganisms
.

Ex
amplesofs i
nglecel
ledor
gani
sms
.
 Bact eri
a
 Par amecium
 Pl asmodi
a
 Tr ypanosome
 Amoeba
Astr
uctureofanamoeba.

 Organi
smsmad eupofmanycel
lsar
ecal
ledmul
ti
cel
lularor
gani
sms
.
Ex
ampl
esofmult
icel
lul
arorgani
sms
.
 Man  Plants
 Goats  Insects
 Cows  My r
iapods
 Fungi  Arachnids
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Page
  Wor ms
Classi
f i
cationofani mal s
-
Cl ass
ificationofani malsi sthegroupingofani
mal
saccor
dingt
othei rchar
act
eri
sti
csand
features.
Whyar eani mal sclassifi
ed?
 Foreas yidenti
f i
cation
 Forpur posesofr es earch
 Forpur posesofcons ervati
on
Factorscons i
deredwhencl ass i
fyi
nganimal
s
 Way sofbr eathing  Numberoflegs
 Way sofr eproduction  Waysofmov ement
 Bod yd i
v i
sion  Modeoffeeding
 Ad aptationtot heenv ir
onment

Groupsofani mals
-
Animalsar edividedintot womai ngr oups,namely
;
 Ver tebrates  I
nver
tebrat
es
VERTEBRATES
-
Vertebratesar eani malswi thback bones.
Characteri
s t
icsofv ertebrat es
 Theyhav eback bones .
 Thei rbrainsar epr ot ectedbyt hes kul
l.
 Theyhav eend os keletons.
 Theyhav ewat erpr oofs kins.
 Theyhav eanal iment arycanal .
 Theyhav er edbl oodpumpedbyt heheart.
Clas
s esofv ertebrates
-
Therear ef i
vecl assesofv er t
ebr ates,namel
y;
 Mammal s  Repti
les
 Bi rds  Amphibi
ans
 F ishes

FI
SHES/PISCES
-
Thisisagroupofv ertebrat eswi thas cal
edbod yli
vinginwater.
Charact
eris
ticsoff ish
 Theyhav es treaml i
nedbod ies.
 Theyhav es caledbod i
es .
 Theyhav ef i
nsf ors wimmi ngandpr ot
ection.
 Theyhav etwochamber edhear ts.
 Theyus egill
sf orbr eathingi ndissolv
edox ygeninwater.
 Theyr eproducebyl ay i
ngeggs .
 Theyund ergoex ter
nalf er ti
li
zation.
 Theyhav enos t
r i
lsf orsmel li
ngf oodmat eri
als.
 Theyhav elater alli
nesf ord etecti
ngs oundorv i
brat
ioninwat
er.
 Theyliveinwat er.
 Theyar ecoldbl ood edani mals.

Whatarecoldbl oodedani mals

?
 Col dblood edanimal sareanimal
sthatcannotkeept hei
rbod
yt emperat
ureconst
ant.
 Col dbl ood edani malsareani malswhosebod yt emperat
ured ependsupont hei
r
envir
onment .
 Theyar ecal ledpoiki
lot
hermicanimal
sorpoiki
lotherms.
 F i
shes, rept i
lesandamphibiansareclas
sesofv ertebrat
esthatarecoldbl
ooded
.

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Page
F
unctionsofeachpar tofaf ish
a)Mout h
 I ti sus edbyf ishf ort ak ingi nf ood .
 I tal lowsi nwat erwi thd issol vedox ygen.
b)Nos tril
s
 I ti sus edbyf ishf ors mel l
ingandt astingf oodmat erial
s.
c)Ey es
 I ti sus edbyf isht os eewhi lei nwat er
d)Scal es
 Theycov ert hef i
s h’
sbod yt opr ovid epr otecti
onagai nstscratches.
 I tpr ot ectsthef ishf romex ternali njur i
es .
e)Oper cul um/ gi
llcover
 I tcov ersandpr otectst hegi llsf r
omd amage.
 I topenst oal l
owwat ert of lowoutwhent hefishi sbreathi
ng.
f)L ater alli
ne
 I thel psthef i
sht odet ects oundi nwat er.
 I thel psaf isht od etectv ibr ationsi nwat er.
g)F ins
 Theyenabl et hef i
s htos wi mi nwat er.
 Theyar eus edf orpr otect ionagai ns titsenemi es.
h)Dor salf in
 I ti sus edf ord ef enceagai ns tenemi es .
 I thel psthef i
sht obalancewhi l
es wi mmingi nwat er.
)Caud
i alfin
 I thel psthef i
sht ochanged irecti
on.
 I thel psinf orwar dmov ement .
 I thel psaf isht oi ncreas es peed .
j)Anal (vent ral)fi
n
 I thel psaf isht obal ancei nwat erwhi les wi
mmi ng.
k)Pai redf ins( pect oralandpel vicf ins)
 Theyar er espons i
blef ord ownwar dandupwar dmov ement.
 Theyhel pinbod ybal ance.
 Theyenabl et hef i
s htos lowd ownorr educespeedwhens wimming.

)Swi
l mbl
adder
 I
tcontr
olsthedept
hatwhichaf i
shswi
ms.
 I
tkeepsthefi
shbuoyantonwater.
Not
e;
 Swimbladd
ersarefoundi
nbonyfis
h.

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Page
  As wi
mbladderact
sasalungi
nsomef
ish.
Br
eat
hingmechani
smofthefi
sh

Functi
onsofeachpar t
a).Gil
lrack ers
 Theyt raps olidpar ticl
eswhi chares wallowedi nwat er.
b).Gil
lbar s
 I tgivesat tachmentands uppor ttothegi llfi
laments.
c).Gil
lfil
ament s
 I tiswher egas eousex changeoccur s.
 Theyabs or bd is solvedox ygenfromwat er.
Whatd oesaf i
s hus ef orbr eat hing?
 Gi lls.
Whyd oesaf i
shd iei mmed iatelyi tisremov edf romwat er
?
 Duet ol ackofd iss olvedox ygenout sid
et hewat er.
Whatd of i
s hf eedon?
 Al gae  Wor ms  Toad s
 Pl ank tons  Smal lfish
 F rogs  Insects
Reproduct i
oni nf ish
-Fi
shrepr od ucebyl ay ingeggs .
-Agroupofeggsl aidbyf ishi scal l
edar oe.
-Theyund ergoex ter nalf ertil
izat i
on.
Qn.Howd oesex ternalf er ti
li
z ationoccuri nf i
s h?
 Thef emal ef i
s hl ayeggsi ns hall
owwat erandt hemalesheds permsont helai
deggs
inwat eri mmed iatel y.
Qn.Whatnamei sgi v ent ot hey oungoneoff ish?
 Al evin/ fry/ finger ling
Howd oesaf i
s hpr ot ecti t sel
f ?
 Byus eofs cal eswhi chcov erandpr otectitsbod yagainstscrat
ches .
 Byus eofal at er allinet hats ensesandd etectsthemov ementofi tsenemiesin
wat er .
 Byus eoft hef i
nst os wims oast oes capeawayf romitsenemi esandus esthe
dor salf inf ors pikingi tsenemi es .
 Byus eofas l
ipper ybod ywi thmucuss tructurewhi chenablethemt oeasil
yescape
fromi tsenemi eswhencaught .

Adapt
ati
onsoffishtos wimming/ l
iv
inginwat er
 Thefis
hhasas treamli
nedbod ywhi chreducefri
cti
onwhens wimming.
 Thefis
hhasgi ll
sus edf orbreat
hingind i
ssol
vedoxygeninwater.
 Thefis
hhasal at
er all
ineus edt
od etectsoundinwater
.
 Thefis
hhasf insus edf orswimming.
 Bonyfishhaves wimbl adderswhichhel ptocontr
olthedept
hoff ishandpr
eventi
t
fromsink
ing.
Ty
pesoff i
sh
5|
Page
  Bonyf is
h
 Car ti
laginousf ish
Bonyf i
sh
 Thes ear ef i
shwi thbonnys kel
etonandbonnygil
lcover.
 Theyhav ebonnyov erl
appi ngscales.
 Theyhav es wimbl adders.
Examplesofbonnyf ish
 Seahor se  Lungf i
sh
 Eel  Nileperch
 Plaice  Til
apia
 Salmon
Carti
lagi
nousf ish
 Thes ear ef i
shwi thcar ti
laginouss kel
eton.
 Theyd on’thaves wi mbladd er.
 Theyar ev i
viparousi .
e.pr oduceliveyoungones
.
 Theyd onothav egillcover s.
 Theirgi l
lsaremod ifi
edintos pi
racles.
 Theyund ergoi nternalfertili
sati
on.

Ex
ampl
esofCar ti
lagi
nousf is h
 Shar k
s
 Ray s
 Sk at
es
I
mpor
tanceoff ish
 Itisas ourceoff ood( pr
oteins)
.
 Fish’
sbonesar ecr us hedandinclud
edinanimalfeeds.
 Fishiss ol
dt ogetmoney .
 Thef i
shi ndustr
yi st hes ourceofemploymenttopeopl
e.
 Fishcont rolsdi
seas ess preadbymos qui
toesbyeati
ngt hei
rlar
vae.

 Mukenei
susedlocall
yt otreatmeasl
es.
 Fi
shisusedfordecorationathomeinaquar
ium.
 Fi
shbonesarealsous edinmakinggl
ue.

REPTILES/
REPTILIA
-Rept
il
esar ecoldbl ood edv ertebrateswhi chl aysof tshel
ledeggsonl andandmov
eby
crawli
ng.
Character
ist
icsofr eptiles
 Theyr eproducebyl ayingeggs( theyareoviparous).
 Theyund ergoi nternalf ert
ili
zat i
on.
 Theyhav es caledbod i
est opr eventwaterloss.
 Theyhav ehear t
swi tht hreechamber s
.
 Theyus elungsf orbr eathing.
 Theyar ecoldbl oodedani mal s.
 Theyhav e4l imbsex ceptthes nakewhichislimbless.
 Theyhav ety mpanummembr anesex posedtothes ki
ns ur
faceforheari
ng.

Groupsofrept i
les
 Liz
ar d
s  Turt
les
 Crocod i
les  Snakes
 Tortoises
Li
zards
-L
izar
dsares l
end erbod
iedani
mal
swi
tht
ail
sandmov
abl
eeyeli
ds.
Exampl
esofr eptil
es.
 Chamel eons  Geckoes
6|
Page
  Commonli
zar
ds  Agamal
iz
ard
s
 Moni
torl
iz
ards

Charact
eri
sti
csofli
zards.
 Theyhavetwopairsofli
mbs.
 Theyhavemovableeyeli
ds.
 Thei
rtonguesarefles
hy.

Chameleons
-
Theychangecol ourast heymov efr
ompl acetopl ace.
-
Theyhav es t
ickytonguesf ortrappi
ngt heirprey.
-
Theyus etail
st ohol dt wigssothattheyd on’
tf al
l.
Reasonswhyachamel eonchangescol our.
 F orprotection
 Tot rapitspr ey
Qn:Howar echamel eonsi mport
anttoman?
 Theyeati ns ectv ector
sl i
kemos quit
oesandhous
efl
ieswhi
chs
preadd
iseas
e-
causi
ngger ms .

Crocodil
es
-Thi
sisthel arges tands t
rongestgr
oupsofr epti
les.
-Theyarecar nivorous .
-Theyhav escaledback s.
-Theypar tl
yliveonl andandi nwaterd ependi
ngont hetemper
atureintheatmospheri
c
temperatures.
-Theylayeggsandcov ert hem i
ns andtopr ovid
et hem wit
hwar mthandprotectthem
agains
tpr edators .
Examplesofcr ocod il
es
 Al l
igators
 F reshwat ercrocodil
es
 Ni lecrocod il
es
 Sal twat ercr ocodi
les

Tortoisesandt urtl
es
-Theyhav ehar dshell
sar oundt heirbod i
esforpr otecti
on.
-Theycommonl yl i
veinwat erbuttheyal wayscomeoutt ogetfoodandlayeggsonl
and
.
-Theyal wayslayeggsins andandhi det hemfromenemi es.
-Theeggsar ehat chedbyt heheatoft hes un.
-Turtl
esandt or t
oiseprotectt hemselvesbywi thdrawingint
otheirhar
ds hel
ls.
-Tortoi
s esmainlyli
veonl andwhi leturtlesandt err
apinsli
veinwater.
-Turtl
eshav ef eetmodi
f i
edi ntofli
pper sforswimmi nginwater

Snakes
-
Theseareli
mbles
sr eptil
eswhi chmov ebygl
idi
ng.
Charact
eri
sti
csofs nakes
 Theyhavenol i
mbs .
 Theyarecarnivorous.
 Theyhavefor k
edt onguefortouchandsmell
.
 Theyunder
gomoul ti
ng.
 Theyhavealar genumberofr ibsandvert
ebrae.

Ty
pesofs
nakes
 Poi
sonouss
nak
es  Non-
poi
sonouss
nak
es

Nonpoi
sonouss
nak
es

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Page
-Theseares nakeswi thoutpoi s
ongl and sandf angs.
-Theydon’tproducev enom.
Examplesofnon-poi sonouss nakes
 Gr eengr as ss nak es  Eggeat i
ngs nakes
 Hous esnak es  Eas t
er nhog
 F lyi
ngs nak es  Wol fs nakes
 Sandboa
Howd onon-poi sonouss nak esd efendt hemselves?
-Byrunningawayf romt hei renemi es
Characteristi
csofnon- poi sonouss nak es
 Theyd on’thav ef angs .
 Theyhav es oli
dt eet hf orbiting.
 Theyd on’tpr oducev enom.
 Theys wallowt heirpr eylikeratsandmi cealiv
e.
Note;
 Somenon- poi s
onouss nakesar econs tri
ctors.
 Cons tr
ictor sar es nak est hatk i
lltheirpreybycoil
ingar oundt hemusingt
hei
rst
rong
mus cl
est os uf focat et hemt od eath.
 Theys wallowt heirpr eyslikehumans ,goatsandantelopesasawhol e.
Examplesofcons trictors
 Py thons
 Anacond a
 Boas
Poisonouss nakes
-Theseares nakeswi thpoi s ongl andsandf angs.
-Theyproducepoi s onousf luidcal l
edv enom.
-Theyinj
ectv enomi nt heirenemi est opar al
y z
et hem.
Examplesofpoi sonouss nak es .
 Gr eenmamba  Thecobr a
 Bl ackmamba  Gaboonv iper
 Puf fad der
Theheadofapoi sonouss nak e.

Functionofeachpar t
a).Fangs–t oinjectpoisonintot heprey .
b).Venomgl ands–t oproducepoi son(venom).
c).Venomd uct–t opas spoisonf romt heglandstothefangs
.
d).Backwardpoi ntedteeth–f orhol di
ngitsprey.
e).Forkedt
ongue–s enseorganf orsmellandtouch.
Qn:Howar eey esofs nakespr otectedfromd ust
?
 Theyar ecov eredbyat ransparentmembr ane.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofpoi
sonouss
nak
es
8|
Page
  Theyhav ef angs.
 Theypr oducev enom.
 Theyal way sleav et womar ksatthebitt
enpart
.
Whyar es nak efangshol low?
 Toal lowv enomt opas sthroughintoi
tsenemyorprey.
Whyd osnak esbi te?
 Theybi tef orprot ection.
Whyd osnak esmoul t?
 Toi ncr easei ns i
ze
Fi
rstaidforas nak ebite
 Ties l
ight l
yabov et hebi t
tenparttostopbl
oodwit
hv enomfr
omfl
owingtothehear
t.
Dangersofs nakev enom.
 Itpar alyseshear tmus cl
es.
 Itlower stemper atur eofbloodleadi
ngtoclot
ti
ngofbloodi
nbod
ytis
s ues
.

Ad
vant
agesofr epti
les
 Theyar eas ourceoff oodt os omepeoplef orexamplesnak
es,tort
ois
esand
crocodil
es.
 Thes nakeski
nsar eus edt
omak eleat
herit
ems .
 Repti
lesactast ouri
statt
ract
ions.
 Snakev enomi sus edt
omak emedici
neagains
ts nakebi
tes
.
 Repti
lesar eus edtocontr
olpestsandins
ectv ector
sbyfeedi
ngonthem.

AMPHI BIANS
-Amphibiansar ev er t
ebr at est hathav et heabili
tytobreathebothi nwaterandonland
.
-Theyar ed oublelifev ertebr ates.
Char acteri
s ti
csofamphi bians
 Theyar ecol dbl ood ed .
 Theyl i
vebot hi nwat erandonl and .
 Theyr eprod ucebyl ayingeggs .
 Theyund er goex ternalf er t
il
ization.
 Theyhav et hr eechamber edhear ts.
 Theyhav et wopai rsofl i
mbsandmov ebyhopping.
 Theybr eathebyus ingl ungs ,mois tski
nandlini
ngoft hemout hcavity
.
Exampl esofamphi bians
 F rogs  Newt s
 Toad s  Salamand ers
NOTE:
 They oungoneofanamphi biani scalledatadpole.
 Tad polesus egi ll
sf orbr eathing.
Differencesbet weent oad sandf rogs
Toad s Frogs
 Hav eshor thi ndl egs  Hav elonghindlegs
 Mos t
lyli
veonl and  Mos tl
yliv
einwat er
 Hav enot eeth  Hav eteethintheupperj aw
 Hav edryr oughs kins  Hav e moi s
ts moot h sli
pper
y
s
kins
 Hav epartlywebbedf eet  Hav efull
ywebbedf eet
 Hav epoisongl and s  Don’thav epoi
s onglands
 L ay eggs i n d ouble r ibbon  Layeggsi nbigmas ses
spawn

9|
Page
Eggsl
aidbyat
oad Eggsl
aidbyaf
rog.

Howar
efrogsadaptedtoli
feinwater?
 Theyusetheirmoistsk
insforbreathi
ng.
 Theyarestreamli
ned.
 Theyhavefullywebbedhindfeetforswi
mmi
ng.

Repr
oducti
oninamphi bi
ans
-
Amphibi
ansreproducebyl ayi
ngeggs
.
-
Theyundergoexternalfer
til
iz
ati
on.
Li
fecycl
eofanamphi bi
an.

Whyareeggsofamphi bianslaidwi t
has l
ipperyjel
lyonthem?
 Tohol dthemt ogether.
 Topr otectthemf rompr edators.
 Topr eventt hemf romd ryingup.
I
mport
anceofamphi bianst oman
 Someamphi biansar eeat enasf oodbys omepeople.
 Theyeatd i
s easev ectorsintheenv i
ronment.
 Theyeatcr oppes tsingar dens
Howdotoadspr ot
ectt hems elv
es ?
 Bypr oducingapoi sonousmi lk
ys ubstancetocoverthei
rsk
ins
.

BI
RDS
-
Birdsarewar mbloodedv er tebrateswhos ebodi
esar
ecov
eredwi
thf
eat
her
s.
Charact
eri
s t
icsofbi r
ds
 Theirbodiesarecov eredwi thfeat
hers.
 Theyund ergointer nalf ert
ili
zati
on.
 Theyr eproducebyl ayingeggs .
 Theyhav es cal
esont heirlegs.
 Theyhav etwopai rsofl i
mbs .
 Theirforelimbsar emod i
fi
edi nt
owings.
 Theycar eforthei ry oungones .
 Theyar es t
reamlined .
 Theyus elungsf orbr eathing.
 Theyhav ebeak sf orf eed i
ng.
 Theyar ewar mblood edani mals.

10|
Page
Whatarewarmbloodedanimals
?
 War mbloodedani
mal sareani
malsthatk
eeptheirbodytemperat
ureconst
ant
.
 Theirbodytemperaturedoesnotchangewhent hetemperat
ureofthei
rsurr
ound
ing
changes
.
 Theyar ealsocal
ledhomeothermi
corhomoiothermi
corhomeot her
ms.
 Bi r
dsandmammalsar eexamplesofwarmbl
ood edanimal
s.

Ex
ter
nalpar
tsofabi
rd.

Functionofeachpar tofabi rd
a).Wings–us edf orflying.
b).Beak–us edt opi ckf ood .
-
tof ightenemi es.
c).Claws–f orhol d
ingandf i
ghti
ngenemies.
d).Spur–us edf ord efenceagai nstenemies.
Whyar ebodi
esofbi r d
ss treamli
ned?
 Toov er comef rictiond uri
ngfli
ght.
Howi sani ct
itatingmembr anehelpfultoabird
?
 I tprevent sairf roment er
ingthebi
r d
’seyesd
uri
ngf
li
ght
.

Howar
ebird
sadaptedtofly
ing?
 Theyhaveholl
owbonest or educetheirweight.
 Theyarest
reamli
nedt oreducef ri
cti
oni nai
rd uri
ngf l
ight
.
 Theyhavewingsforflyi
ng.
 Theyhavegotfl
ightfeathers.
 Theyhaveholl
owairs acstomak eres pi
rati
onef fect
iveduri
ngf
li
ght
.
 Thei
reyesarecoveredwi t
hani ctit
atingmembr ane.
 Theyhavenopinnatoobs tructtheflowofwi nd.

Groupsofbi rds
 Per chingbi r
ds  Bir dsofpr ey
 Swi mmi ngbirds  Scr at chi
ngbirds
 Wad ingbi rds  Scav engerbir
d s
 Cl i
mbingbi rds  F l
ight l
essbird
s
Perchingbirds
-
Thes earebird sthathavet
hr eetoespoi
nti
ngf or
war dandoneback ward.
-
Thet oesar r
angementenablest hemtoperchonbr anchesf irmly
.
-
Toper chmeanst oreston.
-
Thes ebir
d snor mall
yseenstandingonsmall
treebranchesandel ect
ricwir
es.
Groupsofper chingbir
ds
 Seedeat ers  Ins ecteaters
 Nect ars uckers  F r
ui teaters

Seedeat
ers
11|
Page
-Thesearebirdswithshor
tconi
calbeakswhi
cht
heyusetopicks
eeds.
Examplesofs eedeater
s
 Pigeons  Weaverbir
ds
 Dov es  Fi
nches
Ad i
agrams howingabeakofaseedeater

I
ns ecteat
ers
-Thesearebirdswithshortnar
rowbeak
susedf orpi
cki
ngi
nsect
sontheground
Examplesofinsecteater
s
 Spar rows  Bee-
eaters  Starli
ngs
 Robin  Swif
t  Bulbuls
 Swal l
ows  Cuckoos
Beakofani nsecteater

Nect arsucki
ngbirds
-Thes earebirdswhi chhavel
ongslend
erbeaksforsuck
ingnectarf
rom t
hebas
eof
flowers .
Ex amplesofnectarsucker
s
 Sunbi r
ds  Hummi ngbi
rds
Ad i
agramshowingabeakofanect
arybir
d(nect
ars
ucker
)

Frui
teaters
-
Ahor nbillisagoodexampleofafruiteat
er.
-
Ithasal ongstoutbeakforcol
lect
ingfrui
ts.
Ad i
agr
ams howingabeakofaf rui
teater

Birdsofprey
-Thesearebird
swhi chhuntandk illthei
rpreyforfood .
Howar ebird
sofpr eys ui
tabl
ef ort hei
rmod eoffeeding(characteri
s t
icsofbirdsofpr
ey)
?
 Theyhav es t
ronghook edbeak sforteari
ngf l
es h.
 Theyhav eas trongeyes i
ghtt oenablethemlocatet hei
rpr eyatad i
stance.
 Theyhav es t
rongcur vedclawscal l
edtal
onsf orholdingtheirprey.
 Theirwingsar elargeands trongtohelpthemf lywhencar ryingthei
rprey s
.
Examplesofbirdsofpr ey
 Eagles  Ki t
es

12|
Page
  Owls  Secret
arybi
rds
 Hawks  Fal
cons
Abeakofabi
rdofpr
ey

Af
ootofabi
rdofpr
ey

Swimmingbi r
d s
-
Thesear ebird swithfull
ywebbedf eett
oenablet hempad dl
east heymov ei
nwater.
-
Theymai nl
yf eedonwor ms ,s
nailsandotherinsectswhicharef oundinmud.
Characteri
sticsofs wimmingbi rd
s .
 Theyhav ebroadbr eastbonestohelpthemf loateasi
ly.
 Theyhav ebroadflatspoonl i
kebeakstohelpt hemsieveorganismsinwat
er.
 Theirf eathersarecov eredwi t
hoi lfrom oilglandstor epelawaywater.Thi
s
preventst hemfromget ti
ngwet .

Ex
amplesofswimmingbi
rds
 Duck s  Seagulls
 Gees e  Peli
cans
 Swans  Cormorants
 Boobies  Teals
Afootofaswimmingbir
d Abeakofaswimmingbir
d

Wadingbi rds
-Towad eist owal ki
nshall
owwat er.
-Wadingbi r
dscommonl yli
veal ongsid
ewat erbodies.
Character i
sticsofwad i
ngbirds.
 Theyhav epartl
ywebbedf eetsothattheyd onotsinkinmud
dywat
er.
 Theyhav elongtopreventthei
rbodiesfromgettingwet.
 Theyhav elong,t
hinbeakforcatchi
ngf rogs,f
ishandwor ms
.
Examplesofwad ingbir
ds
 Her on  Plov er
 Cr estedcrane  St orks
 F lamingo  Egr ets
 I bis
Abeakofawad i
ngbird

13|
Page
Af
ootofawad
ingbi
rd

Fli
ghtlessbi rds
-Thesear ebi rd
swhi char eunabletofly
.
-Theypr otectthemsel vesbyr unningveryfastfr
omt hei
renemies
.
Exampl esoff li
ghtl
es sbir ds
 Ki wi  Emu
 Os t
rich  Rhea
 Cas sowar y
 Pengui n
Note;
 Os t
richesaret hel arges
tbi r
dsintheWorld.
 Theyr unveryf ast .
 Os t
richescanbef oundinkaramoja.
 Ther estofthef l
ightl
essbirdsarenotfoundinUganda.
Diagramsoff li
ghtl
es sbir ds

Reasonswhyfl
ight
lessbi
rdsareunabletofly
 Theyhaveheavybodi
es.Thesebirdsareheav
ybecaus
eofhav
ingbonemar
row.
 Theyhaveveryweakwingswithoutfl
ightf
eather
s.

Climbingbirds
-Thesebi rdshavet heabil
itytoclimbtrees.
-Theyhav ecur veds hortands trongchiselshapedbeakfordiggingholesi
nthet
runke.
g.
woodpeck er.
-Thebeak sal s
ohel pthemt ocli
mbi naddit
iontogetti
ngfood.
-Theyhav et wotoespoi nt
ingforwar dandtwot oespoi
nti
ngback ward.
-Theset oeshelpthemt ohol dthemselvesfir
mlyonthetreesast heycl
imb.
Exampl esofcl i
mbingbirds
 Par rots
 Woodpeck ers
 L ovebirds
Not e;

14|
Page
  Awoodpeck erfeed
soninsectsf
oundi
nwood.
 Aparrotfeedsonhardnut
s/seed
s.
Abeakofacl
imbingbi
rd Afootofacl
imbi
ngbi
rd

Scratchi
ngbirds
-Thesearebirdswhichscratchthegroundt ofindfood.
-Theycommonlyf eedongrainsandinsects
.
Character
isti
csofs crat
chingbird
s.
-Theyhaveshor tandstr
ongpointedbeaksf orpicki
ngfood.
-Theyhavestrongbluntclawstheyusef ors cr
atching.
Examplesofscratchingbi
r d
s
 Chicken  Guineafowls
 Tur k
eys  Crestedfr
ancol
in

Af
ootofas
crat
chi
ngbi
rd

Abeakofas
crat
chi
ngbi
rd

Scav engerbi rds

-Thesear ebi rdswhi chf eedonf leshf romd eadanimals.
-Theyhav ebeak sandt alonss imilartot hoseofbi rdsofpr ey .
-Scav engerbi rdshel pt ocl eanupt heenv ironmentbyeat ingt heleft
overmeatofanimal
s
kil
ledbyot herani malsorf eedingoncar ri
on.
-Scav engerbi rdsar ecommonf oundnearabat toirs
.
Exampl esofs cavengerbi rds
 Vul tures  Mar aboustorks
 Cr ows
Usesofbi rdst oman
 Theyar eas our ceoff oodt omani nf ormofeggsandmeat .
 Somebi rdshel pmani npol li
nationofcr opslik
es unbi r
ds.
 Bi rd’
sf eather sar eus edf ord ecor ati
on.
 Bi rdshel pins eedd i
sper salli
ket hef ruiteaters.
 Somebi rdslikes cav engerbi rdshel pt ocleanupt heenv i
ronmentbyfeed
ingonthe
lef
tov ermeatofot herani mal
swhi chmays mellandat t
ractvectorsl
ik
ehousef
li
es.
 Bi rdsar eas our ceofi ncomet omanonces old.
 Somebi rdsar ek eptathomeaspet s
.
 Bi rdsar eus edf orcus t omarypur posesl i
kepay i
ngd owry.
 Egr etshel pt oeatt i
cksf r
omf ar mani mals.

Danger
s/di
sad
vantagesofbirdsintheenvi
ronment
 Somebird
sar ecroppestsforexampl
edoves,pi
geonsandweav
erbi
rds
.
 Somebird
scaus eaccid
entsonrun-waysofairpor
ts.
 Somebird
sar evector
sork eepvect
orsli
kefl
easandmites
.

15|
Page
  Somebi
rdscausesoundpoll
uti
onespeci
all
yweaverbi
rds.
 Somebi
rdsarepredat
orstopoult
rybi
rdsforex
ampleeagl
es,
kit
esandv
ult
ures
.

MAMMALS
-
Mammalsarewar mbl ood edv ertebrateswithsweatglandsandfuronthei
rbod
ies
.
-
Mammalsgivebirtht othei ry oungonesal iveexceptmonot r
emes.
-
Theyevolv
edf r
omcar nivor ousr eptil
esabout225mi ll
ionyear
sago.
Gener
alcharacteristi
csofmammal s
 Theyhavemammar ygl and s.
 Theyhaves weatgl ands.
 Theyhavef uront heirbod ies.
 Theyarewar mbl ood ed .
 Theycaref ort heiry oungones .
 Theyusel ungsf orbr eat hi
ng.
 Theyhavef ourchamber edhear ts.
 Theyunder goint ernalf er t
il
izati
on.
 Theyproducet heiry oungonesal iveexceptmonotremes.
 Theyhavewel ldev elopeds enseorgansandbr ai
n.
 Theyhaveearos s
icles .
 Theyhavead iaphr agm.
 Theybreas tfeedt heiry oungones .

Gr
oupsofmammal s
 Pri
mat es( mos tadv ancedmammals)
 Ungul ates( hoof edmammal s
)
 Rod ents( gnawi ngmammal s)
 Chir optera( flyi
ngmammal s)
 Monot remes( eggl ayingmammals)
 Mar supials( pouchedmammal s)
 Cetaceans( seamammal s)
 Insect i
vor ous( i
nsecteat ingmammals
)
 Car nivorous( fl
esheat ingmammals)
 Lagomor phal ikerabbi t
s,haresandpi
ka

Primat
es(mostadvancedmammals)
-Thisi
sthemostadvancedgroupofmammal
swi
thwel
l-d
evelopedbrai
ns.
Examplesofpr
imates
 Humans  Orangutan
 Chimpanzees  Monkeys
 Baboons  Gori
llas
 Apes

Charact
eri
sti
csofprimat es
 Theyhavewelldev el
opedbrains.
 Theyusethei
rf orelimbsforholdi
ngandhi
ndlimbsforwal
ki
ng.
 Theyhavefiv
ef ingersoneachhandandf i
vetoesoneachfoot
.
 Theyareomnivorous
 Theyhavefourt ypesofteeth,namel
y;i
nci
sor
s ,cani
nes
,pr
emol
arsandmol
ar

Ungulates(hoof
edmammals)
-Thesear emammal
swhichhavehooves
.
-Allhoofedmammalsar
emainl
yherbi
vorous
.
Whatar eherbiv
orousani
mals?

16|
Page
-Herbivorousani malsareanimalswhichent
irel
yfeedonv egetat
ionorpl
ant
s.
Examplesofher bivores.
 Cows  Ant elopes
 Goat s  Zebr a
 Sheep  Gi raffe
 Camel s
Gr oupsofungul ates
 Ev ent oedungul ates
 Od dtoedungul ates
Event oedungul ates
-Thesear emammal swithanev ennumberoftoes;2toesor4t oes.
Examplesofev ent oedungulat
es
 Cows  Pi gs
 Sheep  Ant elope
 Hi ppopot amus  Gi raffe
 Goat  War thog
NB:Someev ent oedungul at
esar erumi
nant
sornon-r umi
nant s
Whatar er umi nantani mal
s?
-Thesear eani mal swhichchewcud .
Theyhav ef ours tomachchamber si.
e.

Ex
ampl
esorrumi
nantani
mal
s
 Cows  Camels  Gi
raf
fe
 Goats  Antel
opes
 Sheep  Zebra

Whatar enon-ruminantani
mal
s?
-Thes
ear eanimalswhichdon’
tchewcud
.
Examplesofnon-r umi
nants
 Pi g  Hi
ppopot
amus
 War thog

Whati scud?
-Thisisfoodsentbackinthemout hofruminant
sf orre-
chewing.
Od dtoedungulates
-Thesear eungul
ateswithod dnumberoftoes;2toes.
Examplesofod dtoedungulates
 Zebr a  Horse
 El ephant  Donkey
 Rhi no
Hoov esofd i
ffer
entungulates

Carni
vorousorflesheati
ngmammals
-
Thesearemammal swhichfeedonfl
eshonl
y.
Charact
eris
ticsofcarni
vorousmammal
s

17|
Page
  Theyhav
ewel ldevelopedcani net eethfortearingt hefl
es hoft hepr ey.
 Theyhav
egoods peedt or unandcat chthei
rpr ey( theyarev eryfas t)
.
 Theyhav
egoods ens eofs melltot r
aceeasilytheway soft heirprey.
 Theyhav
eagoodey esightt oeas il
yseetheirpr ey.
 Theyhav
es harpclawsf orkill
ing,teari
ngandhol d
ingtheirpr ey.
 Theyhavesoftpad sint hei
rf eetwhi chhelpt hemt orunaf t
ert heirpr
eywi
thout
maki
ngnois
e.
 Theyhav
es tr
ongs enseofhear ing.

Car
niv
orousani
malsar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo;
 Dogf ami
ly
 Catfamil
y

Dogfamily
 Domes t i
cdog  Hyena
 Jack al  Fox
Note;
-Somedogf amilycarni
voresar
es cav
enger
s.
Exampl
esofs cavengermammals.
 Jack al
s
 Hy enas
Catfamil
y
 Lion  Man-goose
 Cheet ah  Skunk
 Tiger  Jaguar
 Leopar d  Domes t
icandwi
ldcat
s

Whatf
eaturesdocarnivor
ousmammal
sus
eforpr
otect
ion?
 Claws
 Dev el
opedcanineteet
h

RODENTS( GNAWI NGMAMMAL S)

-
Thesearemammal swithwel l
-dev el
opedi
ncisorteethforbiti
ngandchewingfoodrapi
dly
.
-
Thesearemammal scharact eri
zedofas i
ngl
epai roflongcurvedincis
ort
eethineachjaw.
-
Theincis
ort eethareus edf orgnawi ng.
Charact
erist
icsofr odents
 Theyhav ewel ldevelopedi nci
sorsforbiti
ngf oodrapi
dly.
 Theylackcani neteet h.
 Theymak eholesinthegr oundwhi chtheyus eastheirhabitat
s.
 Mostrod entsarev egetariansbecauset heyfeedonv eget
ation.

Ex
ampl
esofrodent
s
 Squi
rrel
s  Mi
ce  Por
cupi
ne
 Rats  Beav
ers

I
ns ectivor
ousmammal s
-Thisisanor derofmai nlysmal
lnoct urnalmammalsthatfeedoninsects
.
Char acteri
sti
csofi nsectiv
ores.
-Theyhav elongs noutswi t
hs t
ifftactil
ehair.
-Theirteethares peciali
zedforseizi
ngandcr ushinginsect
s.
-Theymos tlyhuntatni ghtandsleepd uri
ngdaytime( t
heyarenocturnal
).
-Theyar eprotectedbys harppointeds cal
es(spi
nes )onthei
rbackforex ampl
eahed
gehog.
Exampl esofinsectivorousmammal s
 Hed gehog  Porcupi
nes
18|
Page
  Shrewmoles
Di
agr
amsofins
ecti
vor
es

CHI
ROPTERA(FL
YINGMAMMALS)
-
Thi
sisanord
erofmammal
sthatmov
ebyf
lyi
ng.

Characterist
icsoff l
yingmammal s.
 Thei rmembr anouswi ngsaresupport
edbyelongatedl
imbs
.
 Theyhi bernatei nwinterbecauseofscar
cit
yoff ood.
 Theyf eedoni ns ect
s, f
rui
tsandblood.
Examplesoff lyi
ngmammal s
 Bat s
Typesofbat s
 I nsecteat i
ngbat s
 F ruiteatingbat s
 Vampi r
ebat s

I
ns ecteatingbat s
-I
ns ecteatingbat sar et hoset hatfeedoni nsectslik
e,gr
asshopper
s,l
ocus
ts,mos
qui
toes
andwhi teant s.
Fruiteati
ngbat s
-Thes earebat swhi chf eedonav arietyoffruits
Howar ebat susef ultoman?
 Theyeatd anger ousi nsectslikemosquitoes
 F r
uiteat i
ngbat shelpins eedd i
spersal
Howar ebat sdanger ous ?
 Theys uckbl oodf romani malsli
kehorses ,cowsandbuf
fal
os.
 Theyd estroyf armers ’
fruits.
 Theys preadd iseasecaus i
ngger ms
.

MARSUPIALS( POUCHEDMAMMAL S)
-Thi
sisanor d erofmammalswit
habdominalpouchesforcarryingyoungones.
-Theyoungonesar ebornimmatur
eandmov eintothepoucht ocompletethei
rdev
elopment
.
-Theyoungonesar ecarr
iedi
nthepouchesuntiltheyareful
lyd ev
eloped.
-Theygetfood /mil
kfromthemammaryteat
sint hepouch.
Examplesofpouchedmammal s
 Kangar oo  Band i
coops
 Opos sum  Koalabear s
 Tas mani andevi
l  Wal l
abies
 Phal angers

Di
agr
amsofpouchedmammal
s

19|
Page
Howisatailveryimportanttoakangaroo?
 Itisus edtoaidmov ement.
MONOTREMES( EGGL AYINGMAMMAL S)
-
Thisi
sas mallsubclassofmammal sthatlayl
argeyol
kyeggs.
-
Theyarecalledoviparousmammals.
Whatareoviparousmammal s?
 Thes ear emammal swhichreproducebylayi
ngeggs.

Character
isticsofmonot remes.
 Af t
erhat chi
ng,t hey oungonesfeedonmi lkfrom t
hes i
mplemammar
yglandsins
idet
he
maternalabd ominalpouch.
 I ntheanteat ers ,theeggsarealsoincubatedinthispouchwhil
etheplat
ypususean
undergroundnes t.
 Theyhav enot r uet eeth.
Examplesofmonot r
emes
 Duck bill
edplaty pus
 Spinyanteat er( echidna)
Di
agramsofmonot r
emes

St
ateanyonesi
mil
ari
tybet
weenmonotr
emes
,rept
il
es,
amphi
biansandbi
rds
.
 Theyallr
eprod
ucebylay
ingeggs
.

CETACEANS( SEAMAMMAL S/MARINEMAMMAL S)

-Thi
sisanor derofmammal sthatliveinseas,oceansandgreatl
akes.
-Theyarealsocall
edaquat i
cmammal sbecausetheyliv
einwater.
Character
isti
csofcet aceans
 Theyhav ei nt
er nalear s(pinna).
 Theyhav et heirf rontli
mbsmod if
iedasfli
ppersforswimmi
ng.
 Theyhav emammar ygland s.
 Theygi vebirtht ot hei
rlivey oungonesandf eedthemonbreastmi
lk.
 Theyhav eal ay eroff atsund ertheirski
nscalledbl
ubberwhichtheyus
etogener
ateheat
soastok eept hemwar m.
Examplesofseamammal s
 Whal es  Seals
20|Page
  Dol
phins  Dugongs
 Porpoi
se  Seali
ons
Di
agr
amsofseamammal
s

Howar
eseamammalsabletosur
viv
eincoldwater?
 Bythehelpofbl
ubberfat
sthatkeepthemwar
m.
Namet
hel
argestseamammal.
 Awhale

Studyt hetablebel ows howingcl assi

ficati
onofv ert
ebratesand
useittoans wert heques ti
onst hatfol
low.
A B C D E
Frogs Lizards Til
apia Doves Man
Toads Snak es Nil
eper ch Hens Bats
Newt s Chamel eons Moonf i
sh Eagles Whales
salamanders Cr ocodil
es vult
ures Rabbit
s
a).Howar eani
mal si ngroupA, BandCs i
milar?
b).Howar eani
mal si ngroupDandEs imil
ar ?
c).Stateanydi
ffer encebet weenanimalsingr oupBandD
d).Howi sther
epr od uct
ionofani mal
singr oupEd ifferentfromthatofani mal
singroupD?
e).Howar eani
mal si ngroupCandDs i
mil
ari nter
msofr eproduction?
f).I
nwhi chwayist hef erti
li
zati
onofani malsingr oupAd i
ffer
entf romthatofgroupB?

I
NVERTEBRATES
 Theseareani
mal
swithoutbackbones.
-
Inv
ert
ebrat
esaredi
vi
dedi
ntosixclas
s esasshownbel
ow;

I
nver
tebr
ates

Coel
ent
erat
es Wor
ms Ar
thr
opod
s Echi
nod
erms Sponges Mol
lus
cs

COELENTERATES
-
Theyaresti
ngingani
mals.
-
Theyhavetentacl
es.
-
Theyhavecyli
ndri
calbod
ieswit
htwolay
ers
.
-
Theyhaveonlyoneopeningwhi
chact
sasthemout
handt
heanus
.
-
Theyli
veinseasandoceans.

Ex
ampl
esofcoel
ent
erat
es
 Hydra  Sanddol
lar
 Jel
lyfi
sh  Seaanemones
 Coral
s

Di
agr
amsofcoel
ent
erat
es

21|
Page
MOLLUSCS
-
Thesear einvertebrat
eswithsof tanduns egment
edbodi
es.
Characteri
sti
csofmol lus
cs
 Theyhav eshell
sforprotection.
 Theyhav emantles
.
 Theyhav et ent
acleswhicht heyus eass ens
eor ganforsmel
l,t
ouch,det
ect
ing
sound,temperat
ureandtas ti
ngf ood.
 Seamol l
uscsus egil
lsf orbr eathingwhilel
andmolluscsusesi
mplelungsfor
breat
hing.

Examplesofmolluscs
 Wat ersnail
s  Cockl
es
 Gar densnails  Turr
ets
 Oct opus  Winkl
es
 Oy st
ers  Shel
lfis
h
 Sl ugs  Scal
lops
 Cut tl
efish  Cowries
 Squi ds
Note;
-Theoctopusands quid
shav
eei
ghtt
ent
acl
ear
ms.
Diagr
amsofmol luscs

Examplesofs eamol l
uscs
 Oy sters  Squi
ds
 Oct opus  Cowri
es
 Cut tlef i
sh
Examplesofl andmol luscs
 Gar d ens nail
s
 Sl ugs
NB:Tentacl esar eus edbytheslugsassenseor gansf
orsmell
inganddet
ect
ingsoundand
temperature.
-Somemol luscsl ik
ewat ersnai
lsspr
eads chi
stosomawormswhi chcaus
ebilhar
zias
isor
schis
tosomas i
st oman.
Thes t
ructur eofas nai
l

22|
Page
 ECHINODERMS
-Theyares eainver
tebrat
eswiths
pinesontheir
skins
.
-Theyhaveunsegmentedbodi
es.
-Thei
rbodiesaremadeupof4ormoret ent
acl
es.
Examplesofechinod
erms
 Seaur chi
ns
 Starfi
sh  Seacucumbers
 Seali
li
es
As
truct
ureofast
arf
ish

SPONGES( PORIFERA)
-
Thi sisacl assofwat erinv
ertebratest hatliv
eper manentl
yattachedtorock
sorot
her
surfaces.
-
Theyl i
veinwat er.
-
Theybr eatheandf eedthr
oughmanyhol esorpor esontheirbodi
es.
-
F oodandwat erareabsorbedaswat erflowst hroughtheholes.
-
Theyhav einternalfl
ameoft heskeletonoflime( t
heyhaveend oskel
eton)
.

WORMS
-
Thesear el
ongandthi
nsoftbodiedanimal
s.
-
Theybreathethr
oughthemoistskin.
Groupsofworms
 Segmentedworms(annel
ids)
 Roundworms(nematodes)
 Flatwor
ms

Segmentedwor ms
-Thesearewor mswhosebodiesar
edi
vi
dedi
ntos
egment
sorrings
.
-Theymos t
lyli
veinwaterandsoi
l.
Examplesofs egment
edworms
 Ear thworms  Bri
stl
eworms
 L eeches
Diagramsofs egment
edworms

Earthworms
-Theyli
veinthesoi
landfeedonsoi
landd
eaddecayi
ngv egetat
ion.
-Theyarehermaphr
odit
esbecaus
etheyhavet
wos exualorgans.
23|
Page
I
mpor tanceofearthwormsi nthes oil
 Ear t
hwormshelptoaer atethes oi
lbymak ingholesort unnel
sinthesoil
.
 Ear t
hwormsdecompos etheor ganicmat
t ert oformhumusi nthesoil
.
NOTE:
-Earthwor msrespi
rethrought heirmoistski
n.
-Earthwor msdieimmediatelyi
foi lispouredoni tsbod ybecaus ethemoistski
nisblock
ed
andi tisunabletobreathe.
-Earthwor mscomeoutoft hesoilafterheavyraininginordertogetund i
ssol
vedoxy
genfor
breat hing.
Flatwor ms
-Thes ear ewormswithf l
atands egmentedbodi
es .
-Flatwor msareparasit
esbecaus etheydependonot heranimalsforfood.
Exampl esoff l
atworms
 Tapewor ms
 L i
verfl
ukes

As
truct
ureofat
apewor
m

-
Tapewormsli
veins malli
ntestinesandf eedont hed i
gestedf ood.
-
Theheadofthetapewor msi scalledscolex.
-
Thebodyofthetapewor mi sd i
videdinri
ngscal l
eds egment s.
Howpeopl
egetinfectedwi t
ht apewor ms
 Througheat i
ngund ercook edmeatf r
omi nfectedani mals.
 Eatingunwashedr awv egetablesandf rui
tscont aminatedwitht
apewor
meggs
.
 Throughdrinki
ngunboi ledwat ercontaminatedwi t
ht apewormeggs.

Si
gnsoft
apeworminfecti
on
 Passi
ngoutstoolwit
heggsors
egment
soft
apewor
ms
 Passi
ngoutwaterystool
 Apersonal
way sfeel
shungr
y.

Howt
opreventtapewor minfect
ion
 Al
way seatwellcookedmeatespecial
lypor
k.
 Washingvegetabl
esandf rui
tsproper
lyift
heyaret
obeeat
enwhenr
aw
 Washinghandsbef oreeati
ngandhandli
ngfood
.
 Dri
nkingwellboil
edwat er

L
iverf
luk
es

-
Theyar
epaper
-l
ik
eandt
heyl
iv
eint
hel
iv
erofi
nfect
edani
mal
s.

24|
Page
-
Theyd
rai
ntheliv
erofthei
nfect
edani
mal
ands
tar
tfeed
ingont
hebi
leandbl
ood
.
Bl
oodf
luk
es(schis
tos
omawor ms
).

-
Thes
chi
stos
omawor
msar
epar
asi
teswhi
chcaus
ebi
lhar
zias
is(
schi
stos
omi
asi
s)t
oman.

Si
gnsandsymptomsofbilharzi
asi
s
 Bloodstainsi
nurine.
 Bloodstainsi
nstool.
 Enlar
gementofthel iv
erandtheabd
omen.

Howt oprev entbi l

har zias i
s
 Av oids wi mmi ngi ns treams ,
pond sors wampswi t
hd i
rtywater.
 Us ingl at r
inesf orpr operd i
sposal ofhumanex cr
eta
 Dr inkingwel lboi ledwat er
 Was hinghand swi t
hcl eanwat erandd i
s inf
ect
ants.
 Cont rolwat ers nai l
sbys prayingchemi calsonwater.
Roundwor ms
-Thesearewor mswi t hcy li
nd ri
calbod i
es
Examplesofr oundwor ms
 Commonr oundwor ms  Hookwor ms
 Pi nwor ms  Thr eadwor ms
 Eelwor ms  Whi pwor ms
Hookwor ms
-Hookwor mi nf ectioncanl eadt oanaemi abecaus ehookwor mssuckbloodf
romt hev i
cti
m.
Howhookwor msent erourbod i
es
 Hookwor msmai nl yenterourbod i
esthr oughwalk
ingbaref oot
edindi
rtyplaces.
 Hookwor msl ivei nt hebloods treamswher etheysuckbloodf r
om.
As tr
uctureofahookwor m

Si
gnsands y
mpt omsofhookwor minf
ect
ion
 Abd ominalpain
 Gener albod yweakness
 Aper s ondevelopsdi
arrhoea
 L os
sofwei ght
 Palet ongueandgum
 Paleey el
id
sandf i
ngernail
s

Way
sofcont
rol
li
nghookwor
minf
ect
ion

25|
Page
  Al
way
swearshoeswhenev
eryouarewal
ki
nginthedi
rtypl
acesl
ik
etoi
let
s
 Us
ecl
eanwat
ertowashhandsaft
erusi
ngthel
atri
nes

Waysthroughwhichcommonr oundwor msares pread

 Dr inki
ngunboi
ledcontaminatedwater
 Thr ougheati
ngwithunwas hedcontaminatedhands
 Thr ougheati
ngrawunwas hedcontami
nat edveget
abl
es
NOTE
-
Roundwor msli
veinsmallint
est
inesandtheyf eedont hedi
ges
tedf
ood
Astr
uctureofacommonr oundwor m

ARTHROPODS
-
Arthropodsareinvert
ebrateswithsegment
edbod
iesandj
oint
edl
egs
.
Character
ist
icsofar t
hropods
 Theyhav ejoint
edlegs
 Theyhav esegment edbod
ies
 Theyhav eexoskeleton

Groupsofart
hropod
s
Ar
thropods

Myri
apod s crustaceans ar achni d
s i nsects
MYRIAPODS
-
Thes earear thropod swi thmanyj ointedlegsands egment s.
Characteristi
csofmy riapod s
 Theyhav emanyj ointedlegs .
 Theyhav emanybod ys egment s.
 Theyhav eatleas tonepai rofl egsoneachs egment .
Subgr oupsofmy ri
apod s
 Chi lopoda
 Di pl
opod a
Chi
lopod a
 Theyhav eonlyonepai rofj ointedlegsoneachs egment.
 I thasonepai rofant ennaeandmanyl egs.
 Theymov ever yf astandf eedoni ns ectsandwor ms( theyarecarni
vorous)
.
 Theyhav ef orel imbsmod ifiedaspoi sonouscl awst hatareusedtopar al
yset
he
prey.
 Theypr otectt hems elvesbybi ti
ng.
 Theyal soprod uceabads mel
lforpr
otecti
on.
NB:Acent iped eisanex ampleofachi lopod
a

Di
plopoda
-
Theyhav et wopair
sofjoint
edlegsoneachsegment
.
-
Theypr otectthemsel
vesbycurli
nguporcoil
ing
-
Theyf eedonv eget
ati
on(theyareherbi
vor
ous )

26|
Page
-
Theyal
soproduceaf
lui
dwithabadsmel
landal
soi
rri
tat
ingef
fectont
heper
son’
sbod
y.
NB:Ami
ll
iped
eisanexampl
eofadipl
opod
a.

Howar
emill
iped
esimport
anti
nthesoil
?
 Mil
li
pedesmakehol
estunnel
sinthes
oilwhi
chhel
pins
oilaer
ati
on.

CRUSTACEANS
-
Thesearearthropodswi t
hav er yhardexoskel
etonandtwomainbod
ypar
ts.
Charact
eri
sti
csofcr us taceans
 Theyhavef i
v epai r
sofj oint
edlegs
 Theyhavet womai nbod ypar tsi.
e.cephal
othoraxandabd
omen
 Someliveinf reshwat erandot hersli
veinsalt
ywat er
 Theyusegi l
lsf orbr eathing
 Theyareeat enasf ood

Ex
ampl
esofcrus
taceans
 Crayfi
sh  Woodli
ce  Bar
nacl
es
 Crabs  Lobs
ters  Shr
imps

Di
agr
amsofcr
ust
aceans

ARACHNI DS
-Thes
ear earthropodswi t
hei ghtj
ointedlegsandtwomainbodypar
ts.
Characteri
sti
csofar achnids
 Theyhav e8jointedlegs.
 Theyhav e2mai nbod ypart
si e;cephal
othor
axandabdomen.
 Theyus ebookl ungsf orbreathing.
Examplesofarachnids
 Spi d
er  Ti
cks
 Scor pi
on  Mit
es
Diagr
amsofar achni
ds

Spi
der
s

27|
Page
-Theyhav es pinner etsusedtos pins i
lkformakingwebs .
-Websar eus edbys pi
der
st otrapt heirpreyandal sousedforprotecti
on.
-Spid
ersbr eathet hroughspecial organsont heirbodi
escalledbooklungs.
-Notallspidersmak ewebs ,somehuntf ortheirprey.
Scorpions
-Theyli
v eund ers tones,l
ogsandhol es
-Theyhav elarget ail
sandapoi sonouss ti
ngont heirabdomenwhicht heyuset
ost
ingt
hei
r
enemies .
-Scorpionsd on’tlayeggsbutgi v ebirthtoliv
ey oungones .

Ticks
-Theyli
veont hes k
insofani
mals
-Theyspreaddiseasecausi
nggermst
oani
mal
s.
Diseasesspreadbyt i
ckst
oman

 Typhusfev
er
 Relaps
ingfev
er

I
NSECTS
-
Thesearearthr
opod swi t
hs ixj
ointedlegsandthreemai
nbodypar
ts.
Charact
eri
sti
csofins ects
 Theyhave6joi ntedlegs.
 Theyhave3mai nbod ypartsi.
e.head,t
horaxandabd
omen.
 Theyusespi
r aclesforbr eathi
ng.
 Theyhaveapai rofant ennae.

HEAD
Antennae/feel
ers
 Theyar esenseorganfort
asti
ng,hear
ing,
smel
li
ngandfeeli
ng.
Proboscis
 Itisamout hpar
tus edf
orsucki
ngfoodli
kebl
ood,f
lui
dsfromandnect
ar.

Ex
amplesofinsect
swhi
chuseprobosci
sforfeed
ing
 Mos quit
oes  Tsetsefli
es
 Hous efl
ies  Butterf
li
es
 Bees  Moths
I
nsect
sthatusemandi
blesf
orfeedi
ngforexampl
es;
 Termites  Whi
teant
s
28|
Page
  Gras
shopper
s  Locusts
 Cockr
oaches  Crick
ets

THORAX
 I
tgivesat
tachmentforthelegs
,wingsandhal
ter
es.
 Someinsectshaves ucti
onpadsinthei
rfeetwhichenabl
ethemt
owal
konwal
ls
upsi
dedownwithoutf al
li
ng.
Hal
ter
es
 Theyareusedbyinsectstobal
anceduri
ngfli
ght
.

ABDOMEN
 Itcont
ainsthebreathingorganscal
ledspi
racl
es.
 Itcont
ainsthereproducti
veandd i
gesti
vepart
s.
 Ithasas t
ingforprotecti
on
 Ithasanov i
posi
torforlayingeggs

METAMORPHOSI S
-Thes
ear est
agesofgrowthandd ev
elopmentani
nsectund
ergoes
.
Typesofmetamorphosi
s
 Completemetamorphosi
s
 Incompl
etemetamorphosi
s

Whatiscompl etemet amorphos is?

 Thi siswher eaninsectund ergo4s tagesofgrowthandd evel
opmenti
.e.eggs
,lar
va,
pupaandad ult
.
 Theeggshat chintolarvae.
 Thel arvaemoul terd evelopi ntobecomepupae.
 Thepupaed evelopintoad ultins ects.
 Mos ti nsect smatebef oret heyl ayeggs .
 Mat ingenabl estheeggst obef ertil
iz
ed.
 Somei nsectslayunf erti
lizedeggs .Dronebeesarepr oducedf r
omfert
ili
zedeggs.
Ex
amplesofi ns ectsthatund ergocompl etemet amor
phosi
s
 Hous ef l
y  Mos quitoes
 Bees  Mot hs
 But ter fl
ies  Ts etseflies
Adiagr
ams howi ngcompletemet amor phos i
s

Hous efl
ies
-Hous efli
eslaytheireggsinrot
tingbodi
es,rubbi
shpi
ts,expos
edfood
andf aeces.
-Thelarvaoft hehousef l
yiscal
ledmaggot.
-Wear enotal l
owedt opouroil/par
affi
nint hepitl
atr
inesbecause
theycanl eadtod eathofmaggot sthathelpinbreakd
ownofl arge
volumesoff aeces.

Whydohousefl
ieslaytheireggsonr ot
tingmatter?
 Toenablet heirl
arvae,getfoodfromr ot
tingmatter.
-
Thei
nacti
ve,non-feedi
ngord ormantstagesofanyi nsectareeggstageandpupast
age.
-
Theadul
tstageofani nsectiscal
ledani mago.
-
Thehouseflyi
sabl etocarrygermsf r
omonepl acetoanotherbecauseithasahai
rybod
y.

29|
Page
I
NCOMPL ETEMETAMORPHOSI S
-Thesearet he3s tagesofgrowthandd evelopmentani nsectunder
goesi .
e.;eggs,ny
mph
andadult.
-Here,t
hef ertil
izedegghatchesint
oany mphwhi chgrowsi ntoanadult
.
-Thenymphl ook sli
ketheadultbutt
het womaybed i
fferentinthefol
lowingway s;
 Theny mphmayhav eshortornowi ngswhi lethead ul
thaswelldevelopedwings.
 Theny mphmayhav ead if
fer
entcoloure.g.t heny mphofacock roachiswhitewhil
e
thead ultisbrownorblack.
 Theny mphi snotmatures oi
tcannotrepr oducewhi letheadul
treproduces.
Examplesofi nsectswhichund er
goincomplet
emet amorphos i
s
 Gr ass hoppers  Cock roaches
 L ocus ts  Ter mit
es
 Cr ickets  Whi teants

Thel
if
ecy
cleofacock
roach

Not e;
-Locustsandgr as shopper sus emand iblest of eed.
-Theyar eallcroppes ts.
I
mpor t
anceofi ns ectst oman.
 Theypol linatecr ops .
 Theypr ov idehoneyandwax .
 Theybr eakd ownpl antmat erialstof orms oi
l.
 Somei ns ectsar eas ourceofpr oteins.
 L arvaeofhous ef l
ieshel pt ored ucet hev olumeoffaecesinlatr
ines
.
Danger sofi nsect s.
 Cock roacheshav eabads mell causingcupboar dstosmellbad.
 Cock roachesd es t
roycl othesandf ood.
 Somei ns ectss tingmanandl ives t
ock .
 Somei ns ectst rans mitdiseaseger ms .
 Somei ns ectd estroycr ops .
THEME:MATTERANDENERGY
TOPI C:SOUNDENERGY
Whati sener gy?
 Ener gyist heabi li
tyt odowor k .
Whati ss ound?
 Soundi saf ormofener gywhi chs ti
mul atesthesenseofhear i
ng.
 Soundi saf ormofener gyt hatenabl esust ohear.
 Soundi saf ormofener gypr od ucedbyv ibrat
ionsofobjects
.

Whati
smeantbytheter
mv i
brat
ion?
 Vibr
ati
onisthetoandfromovementofanobj
ectpr
oduci
ngs
ound
.

I
mpor
tanceofsound
 Forcommunicati
on.
 Forenter
tainment
.

30|
Page
  Pr
ovi
desemploymentopport
unit
iest
opeople.
 Pr
omotecul
turei.
e.tr
adit
ionalf
olksongs
.

Whyd oanimal smak es ound?

 Tol ocat efood.
 F orpr otecti
on.
 Tol ookf orthei rmates.
Pr
oper t
iesofs ound.
 Soundt ravelsbymeansofwav esinalldirecti
onsfromthesource.
 Soundr equiresamed i
uminordert otravel.Thatiswhyitdoesnottr
avelt
hrougha
vacuum.
 Thes peedofs oundd ependsonthemed iumi nwhichiti
stravel
li
ng.
 Soundcanber eflect
ed .
 Soundcanber efracted.
 Soundhasv olume, pi
tchandquality.
 Soundcanbes toredorr eprod
uced .
Whichpr opertyofs oundd oesanechos how?
 Soundcanber eflect
ed .

Typesofs ound
a)Aud ibles ound
-Thi
sisthes oundt hatcanbed etectedbyt heear.
-Audi
blesoundi scl
as sifi
edintotwoi .e.mus i
candnoi se.
Music
 Mus ici sanor ganiseds oundpr oducedbyr egularvi
brati
ons.
Noise
 Noi sei sad i
s organis
eds oundpr oducedbyi rregul
arvibrat
ions
.
b)Inaud iblesound
-Thi
sisthes oundt hatcannotbed etectedbyt heear.
Sourcesofs ound
Therearet wos ourcesofs oundi .e.
 Nat urals ourcess ound
 Ar t
ificialsour cesofs ound

Naturalsour cesofs ound

-Thes
ear et hingst hatpr oduces
oundont
hei
rown.
Examplesofnat urals ourcesofsound
 Wi nd  Bi
rds
 Vol cani cerupt ion  Cock
 Ear thquak es  Dog
 Humans  Abull
 L i
ght ning

Artif
icialsourcesofs ound
-Thesear eman- madeobject swhichproducesound
Exampl esofar t
ifi
cialsourcesofs ound
 Rad i
os  Clocks
 Tel ephones  Bells
 Dr ums  Xylophones
 Whi stl
e  Pi
anos
 Vehi cl
es  Band
Hows oundispr oduced?
-Soundi sproducedbyofv ibrat
ionofobjects
.
Method sofpr oducingsoundi nmusicali
nstr
uments.

31|
Page
Therear e4met hod sus edforpr oduci
ngs ound ,
theseare;
 Bypl uckinge. g.guitar
 Bybl owinge. g.whi stleandf l
ute
 Byhi tti
ng/ beat inge.g.d rumsandbel ls
 Byr ubbinge. g.t ubef id
dle
Hows omeani malspr od uces ound
1.Mammal s
 Byv i
brationoft hevocal cords
2.Beesandmos qui toes
 Byr apidf lappi ngormot i
onoft heirwingswhichcaus eai
raroundtov i
brat
e
3.Grasshoppersandcr ickets
 Byr ubbingt hei rhindlegsagainstt hei
rvibrat
ingwingstopr
od ucesound.
4.Birds
 Byv i
brationoft heringsofcar ti
lageinthet r
achea.

Mus
icalinstrument s
-
Musicalinstrumentsaregroupedintothr
eecat
egor
ies
,i.
e.
 Per cus s
ionmus i
cali
nstruments
 St ri
ngedmus i
cali
nstr
uments
 Wi ndmus icali
nstr
uments

Percussi
oni nst
ruments
-Thesearei nstr
ument swhichproduces oundbyvibr
ati
onwhenhi tors
truckorbeat
en.
Examplesofper cussionmus i
cali
nstruments
 Dr um  Maracas
 Xy lophone  Castanet
s
 Thumbpi ano  Congas
 Tr i
angl es  Tambouri
ne
 Shak ers  Bell
s
 Cy mbal s  Rattl
es
 Bongos
Diagramss howingper cus
sionmusicalinstrument
s

NB:
-Thed rumproducess oundaf t
erthev i
brat
ionoft
hes k
inwhenhitorbeat
en.
Stringedmus i
calinst
rument s
-Thesear einstrumentsthatpr oducesoundbyvibr
ati
onoft hei
rstr
ingswhenpl
uck
edor
rubbed .
Exampl esofstri
ngedmus icali
ns t
ruments
 Tubef i
ddle  Viol
a
 Gui t
ar  Cell
o
 Bowhar p  Lyre
 Har p  Viol
in
Diagramss howings t
ringedmus i
calins
trument
s

32|
Page
NB:
-Abowhar phasahol ethatall
owsinairandsoundboxt
hatampl i
fi
essound
.
Windmus icalinstruments
-Thes
ear ei nstrumentsthatproducesoundbyvibr
ati
onofairblownint
othem.
Examplesofwi ndmus i
calins
truments
 Af lute  Ahor n
 Panpi pes  Trumpets
 Whi stl
e  Bugles
 Tr ombone  Reeds
 Recor der
Diagr
amss howi ngwindmus i
calinst
ruments

Hows oundt r
av el
s
-
Soundt rav el
sf romonepoi ntt oanotherbymeansofs oundwav esi
nair.
-
Soundwav est r
avel i
nalldi
rectionsfromt hesource.
-
Soundt rav el
si nallstat
esofmat teri
.e.soli
ds,
li
quidsandgas es.
-
Soundt rav el
sf astestinsoli
d sbecauses oli
dshavecloselypackedpar
ticl
es.
-
Soundt rav el
ss l
owes ti
ngas esbecaus emoleculesareloos el
yhel
d.
Summar y
State of Soli
d s li
quids gases
matter
Compar ison i n Fastest faster fast
rel
ations hipt o
soundt rans er Sl
f ow slower slowest
Adiagramt os hows oundwav es.

Whycan’tsoundtrav
elthroughav acuum?
 Ther eisnomed i
umt hatcantransmit/
carrysoundwaves.
Not
e;
 Av acuumisspacewi t
houtanymol ecul
esormat t
er.
Anexperi
menttodemons t
ratethatsoundcan’ttrav
elthroughavacuum.
 I far i
ngi
ngbellisputi najarwithai r
,thesounditprod
ucescanbehear
dout
sid
e

33|
Page
 thej arbecaus et heai rmol ecul esi nt hej arv ibrate.
 Theai rmol ecul esi nt hej aral s ocaus et hewal l
soft hej art ov ibrate,pas singt he
soundt ot heout side.
 I fai ri sr emov edf romt hej art ocr eat eav acuum, thes oundpr oducedbyt hebel lwil
l
notbehear d.Thi si sbecaus et her ear enomol ecul esi nt hej art ot r
ans fert he
soundf romt hebel ltot hewal lsoft hej ar .
 Thi sconf ir mst hats oundneed smol ecul esormat teri nor dert ot r
av elf romone
placet oanot her .
 Ther ef or e, soundcan’ ttr av elthr oughav acuum.
Speedofs ound
Soundt rav elsatd iffer ents peedi neachs tateofmat t
erass eenbel ow;
 I nnor malai r( gas es )-330m/ s
 I nwat er( liqui ds)- 1484m/ s
 I ni r on( s ol ids)- 1500m/ s
Fact orst hataf fectt hes peedofs ound
 Temper at ur e
-Atni ghtwhent emper atur esar ev eryl ow,s oundwav est r avelv erynear ert ot hegr ound.
Thi siswhywear eabl et ohearcl earlyatni ght .
-Thes peedofs oundi ncr eas eswi thi ncr eas ei nt emper atur e.
 Heat
-Theheatoft hed aymak ess oundwav esr is ehi ghmak ingi td i
f fi
culttohears ound .
 Wi nd
-Windbl owss oundwav esf as teri fi tisbl owi ngi nt hes amemov ement .
-Windbl ock st hes peedofs oundwheni ti sbl owi ngagai nsti tsd i
rection.
 Al titud e
-Soundwav esmov ef as teratahi gheral titud et hanal oweral ti
tude.
Ter msus edi nt hes tud yofs ound
a)F requency
-Thisi st henumberofs oundv ibr at i
onspr oducedbyanobj ectpers econd .
-Her tz(hz )i sauni tus edf ormeas ur i
ngf requency .
b)Vol ume
-Thisi st hel oud nes sors oftnes sofs ound .
 Ampl itud e
-Thisi st hewi d thofs oundv ibr at i
ons .
 Deci bel s
-Thisi sauni tf ormeas ur ingt hel oud nes sofs ound .
c)Pi tch
-Thisi st hehi ghnes sorl ownes sofs ound .
Fact orst hataf fectpi tchofs ound
a)L engt hoft hes t
rings
-Longs tringspr od ucel owpi tcheswhi les hor t ers tri
ngspr od ucehi ghpi tchesofs ound.
b)Tens ionofanobj ect
-Tightobj ect s /s tr i
ngspr od ucehi gherpi tchofs oundt hanl oos enedones .
c)Si z eofanobj ect
-Biggerobj ect spr od ucel owpi tchesofs oundwhi l
es mallerobj ectspr oducehi gherpi t
ches
ofs ound .
d)Thi ck nes sort hinnes soft hes trings .
-Thicks tringspr od ucel owpi tchesofs oundwhi l
et hins tringspr oducehi ghpi tches .
e)F requency
-Thehi ghert hef requency ,t hehi ghert hepi tchofs oundpr oducedandt hel owert he
frequency , thel owt hepi tchofs oundpr od uced .
f)Nat ur eoft hemat er i
alus edt opr od uces ound .
Appl icationsofpi t chofs ound .( Act ivi
t y)
1.Us ingd if fer ents izesofd rums .
a)Whi chd r umwi llpr od ucet hehi gherpi tchofs ound ?

34|
Page
 b)Giv
ear eas onforyourans weri n(a)abov e.
c)Whichdr umwi l
lproducet helowes tpitchofs ound?
d)Giv
ear eas onforyourans weri n(c)abov e.
e)Towhichgr oupofmus icalinst
rument sd od rumsbelong?
f)Howd od rumspr od
uces ound?
g)Howd oess oundpr oducedbyt hed rumsabov er eachdancer
stenmeter
saway
?
2.Usi
ngabowhar p
a)Towhichgr oupofmus icalinst
rument sd oesabowhar pbel
ong?
b)Howd oesabowhar ppr oduces ound?
c)Whichst ri
ngwi l
lproducet hehighes tpitchofs oundwhenpluck
ed?
d)Giv
ear eas onforyourans weri n(c)abov e.
e)Whichst ri
ngwi l
lproducet helowes tpitchofs ound?
f)Giv
ear eas onforyourans weri n(e)abov e.
3.Usi
ngbot tleswithd i
fferentlevelsofwat er.

a)Towhi chgr oupofmus i

cali ns t
rument sd obot t
lesbelong?
b)Howd obot tlespr oduces ound ?
c)Whi chbot tlewi llproduces oundoft hehi ghes tpitch?
d)Gi v
ear eas onf ory ourans weri n(c)abov e.
e)Whi chbot t
lewi llproduces oundoft hel owes tpitch?
g)Gi vear easonf ory ourans weri n( e)abov e.
4.Us ings tri
ngsofd i
fferentthi cknes s
a)Whi chs tr
ingwi llproducet hehi ghes tpitchofs ound?
b)Gi vear easonf ory ourans weri n( a)abov e.
c)Whi chs tr
ingwi llproducet hel owes tpitchofs ound ?
d)Gi vear easonf ory ourans weri n( c)abov e.
5.Us ings oundwav eswithd ifferentf requenci es .
Whichs oundwav eabov es hows ;
a)Thehi ghes tpi tchofs ound?
b)Thel owes tpit chofs ound ?
c)Thehi ghes tfr equency ?
d)Thel owes tfr equency ?
6.Us ingpanpi pesofd ifferents izes
a)Towhi chgr oupofmus icalinstr umentsd opanpi pesbelong?
b)Whi chpi pewi llproducehi ghpi tchofs oundwhenai risblownint
othematonce?
c)Giv ear eas onf ory ourans weri n(b)abov e.
d)Whi chpi pewi llproducel owpi t chofs ound ?
e)Giv ear eas onf ory ourans weri n(d)abov e.
7.Us ingmet alli
cr oundbal l
sofd i
f ferents izes .
a)Whi chmet alli
cbal lwillproducehi ghpi tchofs oundwhenhi t
?
b)Gi vear easonf ory ourans weri n( a)abov e.
c)Whi chmet alli
cbal lwillproducel owpi tchofs oundwhenhi t
?
d)Gi vear easonf ory ourans weri n( c)abov e.

ECHOES
Whatisanecho?
f)Anechoi sareflect
edsound.
Howisanechof ormed?
g)Anechoi sformedbyrefl
ecti
onofsoundwaves
.
Whatcaus esanecho?
h)Ref lect
ionofsoundwaves
Howechoesoccur .
Whens oundwav esmeetanobs tacl
eli
kebui
ldi
ngsorwal
ls
,itbouncesbackass
eeni
nthe
di
agrambel ow;

35|
Page
Whyareweunabl et
ohearwordswhenechoesaref
ormed?
 Ther eisi
nter
fer
enceoftheori
ginals
oundwi
ththeechoes.
Pl
aceswhereechoescommonl
yoccur.
i) Emptyrooms l) Mountai
ns
j) Val
leys m)F ores
ts
k)Cor ri
dors n)Cav es

Ad
vant
agesofechoes
 Pil
ot sus eechoestodod geobs tacl
esd uri
ngf li
ght.
 Sailors/navi
gatorsuseechoest odeterminet hed ept
hofwat erbod iesusingan
echos onar(fat
hometer) .Theechoi sr ecordedelectri
call
ybyahy drophoneonthe
ship.
 Wars hipsuseechoest od etectwhethert her
ear eobs t
aclesinf
rontoft hem.
 Batsus eechoestolocatef oodandd odgeobs tacles.
 Seamammal slik
ewhal esus eechoest od odgeobs tacl
esinwater.
 Fis
her menus eechoest od etectfishschoolsbef oresetti
ngthenets
.

Echol
ocation
 Echolocationistheus eofechoest od etectobject
s.
 Abatus esecholocati
ont ofinditspreyandd odgeobst
acl
es.
 Blindpeopl euseechol ocati
ont oav oi
dobs tacl
esonthei
rway.Theyuseaspeci
al
d
ev i
cecalledechos tick/whitecanet ol ocatethewaysbet
weenbuil
di
ngsandtel
l
d
irecti
onofcar sont her oad.
Disad
vantageofechoes
 Echoesi nterf
erewi t
ht heoriginalsoundandcaus enoi
se.

Waysofr educingechoesi ncinemahal ls

 Cov eringcinemahal lswiths oftporousmateri
als
,lik
e;sponges,t
hickcarpet
s,thi
ck
clothesands oftboards
 Cov eringcinemahal l
swi t
ht hickcurtai
ns
Howd os oftpor ousmat eri
alsreduceechoesi ncinemahalls
?
 Byabs orbi
ngs oundwav es.
NOTE:
Thes peedofs oundi nairis330m/ s,calcul
atethedis
tanceandtimecoveredbys oundand
echoes .
Speed=Di stance
Time
Time=Di stance
Speed
Dist
ance=SpeedxTi me
Example1.
-Kak
ai heardaguns hotafter3s econd s.Howfarwask akaifr
omthef i
ri
ngplace?
Speed=330m/ s
Time=3s econd s
Dist
ance=s peedxt i
me
=( 330x3)met res

36|
Page
 =990met
res
Kak
aiwas990met
resfr
omt
hef
iri
ngpl
ace.

Example2
-Mutonyiwass tandinginaval
leywhichwas660mands heheardamancl
appi
nghand
s.
Howl ongd i
dittakeMutony
itohearthesoundoft
heclaps
?
Distance=660m/ s
Speed=330m/ s
Time=Di stance
Speed
=660m
330m/ s
=2s econds
I
tt ookMutonyi2s econdst
ohearsoundofamanclappi
nghands.

Example3
-Vanessahear danechoofamans pl
it
ti
ngfirewoodfromafor
estaf
ter4s
econd
s.Howf
ar
wasVanes safromtheman?
Speed=330m/ s
Time=4s econds
Distance=SxT
=(330x 4)[
itwasanecho]
2
=660met r
es
Vanes sawas660met r
esfromthemanspl
it
ti
ngf i
rewood.

Example4
-Akambawass tandi
ng990met r
esfarfromaclif
fandheardechoesoft
hecockcr
ows
.How
l
ongd i
dittakehi mtoheartheechoesofthecockcr
owing?
Distance=990m
Speed=330m/ s
Time=Di stance
Speed
=(990x 2)[itwasanecho]
330

=3x2s econds
=6s econds
I
ttookAk amba6s
econd
stoheart
heechoesoft
hecockcr
owi
ng.

Tr
ialquest
ions.
1.Pet ershoutedf romt hev all
eyanditt ook5s econd sf orEs thertoheart he
sound.Howf arwasPet erfromEs t
her ?
2.Ogwalwass tandingi nthemi ddl
eoft hef orestwhi chwas1320mandhe
heardawomanchoppi ngwood .Howl ongd i
ditt akeOgwalt oheart hes ound
fromthechoppi ngplace?
3.As habahear danechoofamans plitt
ingf i
rewoodf r omt hef orestaf t
er4
seconds.Howf arwasAs habaf r
omt hemans pli
t t
ingwood ?
4.Amanf iresagunwhi l
ef aci
ngacl i
f f
.Hehear sanechoaf ter8s econd s.I
f
thespeedofs oundi nairis300m/ s
,howf aristhemanf romt hecl i
ff?
5.Acl iffi
s993met r
esawayf romwher eApend iiss t
and ing.IfApend iblowsa
whistl
e,howl ongwi l
littakehertoheart heechoi fthes peedofs oundinair
i
s331m/ s ?
6.Apl anemov esatas peedof600m/ sandt hespeedofs oundi nairis300m/ s;
a)Whyi ssoundofapl aneheardafteri thasalread ypas sed?
b)Youar estanding1800mawayf romt heplanei nt heai r.Howl ongd oesit

37|
Page
 tak
ey out
oheart
hesoundofthepl
ane?
c)Byt heti
meyouhearthesoundoft hepl
ane,how f
arhast
hepl
ane
moved?

Met
hod
s/waysofstori
ngsound
 Byrecordi
ng
 Bywriti
ngnotati
onsi
.e.s
ol-
faands
taf
fnot
ati
ons

Dev
icesus edt os tores ound.
 Magnet ict apes  Digit
alv er
sati
ledis
cs/di
git
alvi
deo
 Vi deot apes di
s cs(DVDs)
 Vi deocompactd iscs(VCDs)  Comput erdi
skett
es/fl
oppydi
scs
 Compactd iscs(CDs )  Memor ycards
 Di gitalAud ioTapes( DAT)  Fl
as hdiscs
 Recor ds
Dev
icesus edt or eproduces tor
edsound
.
 Rad iocas set t
es
 DVDpl ayer s
 Gr amophones
 Vi deod iscpl ayers
 Vi deod eck s
 L aptops
 Comput ermoni tors
 F il
mpr ojectors
 Mobi lephones
 Recor dpl ayers

Way
sofreprod
uci
ngs t
or eds ound
 Pl
ayingusi
ngradiocas settes
 Pl
ayingusi
ngmobilephones
 Pl
ayingusi
ngrecor dpl ayers
 Pl
ayingusi
ngfil
mpr ojectors
 Pl
ayingusi
ngDVDpl ay ers
 Pl
ayingusi
ngvideod eck s
 Pl
ayingusi
nggramophones
 Pl
ayingusi
ngcomput ers
 Pl
ayingusi
ngvideod iscpl ayer
s

I
nst
rumentsusedtorepr
oduces
ounds
tor
edbys
ol-
fanot
ati
on.
 Xy l
ophones  Panpipes
 Guitar  Lyre
 Keyboard  Viol
in
 Thumbpi ano  Viol
a
 Bowhar p

Ad
vant
agesofstor
ings ound
 Forfutur
eentertainment
.
 Forfutur
ereference.
 Forgiv
ingevi
dencei ncourt
sofl
aw.

Musi
calscales
Themusi
cal scal
esconsi
stofthenot
escal
ledd
iat
oni
cscal
es.
Therear
et wot y
pesofmusicals
cal
es,t
hes
eare;
 Sol-
fanot at
ion
38|
Page
  St affnot ati
on
Note:
-Notati
onr ef er
st ot heactofwr iti
ngmus icalsoundus i
ngnotes.
-Seed i
agramsofs ol-
faands taffnotati
oni nMks ciencebook6oldv er
sionorbar
oque.
Howcans ounds toredonei thersol-f
aors taffnotationbereproduced?
 Bys ingings ol-f
a.
 Us eofmus icalinst
rument stoplaythes taffnotat
ions.
Taping
-Tapingi
st hewayoft ransferri
ngr ecordedsoundf romoned evi
cetoanother.
Way softapi ng
 Us eofbl uet ooth
 Us eofWhat sApp
 Us eoff lashs hare
 Us eofx end er
 Us eoff acebook
 Us eofs napchat
 Us eofi mo

THEMAMMAL I
ANEAR
-Theearisabod yor ganthatus
ess oundener gy
.
Functi
onoft heear
 F orhear i
ng.
 F orbodybal anceandpostur
e.
Animal Heari
ngor gan
 Mammal s  Ear s
 Bi rds  Ear s
 F ish  L ateralli
ne
 I nsects  F eelers/antennae
 Mol luscs(snai
ls)  Tent acles
 Rept i
les  Ty mpani cmembr ane
 Amphi bi
ans  Ty mpani cmembr ane

Thes
truct
ureoft
hemammal
ianear

Regionoftheear
-Themammali
anearismadeoft
hreemai
nregi
ons
,i.
e.
 Theout erear  Thei
nnerear
 Themi d
d l
eear
Theouterear
-I
tismadeupoft wopar
ts,
i.
e.
Pinna
39|
Page
  Itcol lectss oundwav esf romt heenv ir
onment .
Aud i
torycanal
 Itd i
r ectss oundwav est otheear dr
um
 Ithass horthairandwaxwhi chhel pstot r
apf or eignbod i
eslik
ed ustandsomes mal
l
i
nsect sf r
oment eringt hemi ddleear .
Themi ddleear
-I
tcons ist
soft heear drum, theos si
clesandt heEus t
achi ant ube.
Theear d
rum/ tympanum
 Itrecei vesandchangess oundwav esintov ibrati
ons .
 Itv i
br atesandpas s ess oundv ibrat
ionst otheos s i
cles .
Theos s i
cles
-I
tisacol lect ivenamegi vent ot het hrees mallbonesf oundi nt hemiddl
eear .
-Theirnamescanbegotus ingt hewor d‘MIS’or‘HAS’ i.
e.
M-Mal l
eus H-Hammer
I-I
ncus A-
Anv il
S-Stapes S-
St i
rrup
-Thes ti
rrup/ s t
apesi sthes mal l
es tbonei nthehumans keleton.
-Thehammer( malleus)isat tachedt ot heear d
rumwhi l
et hes ti
rrup(stapes)i
sattachedto
theov alwi nd ow.
 Theos si
cleshelpt oampl ifyands ends oundv ibrationsf romthemi dd
leeart othe
cochl ea.
Ov alwindow
 Itpr ev entst hefluidf romt hei nnerearf rommi xingupwi thairinthemiddl
eear .

Eustachiant ube
-I
tisthet ubef romt hemi ddleeart ot hemout h.
 I tbal ancesai rpr essur ei nsideandout sidet heear .
-I
tdoest hisbyal lowi ngai rtoent erandr el
eas ingai rf romt hemi ddl
eear .
-TheEus tachi ant ubeopenswhens wal l
owingf oodory awni ng.
Theinnerear
-I
tisf luidf ill
eds pacewhi chcons i
s tsoft hes emi -circularcanal ,cochleaandaud it
ory
nerve.
Semi-ci
r cularcanal s
 Theyhel pt omai ntainbod ybal anceandpos t
ur e.
-I
tiscont rolledbyt hecer ebellumoft hebr ain.
Cochlea
 I tchangess oundv ibrat i
onst oner veimpul s es /signals .
 I tist hepar toft heearwher eact ualhear ingt ak espl ace.
-Thecochl eahast wof luidsi .e.per ilymphandend olympht hathelpt oconverts ound
vibr
ationst oner vei mpul ses.
Theaud itoryner ve
 I ttrans por tss oundi mpul sestot hebr ainf ori nterpret at
ion
Howt hehumanearwor ks.
 Thepi nnacol l
ect ss oundwav esf romt heenv ironment .
 Thepi nnad i
rect sthes oundwav esintot heaud itorycanal .
 Thes oundwav esmak et heear drumv ibrat e.
 Theear dr umv ibratesandpas sest hev ibrat i
onst otheos si
cles
.
 Theos siclesampl i
fyt hev i
brationst omak et hems t
rong.
 Thev ibr ationsmov etot hecochl ea.
 Thecochl eachangest hev i
brationsintoi mpul ses .
 Thei mpul s esar esentt ot hebr ainthrought heaud it
or ynervef orint
erpr
etat
ion.

Di
seas
esoftheear
 Germanmeasl
es  Ot
algi
a
40|
Page
  Oti
t i
s
Di
sorder
soft heear
 Boils  Deaf
nes
s
Causesofd eafness
 Oldage  Toomuchwaxi
ntheears
 Diseasesl i
keGermanmeas
les  Damageoft
heear
drum
 Seriousf ract
uresont
heskul
l

Typesofd eafnes s
Permanentd eaf ness
-Thi
si swhenaper soni sunabl etohearcompl etely.
-I
tisbr oughtbymanyd i
seas esli
keGer manmeas l
es.
Parti
ald eafnes s
-Thi
si swhenaper soni sunabl et ohearcl ear l
ywhi chcanbebr oughtbyd amageoft
he
eardrum.
Correct i
onofpar ti
ald eafnes s
 Put ti
ngoi l
yearbud sintheearov erni
ghtt osof t
enwax .
 I njectingwar mwat ert hr
ought heaud itorycanalusi
ngas yri
nge( bysyr
ingi
ng)
Sens orydeaf nes s
-Thi
si swhenaper soni sunabl etod i
fferentiatebetweens oundsproduced .
Way sofcont rolli
ngs ens oryd eafness
 Goodf eed ingt oenabl eonet ok eepheal thyevenatol dage.
 Av oidt ravell
ingi nv ehicl
esund erd angerousmechani calcondi
tions(DMC).

Way
sofcaringf orourear s.
 Washt heear swithcleanwat erands oapdail
y
 Avoidcl eaningear sus ings harppierci
ngobj ectslik
eneed l
esbecausetheycan
damaget heear drum
 Alwaysr emov ewaxf rom theear st opreventaccumulati
ont hatcanresul
tint
o
part
ialdeaf ness
 Avoidloudnoi sethatcanbur sttheeardrum
 Alwaysk eepear swel ldriedusingacleansoftpointedendcl
othorcottonwool
 Seekpr opermed icalass i
s t
anceincaseofaf oreignbodyintheear.

THEME:HUMANBODY
TOPIC:THECI RCUL ATORYSYSTEM
-Theci
r culat
or ys ystemi sthet r
ansportsy s
temoft hebod y.
-Thi
sist hesys temoft hebod yresponsiblefortr
ans porti
ngbloodinthebod
y.
-I
tconsistsoft heor ganst hatenabl
ebl oodtomov ear oundthebody.
Whatisbl oodci rculation?
 Bl oodci rculationi sthemovementofbl oodinv esselsi
nthebod y
.
Whatisd oubleci rculation?
 Doubl eci rculationist hemov ementofbl oodt wicethroughtheheartbef
orei
tis
pumpedt oal lbod yparts.
Component s/cons tituentsoft hecir
culatorysyst
em
 Thehear t  Bl ood
 Bl oodv es sels

Theheart
 Thehearti
samus cularpumpi
ngorganofthebody.
 Iti
sthemajorcomponentoftheci
rcul
atorysys
tem.
 Thefuncti
onofthehear ti
stopumpbloodtoal
lpar
tsoft
hebod
y.

41|
Page
  Thehear
tismadeupofst
rongmuscl
escal
ledcar
diacmus
cles
.
 Thehear
tisprot
ect
edbytheri
bcage.

Thechamber soft heheart

-Thehear thasf ourchambers;theupperchamber
sar eauricl
es/atr
iawhi
let
hel
ower
chambersar eventricl
es.
Thefourchamber soft hehear
tare;
 L eftauri
cle/atr
ium  Leftventr
icle
 Ri ghtauri
cle/atr
ium  Rightvent
ricl
e
Thestructureoft hemammali
anheart

Functi
onsofpar tsofthehear t
Venacav a
 Itcarri
esd eoxygenatedbloodfromallbodypar
tsbackt othehear
t.
Pulmonaryart
er y
 Ittransportsdeoxygenatedbloodfromthehearttothelungs.
Pulmonaryvei
n
 Ittransportsoxygenatedbloodfromthelungstothehear t
.
Aorta
 Ittransportsoxygenatedbloodfromthehearttoallbodypart
s.
Septum
 Itisamus cul
arwal lthatdi
videstheheartver
tical
lyintotwopart
si.
e.t
hel
eftand
ri
ghthands id
eoft hehear t
.
Valves
 Theypr eventtheback wardflowofblood.

Howthehear twor ks
 Thehear tcar riesouti tsf unct i
onofpumpi ngbl oodthrought hecontract
ionand
relaxationofi tscardiacmus cles.Theheartwor ksli
keawat erpump.
 Wheni tscar di
acmus clesr el ax,thevolumeins i
deincr
eases .Thiscaus
esad r
opin
press ureins i
de,andt heref or ebloodflowsin.
 When t he car diac mus cles cont r
act,the volume reduces andpr essureinsi
de
increas es.Thismak esbl oodt of l
owout .
 Thecont r
act i
onofhear tmus clesiscall
edsystole.
 Ther elaxationofhear tmus clesiscalleddi
astole.
Worktoenjoy

42|
Page
Whichi
nstrumentisusedbydoctorstomeasur
ethebloodpressureofaper
son?
 Sphy gmomanometer
Nametheins t
rumentusedbydoctorstol
is
tentotheheartbeatofapati
ent
?
 St ethoscope

Whatist henor malhear tbeatofaper son?

 72t imespermi nut e
Whyist hel efts ideoft hehear tt hickerthant her ights i
d e?
 Itpumpsox ygenat edbl oodwi thhi ghpr essur et hr oughal ongerd i
s tancet oallbod y
par ts.
Whyist her ighthands ideoft hehear tmad eupoft hinnercar di
acmus cles ?
 Itpumpsd eox ygenat edbl oodwi thl owpr es sur et hr oughas hor terd i
s tancet ot he
l
ungs .
Whyd oesbl oodf l
owt ot hel ungs ?
 Tod r
opcar bond iox ideandpi ckox ygen
Whyd oest hehear tbeati ncr eas ewhenaper sonisd oingv igorousex ercis es ?
 Toi ncr eas et hes uppl yofox ygent obod ycel lst ogener ateener gy .
Thejourneyofbl oodi nt hebod y.
 F romd iff erentpar tsoft hebod y,bloodent er st hehear tt hrought hev enacav a.The
mus clesoft hehear tr elaxandal l
owbl oodf romt hev enacav at of lowi ntot heright
aur i
cle.Themus clesoft her ightaur iclecont ractandf orcebl oodi ntot her ight
vent ri
cl e.
 Ther ightv ent riclecont ract s,forcingbl oodi ntot hepul monar yar ter y.Thebl ood
flowst hr ought hepul monar yarteryt ot hel ungs .
 Int hel ungs ,bl oodpi ck supox y
genf romt heai rwebr eat hei nandl os escar bon
dioxide.
 Bl oodt hati sr ichi nox ygeni ss aidt obeox ygenat ed ,whilet hatwi thl essox ygenand
mor ecar bond iox i
d ei ss aidt obed eox ygenat ed .
 Ox ygenat edbl oodf romt hel ungsgoesbackt ot hehear tthr ought hepul monar yvei n.
The pul monar yv eini st he onlyv eint hatcar r i
esox y genat edbl oodwhi let he
pulmonar yar teryi st heonl yar t
eryt hatcar riesd eox ygenat edbl ood .
 Bl oodf romt hepul monar yv einent erst hel ef taur icleoft hehear t.Thel eftauricle
cont ract sandf or cesbl oodi ntothel eftv ent ricl
e.Thel ef tvent riclecont ractsand
pumpsbl oodoutoft hehear tthrought heaor ta.
 Theaor tad ivi
d esi nt oanumberofar teriest hatcar rybl oodt od i
f f
er entpar tsoft he
bod y.Thear ter i
esd iv idef ur t
heri ntocapi l
lariesi nt hebod ytiss ues .Thecapi ll
aries
l
at erjoi nupt of ormv eins .
 Thev einsf romt hed if fer entpar tsoft hebod ypourbl oodi ntot hev enacav awhi ch
takesi tbackt ot hehear tandt hepr oces sofci rcul ationcont inues .
Diagrams howi ngbl oodci rcul at ionandgas eousex changei nt hebod y.

43|
Page
Bodyorgansinvol
vedi
nbloodcir
culat
ion.
Theheart
 Itpumpsbloodtoal
lbodyparts
.
Thebrain
 Itcont
r ol
sthehear
tbeat/pul
se.

Thelungs
 Theyhel pinex changeofgas esi.
e.theyenabl
eoxygentod
iff
usei
ntobl
oodand
car
bond i
oxid
ed if
f usesout.
Thekidney
s
 Thek id
neysfilt
erbl ood.
Theli
ver
 Ithelpsindetoxi
ficationofhar
mfulsubst
ancesi
nthebody
.

Atables
howi ngbloodv
ess
elst
hatcarrybloodt ovar i
ousbodyorgans
Bodyor
gan Blood v
es s
elt hat car r
ies Bl
ood ves s
elt hat car
ries
bl
oodto. bl
oodaway .
 Ki dneys  Renalar t
ery  Renalv ein
 L ungs  Pulmonar yartery  Pul monaryvein
 St omach  Mesent ericartery  Hepat icport
alvei
n
 L i
v er  Hepat i
car tery  Hepat icvei
n
 Br ain(head)  Carotidar ter
y  Venacav a
 Tr unk ( back and  Il
iacart ery  I l
iacvein
l
egs )

Bloodv ess els

-Thesear enet wor koft ubesrunningfromt hehearttoallbod
ypartstr
anspor
tingbl
ood.
Typesofbl oodv essels
 Ar ter i
es  Capil
lar
ies
 Vei ns
Arteries
-Arteriesar ebloodv esselsthatcarrybloodawayf romtheheart.
-Theyt r ans portox y
genat edbloodfromt hehearttoallbodypartsexceptt
hepulmonary
artery.
-Thebi gges tarteryinthebod yistheaor ta.
-Allarter i
esor i
ginat
ef romt heaortaoft heheart
.
As truct ureofanar tery

44|
Page
Charact
eris
ticsofarteri
es
 Allart
eriescarryoxygenat
edbloodexceptthepul
monar
yar
ter
y.
 Arteri
escarrybloodawayf romtheheart.
 Arteri
eshav enarrowlumen.
 Arteri
eshav ethi
ckwal l
s.
 Arteri
eshav enov al
ves.

Whyar earter i
est hi
ckwal led?
 Towi thstandthehi ghpr essureofox ygenat
edblood
.
Whyd oar t
erieshav enov alves?
 Theycar rybloodwi t
hhi ghpressure.
Veins
-Veinsar ebloodv esselst hatcarrybloodtot heheart
.
-Theyt r
anspor td eoxygenatedbl oodf rom allbodypartsbackt
othehear
tex
ceptt
he
pulmonar yvei n.
-Thev enacav aisthebi ggestv ei
ninthebod y.
-Allveinsoriginatef r
omt hev enacavaoft heheart.
As tructureofav ein

Characterist
icsofv eins
 Al lvei
nscar ryd eoxygenatedbloodex ceptt
hepulmonar
yvei
n.
 Vei nscarrybl oodtot heheart.
 Vei nshavewi delumen.
 Vei nshavet hinwal l
s.
 Vei nshavev al v
es .
Whatist heimportanceofv alv
esi nveins?
 Val vespreventt hebackf lowofbl ood.
Whyd ov ei
nshav ev alves?
 Vei nscarrybl oodwi t
hal owpr es s
ure.
Thestructuraldi
ffer encesbet weenar teri
esandveins

Ar
ter
ies Vei
ns

-
Theyhav
enar
rowl
umen -
Theyhav
ewi
del
umen

45|
Page
 -
Theyhav
ethi
ckwal
ls -
Theyhav
ethi
nwal
ls
-
Theyhav
enov
alv
es -
Theyhav
eval
ves

Functi
onaldi
fferencesbetweenar ter
iesandv ei
ns.
Arteri
es Veins
-All ar
teri
es carry- Allv eins carry deoxygenated
oxygenated blood ex cept bloodex ceptt
hepulmonaryv ei
n
thepulmonaryartery
-Arter
iescarrybl oodaway - Veinscar r
ybloodtothehear t
fromtheheart

-Art
eri
es car
ry bl
oodwi
th -Vei
ns car
ry bl
ood wi
th l
ow
highpr
essure pressur
e

Capi
ll
ari
es
-
Theyarethes mal l
es tbloodv essel
sthats upplybloodtoallbodycell
sinthebody
.
-
Theyjoi
narteriest ov eins .
-
Theycarrybothox ygenat edbloodandd eoxygenatedblood.
-
Theyarethi
nwal ledt oenabl emateri
alsd i
ffusethrougheas i
ly.
Howarecapil
lariesimpor tantinthebody ?
 Theytrans portd igestedfoodoxygenandmi neralsal
tstoallbodypar
ts.
 Theycarr ywas tepr oduct
sfrombod ycell
st oexcret
oryorgans.

Howarecapill
ari
esadaptedtothei
rfunct
ionofexchangi
ngmateri
alsi
nthebody?
 Capil
lar
iesarethinwall
edtoenabl
emateri
alstodi
ffus
et hr
ougheasi
ly.
 Theyarenumer ous.
Thest
ructureofbloodcapil
lar
ies

Blood
 Bl oodi sar edfluidthatfl
owsinthebod
yofanimal
s.
Namet hemi nerals al
tneed edinfor
mati
onofbloodi
nthebody
 I r
on
Typesofbl ood
-Ther
ear et wot ypesofbl ood,i
.e.
 Ox y
genat edblood
 Deox ygenatedbl ood

Whati
soxygenatedblood
?
 Oxygenatedbloodisbloodthatcontai
nsoxygen.
 Iti
slightredincolour
.
 Iti
scar r
iedbymos tarter
iesexceptthepul
monaryar
ter
y.

46|
Page
Whatisdeoxygenatedblood?
 Deox ygenatedbloodi sbl
oodwi thoutoxygen.
 I ti
sdar kredincolour.
 I ti
scar ri
edbymos tvei
nsex ceptthepulmonaryv
ein.
Components/
cons t
ituentsofblood
-
Therearefourcomponent sofblood,theseare;
 Whi tebloodcells  Platel
ets
 Redbl oodcel l
s  Bloodplasma

Whi
tebloodcells
-
Whit
ebl oodcell
saremanufact
uredin;
 Redbonemar rows
 L ymphnod es
Howarewhi t
ebloodcell
simpor
tantinthebod
y?
 Theyf ightagai
nstdi
sease-
causi
nggerms.

Howar ewhitebloodcel l
sabletofi
ghtagainstdi
sease-caus
ingger
ms?
 Byengul fingandd i
gesti
nggerms.
 Bypr oducingant i
bodi
esagainstdis
ease-
causinggerms
Whatar eanti
bod i
es?
 Ant i
bodi
esar echemicalsubstancesproducedbywhi tebl
oodcel
lst
odef
endt
he
bodyagainstdisease-
causi
ngger ms.
Characteri
sti
csofwhi t
ebloodcell
s
 Theyhav ei rr
egularshape.
 Theyhav enucl ei.
Astructureofawhi tebloodcell

Howar
ewhitebl
oodcel l
sadaptedtotheirfunct
ion?
 Theyareir
regulartoengulfgerms.
 Theyhavenucleitoproduceantibod
ies.

Redbl
oodcell
s
-
Redbloodcel
lsformthehighestnumberofbl
oodcel
lsint
hebod
y .
-
Redbloodcel
lsaremanufactur
edintheredbonemarrowofs
hortbones
.

Howar
eredbloodcel
lsi
mportantint
hebody
?
 Theyhelptotr
anspor
tox y
gentoal
lbodycel
ls
.

Howareredbl
oodcell
sad aptedtotheirfuncti
on?
 Redbloodcel
lscont ai
nar edpigmentcall
edhaemoglobi
n.
I
nwhichwayishaemoglobinusefultoredbloodcells?
 Haemoglobi
nenablesr edbloodcellstopickandtr
anspor
tox
ygent
oal
lbod
ycel
ls
.

Namet
heprot
eincompoundt
hati
sfor
medwhenox
ygencombi
neswi
thhaemogl
obi
n.
 Oxy-
haemoglobi
n

Charact
eri
sti
csofredbloodcell
s
 Theyhaveregul
ars hape(d
iscs
haped
).
 Theyhavenonuclei.
 Theyhavehaemoglobin.
47|
Page
As
truct
ureofar
edbl
oodcel
l

Pl
atelets
 Theyar emad efromr edbonemar row.
 Theyhel pinbloodcl otti
ng.
 Theyf ormanet wor kofaf ibrearoundt hewoundtopreventfur
therl
ossofbl
ood
.
-
Foodr i
chinv i
taminKhel psi nformati
onofpl atel
etse.
g.cabbage.
-
Bloodclott
ingoccursint hepr esenceofv it
ami nK.
Howd oplat
eletshelpinbl oodclotti
ng?
 Byf orminganet wor koff i
brearoundthecut .
Adiagramshowi ngpl
atelets

Bl
oodplasma
 Pl asmai sthel i
quidpartofblood .
 Pl asmai sthewat erypartofbl ood .
 Iti st helarges tcomponentofbl ood.
Whati
spl as mamad eupof ?
 Di ss olvedf ood  Uricacid
 Bl oodpr oteins  Ad r
enalin
 Wat er  Ammoni a
 Car bond i
ox i
de  Mineralsalt
s
 Ins ulin  Glucose/sugars
 Ur ea
I
mport
anceofbl oodpl asma
 Itt rans portsd i
ges t
edfoodint hebod y.
 Itt rans portswas teproductsfr ombod ycel
lstoexcretoryorgans
.
 Itt rans portshor monesfromt hegl andstotheirt
argetareas.
 Itt rans portsmed ici
nestod i
ffer entbodycell
s.
 Itr egulat esbod ytemperature.
 Itd istri
but esheatar oundthebod y.

F
unct
ionsofbloodi nthebody
 Ithel
pst ofightagainstdi
s ease-causi
nggerms.
 Ithel
psinclot t
ingofblood .
 Ittr
ansportsox ygentoallbodycel ls
.
 Ittr
ansportsd i
ges t
edfoodi nthebod y.
 Ittr
ansportsmed ici
netor esis
tger msinthebody.
 Ittr
ansportswas teproduct sfrombod ycel
lst
oexcretor
yorgans
.
 Ittr
ansportshor monesfromt hegl andstot
heirt
argetareas
.
 Ithel
pst oregulatebodytemper ature.
 Itdi
str
ibutesheatar oundt hebod y.

48|
Page
Ex
amplesofmat erialscarriedbybl
oodint hebody
 Ox ygen  Urea
 Car bond ioxid
e  Uri
cacid
 Hor monesl ikeinsuli
nandad r
enali
n  Medi
cines
 Di ges tedfood
Waysofincr eas i
ngthev olumeofbloodinci r
cul
ati
on
 Eat ing f oodstuffsr i
ch i
ni ron e.g.meat,li
ver
,eggs ,peas
,beans and gr
een
veget ables.
 Dr inkingenoughf lui
d s.
 Tak ingi rontablets.
 Bl oodt ransfus i
on.

Whati
sbloodt
ransfusion?
 Bloodtr
ansfusionisthetr
ans f
erofs
creenedbl
oodf
romoneper
sont
oanot
heras
l
ongasthebloodgroupsagree.

Whyi
siti
mportanttoscreenbloodbef
or et
rans
fusi
on?
 Ithel
pst oprev
entt heeasyspreadofdi
seas
esfromad
onort
oar
eci
pientl
ik
eHI
V
AIDS,si
cklecel
lsandleukaemi
a.

Di
sor
dersoft heci r
culat
orys ys t
em
 Ar t
ioscleros is(bl
ockageofar t
eri
es)
 Def ecti
v ev alves
 D- t
ranspos edgreatarteries
 Hear tattack /card
iacar rest
-
Itiscaus edbyf ormationofclotsintheei
therbr
anchesoft
hepul
monar
yar
ter
y
makingpumpi ngofbloodv eryd
iff
icul
t.
 Hear tfailur e

Dis
easesoft heci r
culat
orys y
stem
Di
seasesofbl ood Di
seas
esoft heheart Her
edi
tar
ydiseas
es
 Leuk aemi a/
bloodcancer  Cor onar
y hear t  Haemophil
ia
 Haemophi li
a di
sease  Sickl
e cel
l
 Hy pert ens i
on (hi
gh  Hear tst
roke anaemia
bloodpr essure)
.
 Sick l
ecel lanaemia
 Anaemi a
 HIVAI DS
 Mal aria

Highbloodpr essureandlowbloodpr es sure

 Thi siscaus edbyabnormalhighorl owrateatwhichthehear tpumpsbl
ood.
Anaemia
 I ti
scaus edbyr educt
ioni
nt henumberofr edbloodcell
sint hebody.
 Anaemi aiscausedbylackofir oni nthebody.
Sickl
ecellanaemi a
 Thi sisanabnor malgrowthofr edbloodcell
scontai
ningdefecti
vehaemogl
obin.
Leukaemia(bloodcancer )
 Thi sisacond i
ti
onwhenaper s onhasal argenumberofi mmaturewhit
ebloodcell
s
inthebod y.
 Thes ei mmaturebloodcel
lsprev entprod
uctionofnormalbloodcell
scausi
ngs ev
ere
anaemi a.

49|
Page
Haemophil
ia
 Thisisacond i
ti
onwhenbl oodcannotcloteasil
y.
 Iti
scaus edbylackofvit
aminKi nthediet.
Mal
ari
a
 Itiscaus edbyplasmod
iaparasitestr
ans mi
tthroughaninf
ect
edfemaleanophel
es
mos quit
o.
 Itattacksanddestr
oystheredbloodcellswhichmakest
hebodylos
eironandmakes
aper sonbecomeanaemic.

HI
V/AI
DS
 Itisas exual
lyt
ransmi
tt
eddisease(STD)spr
eadt hroughunprotect
eds
exwi
than
i
nfect
edper s
on.
 Itiscausedbyavir
uscall
edHumanImmunodefi
ciencyVirus(
HIV).
 TheHI Vvir
usatt
acksanddes
troysthewhit
ebloodcells.

Wri
teAIDSinf ull
 AcquiredI mmuneDef ici
encySy nd
rome
Howcanap. 6pupi lprotectherselfagai
nstHI
VAIDS?
 Byabs tainingfr oms ex/
throughabsti
nence
Badli
festyl
est hatl owert heeffici
encyofthecir
cul
ator
ysyst
em
 Alcoholi
sm  Pros
tit
uti
on
 Smok i
ng

Way
sofpromoti
ngthepr operf unctioningofthecir
cul
ator
ysy
stem
 Perfor
mingregularphys i
cal exerci
s es
.
 Eati
ngfoodrichinabal ancedd iet.
 Eati
ngmealswhichcont ainlowani malfat
s.
 Avoi
ds moki
ngandal coholism.
 Havi
ngenoughr estands l
eep.

I
mpor
tanceofperfor mi
ngphy s i
calexercis
es
 Theymak ejointsflexible.
 Theyreducet helev eloff atsinthebod y.
 Theyreducet heris kofhear tdi
seases.
 Theymak ehear tmus clest ogrows trongerandlarger.
 Theymak edigesti
onoff oodquickandeas y.
 Theystrengthent endonsandl i
gament sinthebody .
 Theyimproveonpr operf uncti
oningofbod yorgans.

THEME:HUMANHEAL TH
TOPIC:ALCOHOL ,
SMOKINGANDDRUGS
Whatisalcohol
?
 Alcoholi
sal i
qui
dsubs
tancewhi
chmak
espeopl
edr
unkwhent
akeni
nex
ces
s.

Whyisalcoholcall
edad rug?
 Itaffect
sbod yfunctioni
ng.
Typesofalcohol
-Ther
earet wotypesofal cohol
,thes
ear
e;
 Methanol(methyl
)
 Ethanol(ethyl
)

Met
hanolal
cohol
-
Thi
stypeofalcohol
isv
erypoi
sonoust
ohumanheal
th.

50|
Page
-I
tcancaus ed eat handblind
nesswheni
tcomesi
ntocontactwitht
heey
es.
-Methanoliscont ainedin;
 Pet rol  Gl ue
 Di esel  Jetf uel
 Met hylateds piri
t
Ethanolalcohol
-Thi
si satoxics ubs t
ancecontai
nedi
nal
cohol
icd
rink
slik
e;
 Wi nes  Spi r
its
 Beer s

Method sofmak ingalcohol

-Ther
ear et womet hodsofal cohol ,t
hes eare;
 F erment ati
onmet hod
 Di stil
lati
onmet hod
Ferment ationmet hod
-Thi
sisapr ocessbywhi chs ugari njuicef r
omisturnedi
ntoalcoholbythehel pofyeast.
-Yeasthel pst oprod uceanenz y mecalledz y
masewhi chs
peedsupt hereactions .
Equationoff erment ati
on
-Yeast+s ugar=al cohol+car bond i
oxide+ener gy
-Theal coholpr oces s
edbyt hismet hodi snott ooconcentr
at edli
ket hatofd is
til
lat
ion
method .
-Thi
smet hodi susedt opr oces sd r
inkslike;
 Mal wa  Munanans i  Bel llager
 Kwet e  Wi ne  Cl ub
 Tont o  Pi l
sner  Ni les peci
al
Cerealsus edinpr oducti
onofy eastlocally
 Mi l
let  Barley
 Sor ghum  Maize

Distil
lati
onmet hod
-Thisi sapr ocessofobt ai
ningalcoholbyboil
ing,evaporat
ingthemi
xtur
econt
aini
ng
alcoholandcond ensingt hevapour.
-Thismet hodisus edt oobtainmor econcent
rat
edalcohol
.
Exampl esofd ist
il
ledal coholi
cd r
inks
 Cof f eespiri
t  Gin
 Roy alwhi sky  Empir
e
 War agi/
enguli  Royalvodk
a

Di
agr
amss
howi
ngd
ist
il
lat
ionmet
hod

St
atet
heimpor
tanceofcoldwateri
ndi
sti
ll
ati
onofal
cohol.
 Ithel
pstocondens
ealcoholv
apourtofor
madist
il
lat
e.

51|
Page
Whyi
sthedel
iver
ytubecoi
led
?
 Toincr
easethesurf
acear
eaf
orcond
ens
ati
on

Whyi
slocall
ydis
til
ledalcoholnotgoodfordr
ink
ing?
 Itsconcentrati
oni snotcont rol
ledasitmaycont
ainal
otofmet
hylwhi
chi
s
poisonous.

Al
cohol
icdri
nk Rawmaterialfr
omwhi chiti
smade
 Kwet e  Mai ze
 Mal wa  Mi ll
et
 Mur amba  Sor ghum
 Munanansi  Pi neappl
es
 Tont o  Sweetbananas
 Enguliorwaragi  Sweetbananas ,cass
avaormaiz
e
 Banapowi ne  Bananasandpi neappples
 Beer  Bar ley
 Wi ne  F ruits
 Ugand awaragi  Bananas , mol
asses, cass
ava and
potatoes

Us
esofalcohol
 Iti
sas our ceofincome.
 Iti
sas our ceofgov ernmentr evenue.
 Itprovi
d esemploymentoppor t
uniti
est opeople.
 Iti
sus edf ormakingcos meticsandper fumes .
 Iti
sus edf ormakings oap.
 Iti
smi xedwi t
hpet roltomak egas oholf uel.
 Iti
sus edinSi x’
sther momet erstos howr eadings.
 Iti
sus edinhos pit
alst os teril
iz
emed i
caltoolsandinst
ruments.
 Iti
sus edinhos pit
alst os teril
iz
ear easont hebodywher einj
ecti
onsar
etobet
aken.
 Iti
sus edasas ol
v entt od i
ssolveoilsandf at
soncl ot
hes.
 Iti
sus edincul t
uralf unctionsins omet ri
nesaspar tofthedowry.
 Iti
sus edf ormakings omed rugs.
 Iti
sus edt opreservecak es.

Reasonswhypeopled ri
nkalcohol
 Toquencht hirst
y  Tofeelhappyandexci
ted
 Toforgettheirprobl
ems  Tofeelmaturei
fsti
llyoung
 Tokil
lboredom  To impr ove on t heir ment
al
 Tofeelconfident per
formance
 Tofiti
ngr oups

Al
cohol
is
m
 Alcohol
is
mi sacond
iti
onwhereapersontot
all
ydepend
sonal coholfornor
malbod
y
f
uncti
oni
ng.
 Thisisastat
eofdependi
ngonal
coholconst
antl
yfornormalbodyfuncti
oni
ng.

Whoi
sanalcohol
ic?
 Analcoholisaper
sonwhot
otal
lyd
epend
sonal
coholf
orhi
s/hernor
malbod
y
funct
ioni
ng.

52|
Page
Causesofalcohol i
sm/ f
actorsthatleadt oalcoholism
 Idl
enes s
 Frustrat ions
 Peeri nf luence
 Attract i
v ead vertis
ement s/
misleadingad v
er t
sonTV, radi
osandNewspaper
s
 Badex ampl ef rompar ents
 Poorf ami lyback gr
ound
 Poors oci alenv i
ronmentlikesl
ums
Menti
onthebod yor gansd amagedbyex ces siv
et aki
ngofalcohol.
 Thel i
v er  Stomach
 Thebr ain  Thek i
dneys
Whichbodyor gani sgr eatl
yd amagedbyex cessi
v etaki
ngofalcohol?
 Thel i
v er
Whereinthed iges t
ives ystemofmand oesabs orpti
onofal coholt
akepl
ace?
 Inthes tomach

Ef
fect
sofal
cohol
ismtoani ndivi
dual
 Itd
amagesbodyor ganslik
eliv
er,br
ainandki
dney
.
 Itl
ead
stoself-neglect.
 Itl
ead
stolossofappet it
e.
 Itl
ead
stolossofr espect.
 Itl
ead
stoli
verd is
eas ecall
edli
verci
rrhos
is
 Itl
ead
stopoorj obper f
ormance.
 Itl
ead
stolossofbod ybalanceduedamageofthener
vouss
yst
em.
 Itl
ead
stogastriti
sd i
seases.

Ef
fect
sofal
cohol
ismt oaf amil
y
 Itl
ead
stofami l
ynegl ect
.
 Itl
ead
stodivorce.
 Itl
ead
stopov erty
.
 Itl
ead
stoviolence
 Itl
ead
stochildabus e
 Itl
ead
stomor aldecayamongchi
ld
reninafami
ly
 Itl
ead
stodest r
uctionofhous
ehol
dproper
ty.

Ef
fect
sofalcohol
ismtoacommuni t
y
 Itl
eadstojobneglect.
 Itl
eadstoincreaseincrimerates.
 Itl
eadstolowcommuni tydev
el opment
.
 Itl
eadstotraffi
caccidentsi
nacommuni t
yli
kefromd
runk
end
riv
ers
.
 Alcohol
icsbecomepubl i
cnui
s anceinacommuni
ty

Way
sofav oi
d i
ngalcoholi
sm
 Alway savoidbadpeergroups .
 Makead eci
siononedaytoleav ealcohol.
 Joingoods ocialgr
oupsoft hosewhod onotdri
nkalcohol
.
 Keepy ourselfbusyduri
ngy ourlei
s ur
et i
meinacti
viti
esli
kegamesands por
ts.
 Nev ertasteanyalcohol
icdrinkforpleasure.
 Learnmor ef act
saboutalcoholandi t
ss i
deeffect
sbef or
et asti
ngi
t.
 Learnhowt ocopeupwi t
hs tressandpr obl
emsbynotd ecid
ingtodri
nkalcoholt
o
forgetthem.

Ugand
anl
awsr
elat
edt
oal
cohol

53|
Page
  Allformsofhomed i
stil
lat
ionar
enotall
owed.
 Noper soni sall
owedt od ri
veavehi
cleundertheinfl
uenceofal cohol(Don’td
rink
alcoholandd r
ive)
.
 Personsbelow18y earsofagearenotall
owedtod r
inkalcohol.
 Barswi t
hpr operli
censesar er
equi
redtomaint
aincertai
ns tandar
dsaslaiddownby
thelawd uri
ngoper at
ions.
 Cus t
omer sarenotallowedtodri
nkfrominoffl
icensedbars.

SMOKI
NG
Whati
ssmok
ing?
 Smoki
ngisthei
nhalat
ionoftobaccosmok
e.
 Smoki
ngistheactofi
nhali
ngtobaccosmoke.

Typesofsmoki
ng
-Ther
earetwotypesofsmok
ing,
thes
ear
e;
 Acti
vesmoking
 Passi
vesmok i
ng

Whati
sactives
mok i
ng?
 Act i
vesmokingi
stheactofi
nhal
ingt
obaccos
mok
edi
rect
lyf
romaci
gar
ett
eora
smoki
ngpipe.

Whati
spassiv
es mok
ing?
 Pas s
ives moki
ngisthetypeofsmokinginwhi
chaper
soni
ndi
rect
lyi
nhal
est
obacco
smokefromanactivesmoker.
Whoisasmoker?
 As mokerisaper s
onwhoi nhal
estobaccosmoke.

Typesofsmokers
-Ther
earetwot ypesofs mok
ers,t
hes
ear
e;
 Acti
ves mok ers
 Passi
ves mok ers
Whoisanacti
v es moker?
 Anacti
v es mokerisaper
sonwhoi
nhal
est
obaccos
mok
edi
rect
lyf
romaci
gar
ett
eor
as
mokingpi pe.

Whoi
sapas s
ivesmok er?
 Apas si
ves mokerisapersonwhoinhalest
obaccosmokei
ndir
ect
lyf
romanact
ive
smoker.
Whyi
spassi
ves mokingsaidt
obemoredangeroust
hanacti
vesmok
ing?
 Itaf
fectsallpeopl
earoundanact
ivesmoker
.

Way
stobaccoistak
enintothebody
 Bychewingtobaccoleav
es
 Bys ni
ffi
ngtobaccopowder
 Byinhali
ngtobaccosmokesetonf
ire.

Poi
sonoussubstancesf
oundintobacco
 Tar
 Ni cot
ine
Nametheaddict
ivesubs
tancefoundintobacco.
 Ni cot
ine

54|
Page
Menti
onthepoi sonousgasf oundi nt obacco.
 Car bonmonox i
de
Whatistar?
 Tari sas tick ybr owni shl i
qui dgivenof fwhent obaccoi sburnt.
Whatisad di
ction?
 Ad di
ctioni sas t
rongd esiret ocont i
nueus ingapar t
iculardrug.
Whyd opeoples mok e?
 Topas stime
 Tof eelwar m
 Tor elaxandf eelateas e
 Tof eelconf ident
 Tof itingr oups
 Toconcent rateonwhatt heyar edoing
 Toappearmat ur eandi mpor tantincas etheyar ey oung
 Theyad miret hos es mok i
ng
Eff
ectsofs mok ingt oani nd i
v i
dual
 Itcaus esr es pirator yd i
seas esl i
kelungcancer ,emphy s
emaandchr onicbronchi
ti
s.
 Itleadst os elf -negl ect .
 Itleadst ounempl oy ment .
 Itleadst ol ossofr es pect.
 Itleadst ol ossofappet itef orf ood.
 Itleadst ol ossoff riend s.
 Itleadst od iscol our i
ngoft het eethandl i
ps .
 Itwor sensr es pirator yd iseas eslik
et uberculosis,di
phtheria,pert
us si
sandas t
hma.
 Itlower st hel ifes panofani ndivid
ual becaus eitdamagesbod yorgansli
kethelungs
.
Eff
ectsofs mok ingt oaf ami ly
 Itcaus esr es pirator yd i
seas est ofami l
ymember sduet opas si
vesmok i
ng.
 Itleadst of ami lynegl ect.
 Itleadst opov er tyinaf amily.
 Itleadst oant i
-soci albehav iour sinaf amil
y .

Ef
fect
sofs mok i
ngtoacommuni ty
 Itl
ead stof i
rebreakouts
.
 Itcaus esairpoll
uti
on.
 Iti
ncr easescrimesinthecommuni
tyl
ik
est
eal
ing.

Ef
fect
sofs mokingtopregnantwomen
 I tl
eadstolowbirthweight.
 I tl
eadstosti
llbi
rths.
 I tl
eadstoprematurebirt
hs
 I tl
eadstomiscarri
ages.
Di
seasescausedbys moki
ng
 L ungcancer  Chr
onicbronchi
ti
s
 Emphy sema  Cor
onaryheartdi
seas
e

Dis
easeswor senedbysmok
ing
 As t
hma  Whoopi
ngcough(Per
tus
sis
)
 Tuber culosi
s  Acut
ebronchi
ti
s
 Diphther i
a
Bodyorgansd amagedtosmoki
ng
 Thel ungs

55|
Page
  Thebrain
Whi
chbod
yor gani
sgr
eat
lyd
amagedbyt
obaccos
mok
ing?
 Thelungs

Way
sofav oi
dings moki
ng.
 Keepy our sel
fbus yduri
ngy ourfreetimeinactiv
iti
esli
kegamesandspor
ts.
 Alwaysf indoutthebadef fectsofs mokingbef
or estar
tingt
osmoke.
 Makead ecisi
onfory ourselfoned aynev ertosmoke.
 Nevert asteanys ubstancer el
atedtosmok i
ng.
 Joingoodpeergr oupsoft hos ewhod on’tsmoke.
 Destroyal lsubs
tancesr elatedt osmoking.

Howhast hegov ernmentofUgand ad is

cour agedt obaccos mok i
ng?
 Byput tings tri
ctlawsagains tpubli
cs mok ing.
 Byi mpos inghight ax
esont obaccopr oduct slikeci
garett
es.
 Bys ens it
izi
ngt hepubl icaboutt hed anger sofs moki
ngt hroughHealthPubli
c
Educat i
on.
 Byf orcingt obaccocompani estowr itethed angersofs moki
ngonci gar
ett
epackets
.
Whyhast hegov ernmentofUgand af ai
ledtocompl et el
ystopthehabitoftobaccosmok
ing?
 Ithasf ail
edt oabol ishtobaccocompani esbecaus eoft het axesitgetsfrom
tobaccomanuf actur
ingcompani eslikeBr iti
s hAmericanTobacco(BAT).
 Ithasf ailedtogetas ubst
itutecropf ort obaccogr owers.

DRUGS
Whati
sad rug?
 Ad r
ugi sachemicals
ubst
ancewhi
chcanaf
fectt
hephy sicalandment
alf
unct
ions
ofthebod y.
Waysdrugsaret ak
eni
ntothebod
y
 Bys ni
ffi
ng  Byinj
ection
 Bychewi ng  Byinhal
ings moke

Typesofdrugs
-Ther
earetwot y
pesofd r
ugs,t
heseare;
 Drugsofd epend
ence/
Addict
ived
rugs
/Nar
cot
ics
 Essenti
aldrugs

Dr
ugsofdepend
ence
Whatar
edrugsofdepend
ency?
 Thesearedrugswhichcaus
ead
dict
ionaf
terpr
olongedus
e.

Classifi
cat i
onofd rugsofdependency
a)Sed ati
v es
-Thesemak epeoplefeeldr
ows y/
s l
eepy.
-Theys l
owd ownbr ai
nacti
vit
y.
-Anex ampl eispi
ri
ton.
b)Stimulant s
-Theses peedupt heactivi
tyofthebr ai
ne.g.alcoholandmir
aa.
c)Hallucinogens
-Thesecaus epeopletoseeandf eeli
nas t
r angeway .
-Theymak epeoplet hi
nkthattheycand ot hi
ngst heycannotact
ual
lyd
o.e.
g.mar
ij
uana,
heroin,cocai neet
c.
56|Page
Whati
sdrugdependencyord
rugaddi
cti
on?
 Thisisacond i
ti
onthatres
ultsfrom pr
olongedus
eofad
rugf
ornor
malbod
y
f
uncti
oning.
 Itlead
stod r
ugabuseinthes
ociety
.

Whati
sdr
ugabuse?
 Drugabus
eistheus
eofad
rugi
nawayt
hati
shar
mful
tot
hebod
y.

Examplesofd rugscommonlyabus ed(examplesofdrugsofd epend ence) .

 Tobacco  Gl ue
 Cocai ne  Av iati
onf uel(jetfuel)
 Al cohol  Mi raa/khat
 Mar ijuana/cannabi
s/bhang  Pet rol
 Shi sha
 Her oi n  Opi um
 Caf fei ne
Drugs,theirs ourcesandhowt heyar eused.
Drug Source Howi ti sused
Marij
uana Cannabisplants I
ti s mos tl
ys moked but
somet imeseatenord runk
Opium Fromjuiceofopiumpoppy I ti ssmok ed
Heroin Preparedfrom opium whit
e Sni f
fed , s wallowed or
powder i
nj ectedintothev ei
n
Cocaine I
ti s whi t
e powd er from I t i s s niffed i n and
cocaplant somet imesd r
unk
Mir
aa/mairungi Fromleavesofmi r
aaplant The l eaves ar e chewed
alongwi thchewi nggun
Aviat
ion f uel , pet
rol and F uel stati
ons, fuel Iti ssniffed
gl
ue smugglers

Fact
orsthatl eadt od r
ugabus e/dr
ugd ependency
 Peeri nfluence
 Id
lenes s
 Frustration
 Familyback groundands oci
alenvironment
 Desiret os tayawak e
 Desiret obes trongandbold
Whydopeopl eabus ed rugs?
 Tof eelwar m
 Tok eepawak eoras l
eep
 Torelaxandf eelatease
 Tof orgett heirpr obl
ems
 Tof i
ti ngr oups
 Tof eelconf i
dent
 Toreliev epai n
 Tof eels ophis t
icated

Peopl
ewhocommonl yabused rugs
 Adol
es cent
s
 Peopl
ewhol i
veinareaswheredrugsar
ecommonlyabused.
 Chil
drenliv
ingunderpoorcondi
ti
ons.E.
g.s
treetchi
ld
ren.
 Peopl
ewhowor kforlonghours
.
57|
Page
Ef
fect
sofdr
ugabusetoani ndi
v i
dual
 Itl
ead
stoself-
neglect.
 Itl
ead
stolossofappet ite.
 Itl
ead
stobraindamage.
 Itl
ead
stojobneglect.
 Itl
ead
stoinsomnia(inabili
tytosleep)
.
 Itl
ead
stoint
ensives leepiness.
 Itl
ead
stolowimmuni tytod is
eases.

Ef
fect
sofdr
ugabusetoaf ami l
y
 Itl
eadst
ofamil
ynegl ect.
 Itl
eadst
ochil
dabus e.
 Itl
eadst
ospouseabus e.
 Itl
eadst
opovertyi
nahome.
 Itl
eadst
ocri
minalbehav iour
sli
ker apeandd
efi
lement
.
 Its
etsabadexamplet othechil
dren.

Ef
fect
sofd r
ugabus et oacommuni ty
 Itleadst oi
ncr easedcrimerates .
 Itleadst opoorj obperformance.
 Itmayl eadtoacci dentsduetol ossofbod ybalance.
Waysofav oi
dingdrugabus e/drugdepend ency
 Av oidbadpeergr oups.
 Keepy ourselfbus yduringyourl eisureti
mei nprod uct
iveactiv
iti
esli
kegamesand
sports.
 Joi ngoodpeergr oupsofthos ewhod on’
tabused rugs.
 Dr ugad di
ctss houldbetakent ohos pit
alsforrehabil
itat
ion.
 Encour aged rugad di
ctstoattends eminarsorganiz
edi nvil
lagesonheal
theducat
ion.

L
ifes
kil
lstos afeguar dagainstalcohol
is
m,s
mok
ingandd
rugd
epend
ency
 Abi l
it
yt ocopeupwi thstress.
 Goodd ecisi
onmak ing.
 Sel f-
awar eness.
 Sel f-
es teem.
 Pr oblems ol
ving.
 As sertivenes s.
 Peerr esistance.

Es
senti
aldrugs
Whatareessent i
aldrugs ?
 Es sentialdrugsar edr
ugsthatmeetpeopl
e’
shealthneeds.
 Es sentialdrugsar edrugsthatcur
e,preventandr ed
uces i
gnsands
ympt
omsof
commond i
seas es
.
Ex
amplesofes sentialdrugs
 As pir
in  Mabendaz
ole
 Panad ol  Coughmixtur
e
 F ansidar  Tet
racycl
ine
 Chl oroquine  ARVs
 Qui ni
ne  ORS
 Par acetamol  Hedex
 F l
agyl  Acti
on

58|
Page
  Amox il
in  Cont raceptiv
es
 I br
uf en  Coat erm
 I nd
oci d  Vacci nes
 Zent al  Magnes i
um
 Peni cil
in
Qual
it
iesofes senti
aldr
ugs
 Theys houldbeafford
abletomakethecostoftreatmentmanageabl
e.
 Theys houldbeaccessi
bleandavail
abl
ewhenev erneed ed.
 Theys houldbeeffect
ivetocure,
preventandcontroldiseases.
 Theys houldbesafewhent hecorr
ectdosageisused.

Charact
eri
sti
csofessentiald
rugs
 Theyareeff
ectiv
ewhenus ed
.
 Theyaresafe.
 Theyareaff
ordable.
 Theyarecommon.

St
orageofes sentiald
rugs
 Dr ugss houldbeprotectedf
r ommoisture,s unli
ghtanddir
t.
 Theys houldbes t
oredincooldryandd arkpl acessuchascupboards
.
 Dr ugss houldbekeptoutofchi l
dren’
sr each.
 Vacci nesshouldbek eptundercoolcond i
tionsl i
keinref
riger
ator
s.
 Pol i
ov acci
neandmeas l
esvaccinemus tbef rozen.

Howdr
ugsgetd amagedorcont ami nated
 Expos uretomoi st
ur e
 Expos uretos unl i
ght .
 Expos uretoheat .
 Expos uretod us tord ir
t.
 Attackbypes tse. g.r atsandt ermit
es.
Whys
houldd rugsbek epti ncl eancoold ryplaces?
 Topr eventd rugsf romget tings poi
lt
 Tomai ntainthei ref fect iveness
 Tomai ntainthei rcur ativ ev al
ue
Whys
houldv accinesbek eptund ercol dcondit
ionses
peci
all
yinr
efr
iger
ator
s?
 Topr eventt hemf r omget tings poil
t.
 Tomai ntainthei ref fect iveness.
 Tomai ntainthei rcur ativ ev al
ue.
Whys
houldd rugsbek eptoutofchi l
d r
en’sreach?
 Topr eventd rugpoi soni ng.
 Topr eventt hemf r omd amage.
 Topr eventcont ami nationofd rugs.

Typeses sent i
aldrugs
-Essent
iald rugsarecl as
s i
fi
edaccord
ingt
othei
ruses.Thes
ear
e;
 Pai nk il
lers
 Cur ativedrugs
 Pr ev entiv
ed rugs
 Cont raceptives
Painkil
lers
 Thes ear eess ent
ialdr
ugsusedtor
educepai
n.

59|
Page
Ex
ampl
esofpaink
il
ler
s
 Panadol  Fl
agyl
 Acti
on  Hedex

Curati
ved rugs
 Thes ear eessenti
aldr
ugst
hatcur
ecommond
iseas
es .
Exampl
esofcur at
ivedrugs
 Coat erm  Ek i
ggagi/
aloev
era
 F ansidar  Enk ej
je
 Qui nine  Mabend azol
e
 Mul uluza  Chl or
oquine

Pr
eventi
vedrugs
 Thesear eessent
iald
rugsus
edt
opr
eventcommond
iseas
es.
Ex
ampleofprevent
ivedrug
 Vaccines

Contraceptives
-Thesear ees sentialdr
ugsusedi
nfamilypl
anni
ngtospacechi
ld
renandcontr
olunwant
ed
pregnancies.
-Contraceptiveshel ptocontr
olf
requentpr
egnanci
esinafami
lyandoverpopul
ati
onina
country.
Examplesofcont racepti
ves
 Bi rthcont rolpil
ls
 Bi rthcont rolinj
ecti
ons
 Sper micid
es

Note;
-Ess
entiald rugscanbeei therbel abor atorymadeorpreparedl ocall
y.
Whatar elabor at orymanuf actur
edd rugs ?
 Thes ear ed r
ugsmad ebyphy sici ansinl
aborator
ies.
Examplesofl abor ator
ymanuf actur edd r ugs
 ARVs  F ansidar
 Panad ol  Coat erm
 Zent al  Chl oroqui ne
 As pir i
n  Vacci nes
 Qui ni ne  Hed ex
 Amox i
lin  Mabend azole
 Act ion  I br
ufen
 I ndoci d  Par acet amol
Recommend edplacesf orbuy i
ngdrugs .
 Cl i
ni cs
 Hos pitals
 Phar maci es
 Di spens ar ies
 Dr ugs hops
Characteris t
icsofl aborat orymanuf act ureddrugs.
 Theyhav eex pi
ryandmanuf act ur i
ngdates.
 Theyar ewel lprescr ibed.
 Theyar ewel lpack ed .
 Theyar ewel ltested .
 Theyar ewel llabelled.

60|
Page
  Theyar emad eundergoodhygi
eni
ccondit
ions.
 Theirstrengthandstabi
li
tyisk
nown.
 Theireffectonhumanheal t
hiswell
known.
Whati
sexpir
yd ate?
 Thi
si sad ateatwhichad r
ugbecomestoooldandus
eles
sforhumanus
e.

Whati
sthedangeroft
aki
ngexpi
redd
rugs
?
 Itlead
stodrugpoi
soni
ng

Whataretradi
ti
onalprepareddrugs?
 Thes ear ed r
ugslocall
ymad ef r
om avai
labl
emat
eri
alsf
rom t
heenv
ironmentl
ik
e
plantmater
ials
,animalwastesandsoi
l.

Exampl esoftradi
ti
onald
rugspeopleuseinUgand
a.
Drug Language Diseasetreat
ed
Bombo Luganda Cough
Namuv u Lusoga Fever,sor
esinthemout
h,meas
les
.
Ekibiri
z i Runyankole Malari
a
Ecer eo Lugbara Fever
Nkej j
e Luganda Measles
Mwet ango Luganda Highfever
Eus uk Ateso Measles
Yago Adhola Boils
Akey o( r
oots) Adhola Toeas edeli
very
Ecucuk a Karamojong Malari
a
Omul uz a Luganda Malari
a
Ekiggagi/al
oever
a Luganda Malari
a
Blackj ack Engli
sh Freshcutsandwounds

Charact
eri
sti
csoft r
adi
ti
onalpr epareddrugs
 Theydon’thaveexpir
yandmanuf actur
ingdat
es.
 Theyarenotwellprescr i
bed.
 Theyarenotwellpack ed.
 Theyarenotwelltested .
 Theyarenotwelllabelled.
 Theyaremad eunderpoorhy gieni
ccond i
ti
ons.
 Thei
rstrengthands t
abi l
it
yisunknown.
 Thei
reffectonhumanheal thisunknown.

Drugmisuse
 Dr ugmisus
ei stheuseofad r
ugwithoutoragains
tthedoct
or’
sad
vice.
Fact
orsthatleadtod r
ugmisuse
 Sev erepai
n
 Failur
et oi
nterprett
hedoctor’
spr
es cri
pti
on
 Ignorance
 Pov ert
y
 Shar i
ngprescribedd
rugsforonepatientbymanypati
ent
s

Way
sinwhichdrugsaremi
sused
 Fai
luretousethegi
venpres
cri
pti
on
 Sel
f -med
icat
ion
61|
Page
  Buyi
ngdrugsfromunqual
if
iedpeopl
eli
keshopk
eeper
s ,
vendor
sandhawk
ers
 Shar
ingprescr
ibeddr
ugsforonepati
entbymanypat
ients

Pr
event
ionofd r
ugmi suseathome.
 Keepd r
ugsi nwel llockablecupboards.
 Throwawayal lexpiredd r
ugs.
 Taked rugspr escribedbyad octor.
 Label al
ld rugsathome.
 Nev ers haredrugswi t
hanot herperson.
 Nev ers wallowd r
ugswi t
houtr ecommendat
ionf
romad
oct
or.

Whatisdrugov er
dose?
 Thisistheactoftakingmoredrugsthanthosepres
cri
bedbyad
oct
or.
Causesofd rugoverd
ose
 Ignorance
 Poori nt
erpret
ati
onoft hedoct
or’spres
cript
ion
Eff
ects/dangersofdrugoverdose
 Itleadstodrugpoi
soning

Whati
sdr
ugunderd
ose?
 Thi
sist
heactoftak
ingf
ewerd
rugst
hant
hos
epr
escr
ibedbyad
oct
or.

Caus
esofd
rugund
erd
ose

 Fearofd rugs
 Poverty
 Sideeffectsofadrug
 Poorinterpret
ati
onofthed
oct
or’
s
prescri
ption

62|
Page
Danger
sofd
rugund
erd
ose

 I
tworsenst
hedisease.
 I
tmakesger
msr esi
stantt
othed
rug.
 I
tlead
stoprol
ongedill
ness.

Whati
sdrugpres
cri
pti
on?
 Dr ugpr
escri
pti
oni
sthed
oct
or’
swr
itt
enad
vicet
oapat
ientonhowt
ous
ea
dr
ug.

Component sofd r ugprescr i

ption.
 Nameoft hed rug
 Dos age
 Dur at i
on
 Pr ecaut ions
Factorscons ideredwhenpr escr i
bingdrugsfort hepati
ent.
 Ageoft hepat i
ent.
-
Ad ul
tsr equi remor eofthes amed r
ugt hanchil
dren.
 Wei ghtoft hepatient.
-
Pat i
entswi t
hahi gherwei ghtmayr equiremoreoft hesamedrugthanli
ghterones.
 Di s eas et hepat i
enti ssuf feri
ngf rom(Typeofill
ness).
-
Differenti ll
nes s esrequired ifferentdrugs.
 Bod yr eact i
ontot hed rug.
-
Somepeopl e’
sbod i
esr eactbad l
yt ocer t
aind rugswhileothersd onot.I tis
i
mpor tantt ochoos ead r
ugt hathasasf ewsideeffectstothepat
ientaspossibl
e.

St
atetheimpor t
anceofd rugpr es cript
ion/whyshoulddrugsbeprescri
bed?
 Itavoi
dsd rugmisus e
 Itavoi
dsd rugund erd ose
 Itavoi
dsd rugover dos e
 Itenablesapatienttk nowwhent otakethedrug
Whyisitdangeroustobuyd rugsf roms hopkeepers,
hawk ersandmark
etvendor
s?
 Suchd rugsarenotwel lpres cri
bed.
 Suchd rugsmaybeex pired.
 Somed rugsmay bes poil
t.
 Suchd rugsmaybef aked rugs .
 Suchd rugsarek eptund erpoorhy gi
eniccondi
ti
ons .
Qn.Kayagawentt oaclinicandwasgi venanenv el
opewithd r
ugsasshownbelow:
2x3
Panadol
a)
.Whatscient
if i
ct er
mi susedt odescri
bethedoct
or’
sadv i
ce‘
2x3’
?
 Drugpres cript
ion
b)
.Whatdoesf igure2r epresent?
 Numberoft abl
etstobes wall
owedeachtimei
nad ay.
c)
.Whatdoesf i
gur e3r epresent?
 Numberoft i
meshei ss upposedtoswall
owthetablet
s.
d)
.Howmanyt abletsiss hesuppos edtoswall
owinaday?
 2x3=2+2+2
=6t ablets

63
THEWORLDOFLI
VINGTHI
NGS.
TOPI
C:CL
ASSI
FI
CATIONOFPLANTS.

Whatar eplants?
-
Plantsar egreengr owingl i
v i
ngt hingsont heear t
h’ssurface.
-
Plantsar eoneoft hemaj orcomponent soflivi
ngt hi
ngsint heenvironment.
-
Plantsar eprimar ysourcesoff oodt oani malsintheenv ir
onment .
Whyar eplantsr egardedaspr imarys our cesoff oodintheenv ir
onment ?
-
Plantsar ecapabl eofmak i
ngt heirownf ood .
Gi
v eanys ixreas onswhypl antsar egr oupedund erli
vingthings.
 Pl antsgrow  Plantsr espondtos t
imul
i
 Pl antsrepr oduce  Plantsbr eathe
 Pl antsexcr ete  Plantsr espi
re
 Pl antsfeed
Whatd oesclas s
if i
cati
onofpl antsmean?
-
Classifi
cationofpl antsmeansgr oupingpl antsaccordingtotheirdiff
erent
characteri
s t
ics .
Atables howingcl assif
icationofpl ants
Plants

F
lower
ingpl
ant
s Nonf
lower
ingpl
ant
s

Monocot
yled
onouspl
ant
s d
icot
yled
onouspl
ant
s

Spor
epr
oduci
ngpl
ant
s coni
fer
s

F
erns mos
s l
iv
erwor
ts hor
set
ail
s

Groupsofpl ant s
Therearet wogr oupsofpl ant si
nt heenv i
ronment
,thes
ear
e;
 F lower ingplant s
 Nonf lower ingpl ants
Whatar eflower i
ngpl ants?
-Fl
oweringpl antsar epl antst hatbearf l
owers.
Giveanyf iveex ampl esoff lower i
ngpl ant
s
 Mangopl ants
 Beanpl ants
 Pas s i
onf r
uitpl ants
 Bl ackj ackplant s
 Mai zepl ants,et c.
Whyar egr oundnut scl ass
ifiedasf loweri
ngplants?
-Groundnut sbearf l
ower s

Howd ofl
ower
ingplantsrepr
oduce?
-
Floweri
ngpl
antsreproducebymeansofs
eed
s.

64
Gr oupsoff lower ingpl ants
 Di cot yled onouspl ants
 Monocot y ledonouspl ant s
Whatar emonocot yled onouspl ant s?
-Thesear epl ant swhos es eed shav eonecot yledon.
-Theyar eal s ok nownasmonocot s
.
-Monocot yled onouspl ant sar emos tlycerealcropsandgr asses.
Ment i
onanyei ghtex ampl esofmonocot y l
edonouspl ants
 Mai z e  Wheat
 Mi l
let  Rice
 Sor ghum  Oat s
 Bar ley  Rye
Char acteris t
icsofmonocot yled onouspl ants
 Theyhav ef i
br ousr oots ystem.
 Thei rleav eshav epar allel venation.
 Thei rs eed shav eonecot y l
ed on.
 Thei rs eed sund er gohy pogeal germination.
Whatar ed icot yledonouspl ant s?
-Thesear epl ant swhos es eed shav et wocot yledons.
-Theyar eal s ok nownasd i
cot s.
-Dicotyledonouspl ant sar emos tlylegumesorl eguminouspl antsandwood
yplant
s.
Giv eanys ixex ampl esofd icot yledonouspl ant s
 Beans  Or anges
 Gr oundnut s  Av ocado
 Peas  Lemons
 Si ms im  Bambar anuts
 Soy abeans  Oilnuts
Char acteris t
icsofd icot yledonouspl ants
 Theyhav et apr oots ystem.
 Thei rleav eshav enet wor kv enati
on/ .
 Thei rs eed shav et wocot y l
ed ons.
 Thei rs eed sund er goepi geal germination.
 Theyf or mt ruewood .
Whatar elegumes ?
-Legumesar epl ant st hathav enod ul esont heirrootsands torefoodi
npods.
Exampl esofl egumes
 Beans  Sims i
m
 Soy abeans  Cowpeas
 Gr oundnut s  Pigeonpeas
 Peas  Bambal anuts
Char acteris t
icsofl egumes
 Theyhav enod ulesont hei rr oots.
 Thei rs eed sar ef oundi npod s.

Ther
oots
yst
emofal
egume

65
Whati
st heimport
anceofnodulesfoundonr ootsofleguminouspl
ant
s?
-
Theystorenitr
ogenfix
ingbacter
ia/r
hizobi
a.
Gi
vethef uncti
onofthenit
rogenfixi
ngbacteriatothes oi
l
-
Theyfixnitr
ogenint
othesoil
.
Adi
agrams howingpart
sofaf l
oweringplant

Sy s
temsofaf lower ingplant
-Aflower i
ngpl anthast wos yst
ems;
 Roots ys tem
 Shoots ystem
Ther oots ystem
-Thisisapar tofaf l
ower ingplantt
hatgr
owsi nthesoil
.
-Ther oots y
s temi sapar tofaf l
oweri
ngplantt
hatdevel
opsf
romt
her
adi
cleofa
seed .
Partst hatmak eupt her oots ys
tem
 Tapr oot( mainr oot)
-I
thold sapl antf irml
yi nthes oil
.
 L ateralr oots
-Theypr ovideex trasuppor t
.
 Roothai rs
-Theyabs orbwat erandmi neralsal
tsf
ortheplant.

66
  Rootcap
-
Itprot
ect
sthegrowi
ngr
ootf
rommechani
cal
inj
uri
esord
amage.

Funct ionsofr oot st opl ants

1.Theyabs or bwat erandmi nerals alt
sf romt hes oilf
ort heplant
2.Theyhol d/ anchort hepl antf ir
mlyi nthes oi
l
3.Somer oot ss toref oodf ort hepl antse.g.Cas sava,
s weetpotat
oes ,carr
ots
4.Pr opr ootsgi veex t
ras uppor ttopl antsd uringf l
oweringstages
5.Br eathingr oot shel ptoabs orbox ygen
6.Somer oot shav enod ulest hats torenitrogenf i
xi
ngbact er
iawhi chhelpto
i
mpr oveons oi lferti
lit
y
I
mpor tanceofr oot st opeopl e
 Somer oot sar es our cesoff oodt opeopl ee. g.Cassava
 Somer oot sar es our cesofher bal medicine
Typesofr oots ys tems
Ther ear et wot y pesofr oots ystems ,i
.e.
 F ibr ousr oots y st
em
 Tapr oots y stem
Tapr oots ystem
-Thisisar oots y stemt hatd evelopsf romar adicleofanembr yoandgr owsi nt
oa
net wor kofl ateralbr anchesofr oots
Whi chgr oupoff lower i
ngpl antshast apr oots ys t
ems ?
-Dicoty ledonouspl ant s
Ment i
onanyf iveex ampl esofpl ant switht apr oots y st
ems
 Beans
 Gr oundnut s
 Or anges
 Mangoes
 Soy abeans
Not e:
-Alldicot yledonouspl ant shav eat aproots ystem.
Ad iagr ams howi ngat apr oots ystem

F
ibrousrootsystem
-
Thisisarootsystemwherether
ear emanyroot
sgrowingrand
omlyhav
ingt
he
s
ames iz
eandl ength
I
denti
fythegroupoff l
oweri
ngplant
sthathavefi
brousrootsy
stem
-
Monocotyl
edonousplants

67
Ad
iagr
ams
howi
ngaf
ibr
ousr
oots
yst
em

Nameanyf iveex amplesoff l

oweringplant
swithfi
brousroots ystem
 Mai ze  Mill
et
 Ri ce  Sugarcane
 Sor ghum  Wheat
Ty pesofr oot s
Ther earet wot ypesofr oots,
namely;
 Pr imar yr oots
 Second aryr oot s
Pr i
mar yroot s
-Pr i
maryr oot sar er ootsthatdev
elopfromtheradi
cleofas eed
Ex amplesofpr imar yr oots
 Tapr oot s
 F ibr ousr oots
Second ar yr oot s
-Second ar yr oot sar er ootst
hatdevel
opf r
omthes t
emorl eav esofapl ant
Ex amplesofs econd ar yroots
 Pr opr oot s  Adventitiousr oot
s
 Br eathi ngr oot s  Aerialroot s
 But tres sr oot s  Stil
troot s
 Cl as pingr oot s  Storager oots
 Pr opr oot s
-Thes ear er oot st hatgr owfromthenod eofmostmonocotyled onousplant
sdur
ing
flower i
ngs tages
Ad i
agrams howi ngpr opr oot
s

68
Examplesofpl antsthatd evel
oppr oprootsd uringafloweri
ngstage
 Mai ze  Sugarcanes
 Sor ghum  Wheat
 Mi l
let
Howar epr opr ootsi
mpor tanttoamai zeplant?
-Theyprovideex trasuppor tt
oamai zeplantd uringaflower
ingstage
 But tressr oot
s
-Thesearer ootswhichgr owonbiggert r
eess uchasjackfrui
ts
-Theyaret ri
angularins hapewhichs tr
engt henst hebaseofaplant
-Theygiveex t
ras upportt obigtr
eestowi ths t
ands tr
ongwind
Ad i
agrams howi ngbuttres sr
oots

 Cl as
pingr oots
-
Theserootsaref oundonclimbi
ngplant
s
-
Theyenableplantstoholdthemselv
esonotherpl
ant
s
-
Theyarecommononbi gtreesinthi
ckfores
ts
Adi
agrams howingclaspi
ngr oot
s

 St i
ltroots
-
Thesearer ootsf
oundonpl antswhi
chgr
owi
nmud
dyar
easi
nswamps
-
Theygiv
eex t
rasupporttoplants
Adi
agrams howingsti
ltroot
s

69
  Br eathi
ngr oots
-Theseareonlyaer i
alroot
sbecausetheygrowupward
sandactasbreathi
ng
organs
-Suchrootsaref oundinmanyplant
sgrowingi
nwaterloggedar
ease.
g.Mangr
oves
.
Ad i
agrams howingbreathi
ngroots

 Ad venti
ti
ousroots
-
Theydevelopfromst
emsandl eavesofaplant
-
Theyarecommonwi ths t
emtubers,bul
bs,
cormsandr
hiz
omes
Adi
agrams howingad
v enti
ti
ousroots

 St orager oots
-Theseares wollenadventi
tiousr oot
swhi chstorefoodf
ort heplant
.
-Thes t
oredfoodi smainl
ycar bohy dr
ates(starch)
.
-Theyarealsok nownasr oott ubersorrootcr ops.
Whatar eroottuber s?
-Roottubersarecr opsthats toretheirf
oodi nswoll
enundergroundlat
eralr
oot
s.
Examplesofr oottubers
-cassava
-sweetpotatoes
-dahli
a
Not e:
Allroottubersar erootcropsbutnotal lrootcropsareroottubersexceptt
he
70
above.
Whatar erootcrops?
-Rootcropsarecropswi
thedi
bleroot
s.
Examplesofplantst
hats
torefoodint
hei
rroot
s
 Cas sava

 Sweetpot
atoes

 Car
rot
s

 Roott
urni
ps

71
 Beetr
oot
s

 Par
sni
ps

 Rad
ishes

 Swed
es

72
Qn.Wher ed oesacas s
avapl antgeti t
sf oodf r
omwhenal li
tsleavesar edry?
-Fr
omt her oots
Osmos is
-Osmos i
sist hemov ementofwat erandmi neralsal
tsfromar egi
onofl ow
concentrationtoar egionhighconcent rationacrossas emiper meablemembr ane.
Anex peri
mentt os howos mos i
sinpl ants
I
temsneed ed
 Sweetpot ato/iris
h  Cont ainerse.g.beakersor
potato/pawpaws gl
asses
 Sugarors al t  Wat er
Stepstaken
 Getapot atoandcuti ti nt
opi eces.
 Mak eahol ei nthemidd l
eofonepi ece.
 Puts omes altorsugari nthehol ey ouhavemad eint hepotato.
 Putt hepotatoinacont ai
nerwi thwat erandmarkt hewat erlevel.
 L eav etheex peri
ments tandfor6- 8hour s.

Observation
 Thewat erinthecontai
nerAhasd ecr
eas
edwhilewaterwil
lappeari
nthe
holeofapotatointhecontai
nerB.
Conclusion
 Thepot atocontai
nedli
vi
ngcellsandthesal
tpull
edwateriewatermoved
fromtheglasstothepotat
othes amewaywatermovesfromthes oi
lto
rootsofaplant
.
Qn.Howi sosmosisi
mportantt
oplants?
-
Os mosisenablespl
antstoabsorbwaterandminer
alsalt
sfromthes oi
l.

Qn.Bywhatpr ocessdoeswaterandminerals
alt
smov
ethr
ought
hepl
ants
temt
o
allpart
sofaplant?
-Throughcapi
ll
aryatt
racti
on/
capil
lar
ity.

Theshootsyst
em
-Thi
sisapartofafl
oweringpl
antt
hatdevel
opsfr
omt heplumuleofaseed.
Menti
onanyninepar
tsthatmakeuptheshoots
ystemofaf loweri
ngpl
ant.
 Flowers  L eaves
 Fruit
s  Ax il
lar
ybud
73
  St ems  I nt
ernode
 Br anch  Ter minalbud
 Nod e
Stem
-Thes temi sthebi ggerpar tofas hoots ystem.
-I
thol dsleaves ,f l
ower s, fruit
s ,branchesandt er minalbud.
Funct i
onsofs temst opl ants
 Theyhol dands paceoutl eav estogets unl i
ght.
 Theyt rans por twat erandmi neral saltsfromt her ootstothel
eaves.
 Gr eens temsmak es tarchf orplants .
 St emsofs omepl antss to9ref ood .
 Somes temshav ethor nsf orpr otectione. g.orangeplants.
Usesofs temst oman
 Somes temsar es our cesoff oodt opeopl eandani mals
 Somes temsar es our cesofher bal med i
cine
 Bi gs t
emspr ovidet i
mberandpol esf orbui ldi
ng
 Bi gs t
emspr ovidewoodf ueltoman.
Typesofs tems
Ther earet hreet ypesofs tems ,namel y;
 Upr ightorer ects t
ems
 Und ergr ounds tems
 Weaks tems
Uprightorer ects tems
-Thesear es trongs temst hatar eabl etos tandupr ightwithoutanysuppor
t.
-Theygr ows t r
ai ghtins pace
-Theyar ecommoni nd i
cot yledonousandmonocot yledonousplants
Ad i
agr ams howi nganupr ights tem

Menti
onanyfiv
eexampl
esoffl
oweri
ngplantswithupri
ghtorer
ectstems
 Oranges  Pawpaw
 Mangoes  Jackfrui
t
 Maiz
e
Weakstems
-
Theseareweakst
emsofplant
sthatcannotsupportt
hemsel
vesupr
ight.

Ex
ampl
esofplantswit
hweaks
tems
 Passi
onf r
uit
s
 Pumpkins  Cucumber
 Watermelons  Cowpeas
 Tomatoes  Vani
ll
a
74
Namet
hetwot ypesofweaks
tems
 Cli
mbings t
ems
 Creepingstems

Ex
ampl
esofplantswit
hcr
eepi
ngs
tems
 Pumpki
ns
 Sweetpotatoes
 Watermelons

Ex
ampl
esofplantswit
hcl
imbi
ngs
tems
 Passi
onf r
uit
s
 Cucumber
 Cowpeas
 Vani
ll
a
 Tomatoes

Whyd
oplant
swithweakstemscl
imb?
 Togetsuppor
t
 Togetenoughsunl
ight

Howd
oplant
swi t
hweaks
temscl
imbot
her
s?
 Us
eoft endri
ls

Examplesofplantsthatuset
endri
lstocli
mb
 Pas si
onf r
uits  Watermel
ons
 Pumpk i
ns  Cucumber
Howar etendri
lsusefultoapumpki
nplant?
-Tend
rilshel
papumpk i
ntocl
imb.
 Us eofhook s

 Bycl
aspi
ngort
wini
ng

75
Examplesofpl antswithweaks t
emt hatclasportwine
 Tomat oes  Vani l
la
 Mor ninggl ory  Somebeans
 Whi tey ams
Undergrounds tems
-Theseares temst hatar efoundinthes oil.
Characteris t
icsofund er grounds t
ems
 Theyhav escalyleav esatthenod es.
 Theyhav ebuds( eyes )i
ntheax i
lofs cal
yleaves.
Typesofund er grounds ystems
 St emt uber s  Bul bs
 Rhi z omes  Cor ms
Stemt ubers
-Theseares wol l
enund ergrounds t
emswhi chst
oref ood.
-Theyhav ebud sintheax ilofscalyleaves.
Examplesofs temt ubers
 I ri
shpot atoes

Whi
chpar
tofanI
ris
hpot
atoi
seat
en?
-
Thest
em
 Whit
eyams

76
Bulbs
-Bulbsareund ergroundstemswit
hsmallandfl
eshyl
eav
es.
-Theirst
emsd onots t
orefood.
-Theystorefoodi nthefleshyorst
orageleav
es.
-Theyhavead ventiti
ousroots
Examplesofbul bs
 Oni ons
 Gar lic
 Spi derlil
y

Par
tsofanoni
on

F
unctionsofeachpar tofanoni on
 Scal yl eav es
-
Theypr ot ectt hef les hyleav esandbuds.
 F oliagel eav es
-
Theymanuf act ures tarchf oranoni on.
 F les hyl eav esors t
or ageleaves
-
Theys tor ef oodf oranoni on.
 Ax il
larybud / lateralbud
-
Itdev
el opsi nt oanewbul b.
 Ter minalbud
-
Itdev
el opsi nt onewf ol
iagel eaves.
 St em
-
Ithol
dst hel eav esandbud s.
 Ad vent iti
ousr oots
-
Theys uckwat erandmi ner alsalt
sfortheoni
on.

Ex
erci
se
1.Towhi
chgr
oupofund
ergr
ounds
temsd
owecl
ass
ifyoni
onsandgar
li
c?
77
 2.Wheredobul bsstor
et heirst
arch?
3.Whichpartofanoni oniseatenbypupi
ls
?
4.I
denti
fythef oodval
ueobt ai
nedf r
omeat
ingoni
ons
.
5.Whattypeofr ootsdobulbshave?
6.Howaref ol
iageleavesus ef
ultoanoni
on?
7.Howareonionspr opagated?

Rhizomes
-Rhizomesarehorizontalundergroundst
ems.
-Theyhav eadvent
it
iousr oot
sgr owingfromt
hes
tematthenodes
.
-Mostrhizomesares woll
enwi t
hs toredf
ood.
Examplesorr hi
zomes
 Gi nger  Turmeri
c
 Canal i
ly  Zoysiagr
ass
Ad i
agr amshowingginger

Corms
-Cormsar evert
icalund
er gr
oundstems,s
wollenwit
hstor
edf
ood
.
-Theyhaves cal
yleaves,budsandadvent
iti
ousroot
s.
Examplesofcor ms
 Cocoy ams
 Gl adi
olus
 Cr ocus
Ad i
agramofacor m

Leaves
-
L eavesarepart
sofaf l
ower i
ngpl
antt
hathel
pitt
omak
est
arch.
-
L eavesformpartoft
hes hootsys
tem.
Partsofaleaf

78
Functionsofeachpar tofal eaf
 Apex
-Forprot ect ion
 St omat a
-Theyhel pi nex changeofgas es(helpi
nbr eathi
ng).
-Theyal sohel pi nt r
ans pirat
ion.
 L eafbl ad e(lamina)
-I
thasas ur facear eaf oreas ytrappi
ngofs unli
ghtenergybythehel
pof
chlorophy ll.
-I
tiswher es tomat aar ef ound.
-I
thelpsi nmak ingofs tarch.
 Vei ns
-Theyal l
owd istributionofwat erandnutri
entswithint
heleaf.
 L eafs talk
-I
tprov idesat tachmentofal eaftoabr anchors tem.
Leafv enat ion
-Leafv enat ioni st hear rangementofv einsinaleaf.
Typesofl eafv enat ion
 Net wor kv enat i
on
 Par allelv enat i
on

Whati
snetworkvenati
on?
-
Thisi
sthetypeofvenati
onwher eveinsar
es cat
ter
edandrunf
romt
hemi
dri
bto
t
hemarginformi
nganet-l
ikestr
ucture.
I
nthespacebelow,dr
awal eafwithnetwor
kleafvenat
ion.

Whichgroupoff l
oweringpl
ant
shasleaveswit
hnet
workvenat
ion?
-
Dicotyl
edonousplants
Gi
v eanyfiveexamplesofpl
ant
swit
hnet workl
eafv
enati
on
 Beans  Oranges
79
  Mangoes  Si msim
 Peas
Whatisparal
lelleafvenat
ion?
-Thi
sisthearrangementofv ei
nsfr
omtheapextotheleafst
alkwi
thoutcr
oss
ing
eachother.
I
nt hespacebelow,drawal eafwi
thpar
all
elv
enati
on.

Whichgr oupoff lower i

ngplantshasleav
eswi thpar
all
elvenat
ion?
-Monocotyledonouspl ants
Giveanyf iveexampl esofpl antswit
hpar al
lelv
enati
on.
 Mai ze  Sugarcanes
 Mi ll
et  Wheat
 Ri ce
Typesofl eaves
Therearet wot ypesofl eaves,
namely;
 Si mpleleav es  Compoundleaves
Whatar es i
mpleleav es?
-Si
mpleleav esarel eav eswithoneleafblad
eononel eafstal
k.
Examplesofs i
mplel eav es
 Si mpleent i
r e

 Si
mpl
eser
rat
ed

 Si
mpl
elobed

80
  Si
mpl
edi
vi
ded

 Si
mpl
epal
mat
ee.
g.Pawpawandcas
toroi
lleav
es

 Si
mpl
edi
git
atee.
g.cas
sav
aleav
es

Whatar
ecompoundl
eaves?
-
Compoundl
eavesar
eleav
eswi
thmanyl
eafbl
adesononel
eafs
tal
k.
81
-
Theleafl
etsared
ivi
dedattheor
iginall
eafs
talk
.
-
Eachleafl
ethasi
tsowns mal
lst
alkcall
edarachi
s.

Ex
ampl
esofcompoundleaves
 Compoundtr
ifol
iatee.
g.beanl
eaf

 Compoundpi
nnat
e

 Compoundbi
-pi
nnat
e

F
unct
ionsofleavestoplants
 Theymak estar
chf orapl ant.
 Theycont ai
nstomataus edf orbreathingandt rans
pirat
ion.
 Somel eavesst
oref oodf orapl ante.g.bulbs
.
 Somel eavesareusedf orpr opagati
one. g.bryophyl
lumleav
es
I
mpor
tanceleavestoman
 Somel eavesareeatenasf ood.
 Somel eavesaresour cesofher balmed i
cine.
 Dr yl
eavescanbeus edasmul chesi ngardens.

Pl
antprocessesthatoccurinpl
antl
eaves
.
 Tr anspir
ati
on  Phot
osynthesi
s
Whatisphotosynthesi
s?
-
Photosynt
hes i
sistheprocessbywhi
chplant
smak
ethei
rownfoodcall
edst
arch.
Whatdothef ol
lowingwordsmean?
-
Photo–meansl i
ght.
-
Synthesi
s–meanst omakeorbuil
dup.
82
Rawmat er ialsneed edd uringt hepr oces sofphot os y nthes is.
 Car bond iox ide
-I
ti ss ynt hes izedt omak ecar bon.
-Bot hwat erandcar boncombi net omak egl ucos es tor edi nt hepl antleavesas
star ch.
 Wat er
-I
td is sol
v est hemi ner alsaltsi nal eaf .
-I
tal s os oftenst hepl antl eaff oreas yd iffus ionofs tarch.
Cond iti
onsneces sar yf orphot os ynthes is
 Chl or ophy ll
-Chlor ophy l
l isthegr eencol our ingmat teri npl ant s .
-I
thel pst ot rapl ightener gyf r omt hes un( i
tt rapss unl ight).
-Plantl eav esmak es tarchands torei taschemi calener gy .
 Sunl ight
-I
tpr ovidesener gyf orphot os ynt hes i
st ot ak epl ace.
-I
thel psi nt hebr eak ingofwat eri ntohy drogent os peedupt hef ormat i
onofs tarch.
Adapt ati
onoft hel eav est ot hepr oces sofphot os y nt hes is
 Theyhav ebr oadf l
ats hapet hatmak eal ar ges ur facear eaf orabs or pt
ion
ofs unl i
ghtandcar bond i
ox ide.
 Theyar et hint oallowcar bond iox i
der eacht hecel l
seas i
ly.
 Theyhav emanyv einst hatt rans por twat erandmi nerals alt
st othepl ant.
 Theyhav es tomat at hatal lowent ryofcar bond i
ox i
deandex i
tofox ygen.
 Theyar ear r angedont hes temsi nawayt hatal lowst hemt or eceive
sunl ight.
Exer cis e
1.Namet hemai npr od uctofphot os ynthes is
2.Whycan’ tpl ant scar ryoutphot os ynthes isatni ght ?
3.Whi chpar tofai risneed edd uri
ngphot os ynt hes i
s ?
4.I dent ifythepar tofai rgi venof fd ur ingphot os ynt hesis.
5.I dent ifythef ormofener gyneed edd ur ingt hepr oces sofphot osynthesis.
6.Howd oani mal sbenef itf romt hepr oces sofphot osynt hesis?
7.Howd opl ant sbenef i
tf r omani mal sf orphot os ynt hesis?
8.St atet hei mpor tanceofchl orophy llt opl ant sd ur ingphot os ynthesi
s.
9.Whycan’ tf ungil i
kemus hr oomsandt oad stool smak es tarch?
10. St atet het wor awmat er i
alsneed edd ur ingphot os ynthes i
s
11. Ment iont het wocond i
tionsneed edf orphot os ynt hesist otakepl ace.
12. Hows unlightus efuld ur ingphot os ynt hes i
s ?

Tr ans pirati
on
-Tr ans pirat
ionisthepr ocessbywhi chplantslosewaterasvapourintothe
at mos pher e.
-I
toccur sinleavesofpl antsthrought hes t
omata.
Anex per imenttos howt hattranspirat
ionoccur sinpl
antleaves.
I
t emsneed ed
 Pol yt
henepaper  As t
ring
 Gr owingplant
St epst aken
-Getat ransparentpolythenepaperwi t
houtahol e
-Lookf orapl antwhi chisplacedins unli
ght
-Tiet hepol ythenepapert ightl
yar oundthebr anchesorstemf oratl
east2hour
s
ass hownbel ow;

83
Observati
on
-
Dropl
et sofwaterappeararoundt
hepolyt
henepaper.
Concl
us i
on
-
Plant
sl osewat
erthroughtheirl
eavesonahotday.

Howi
stranspirat
ionimportanttoplant
s?
 Itcoolsplantsonhotd ays
 Itenablesplantstopullmorewaterandmi
ner
als
alt
sthr
ought
her
oothai
r
bythehel pofos mosis.
Howi
stranspirat
ionimportantinnatur
e?
 Ithelpsinrainformation

Danger soft rans pir at i

ont opl ants
 I tlower st hecr opy ieldd uet ol es swat erl efti
nthecr op.
 I tmaymak epl ant st owi ltsincewat eri sl ostduri
ngad r ys eason.
Fact or
st hataf fectt her at eoft r
ans pirat ion
 Wi nd
-Windbl owsof fwat ermol ecul esonal eafgi vingchancef ormor ev apourtoescape;
thisincr eas est her at eoft rans piration.
 Humi d ity
-Humi d
ityi st heamountofwat erv apouri nt heat mosphere.
-Highr ateofhumi d i
t yl ower sther ateoft rans pirati
on.
 Temper atur e
-Hightemper atur ed ur i
nghotd aysmak ess tomat atoopenupcaus i
ngleavestolose
alotofwat ert hancol dd ay s.
 Heatf r omt hes un
-Heatf romt hes unt heopeni ngoft hes tomat ahencecr eatingmor echanceof
l
os ingwat er.
 Sur facear eaofal eaf
-Plantswi t
hs mal ls ur facear eaoft heirl eav esl osewateratal owerr atethan
thos ewi thlar gers ur facear ea.
 Numberofs tomat a
-Plantsleav eswi thf ewers tomat ahav eal owr ateoftranspiration.
-Thehi ghert henumberofs tomat a,thehi ghert herateoftrans pirati
on.
Howd os omepl ant sr ed uceont her at eoft r ans pi
rati
on?
 Bys hed di
ngt hei rleav esd ur i
ngad rys eas on
 Bypr od uci ngawax ylay ert ocov ert hei rs tomata
 Bymod ifyingt heirl eav est of or mt hor nsegcact usplant s
 Byhav ingl eav eswi ths malls urf acear eas
Exer ci
s e
1.Whati st r
ans piration?
2.St ateanyf ourf act orst hataf fectt her at eoftranspir
at ion
84
 3.Whyd os omepl antss hedt heirleav esd uringad ryseas on?
4.Howd ocact uspl antsred uceont her at eoftranspi
r ation?
5.Namet heact ivit
yf armerscand ot or ed uceont herat eoft ranspi
rati
on
fr
omt hei rcr ops.
6.Whyd oesaf ar mercutof fallleav esf romabananas uck erbeforeplant
ing?
Fl
ower s
Whatisaf lower ?
-
Af lowerisar eprod ucti
vepar tofaf lower ingpl ant
.
-
Iti
swher er epr oduct i
ont akespl aceinapl ant .
-
Af lowerhasbot hf emal eandmal egamet es .
-
Agamet ei sar eprod uctivecellofanor gani s m.
-
Pollengrainsar emal egamet eswhi leov ulesar efemalegamet esinplants.
Howar eflower sus ef ultoplants ?
 F l
ower spr od uces eedsandf ruitsf orpl ants.
 Somef lower ss t
oref oodf orpl ant se. g.cauli
flower
Giv
eanyf ourway si nwhi chf l
ower sar eus ef ultoman.
 F l
ower sar eus edf ordecor ati
on.
 Somef lower sar eus edf ormak ingper fumesandpes ticides.
 F l
ower sar eus edtos howl ove
 Somef lower sar eeat enasf ood .

Ad
iagr
ams
howi
ngaf
lowerandi
tspar
ts

F
unct i
onsofeachpar tofaf lower
 Pet al
-
Itprotectsthei nnerpar tsofaf lower
-
Brightl
ycol our edpet alsattr
acti nsectagentsofpoll
inat
ionl
ik
ebees
.
-
Agr oupofpet al siscalledcoroll
a.
 Sepal s
-
Theypr otectt hef l
owerwhens tilli
nabuds tage.
-
Greens epalshel ptomak estarchf orapl ant
.
-
Agr oupofs epal siscalledcalyx
 St igma
-
Itreceivespol l
engr ainsduringpol l
inati
on
 St yle
-
Itactsasapas s ageofpol l
engr ainst otheov ar
y.
-
Italsohol d
st hes ti
gmai npos i
ti
on.
 Ov ary
-
Itproducesov ules

85
-
Iti
swher efertili
z ati
onoccur si nplants
-
Anov aryd evelopsi ntoaf ruitaf t
erferti
li
zat
ion.
 Ov ules
-
Ov ulesar efemal egamet esinpl ants
-
Ov ulesd ev elopi ntos eedsaf terferti
li
zati
on.
 Ant hers
-
Theypr od uceands torepollengr ai
ns
 F il
ament
-
Ithold st heant heri npos it
ion.
 Recept acl e
-
Itprot ect stheov aryandov ules.
-
Itdev elopsi ntoaf r
uitinpomesl i
keapples
 F lowers talk
-
Itattachesaf lowert oabr anch.
Mai
npar tsofaf lower
-
Af lowerhast womai nparts,namel y;
 Pi s t
il
 St amen
Whati sapi stil
?
-
Api stilisaf emal epar tofaf lower .

Ad
iagr
ams
howi
ngapi
sti
l

Whatisas
tamen?
-
As t
ameni
samalepar
toaflower
.
Adi
agramshowi
ngast
amen

Pol
li
nati
on
-
Poll
inat
ioni
sthetrans
ferofpol
lengr
ainsf
romt
heant
hert
othes
tigmaofa
fl
owerofaplant.
-
Ital
lowsfer
til
iz
ati
ontooccuri
nplant
s.
86
Agentsofpol li
nation
-Agent
sofpol l
inationrefertot hefact
orsthatareres ponsibleorcausepolli
nati
on
totakeplace.
Theyinclude:
 Runni ngwat er  Bees
 Wi nd  Mot hs
 Sunbi rds  But terfl
ies
 Hummi ngbi rds
Note
 Mot hsar enoct urnali
ns ectsandhaveahighs ens eofs mell
.
 Beeshav ehai r
ybod i
esandpol l
enbasketsont heirhindlegse.g.worker
bees.
 Sunbi rdshav elongslendersli
ghtl
ycurvedbeak st oenablethems ucknect
ar
atthebas eofaf l
ower

Typesofpoll
ination
Therearetwot ypesofpol
li
nat
ion,
thes
ear
e;
 Selfpolli
nation
 Crosspol l
inati
on

Whati sselfpolli
nation?
-Selfpoll
inationisthetransferofpol
lengrai
nsfromtheant
hert
ot hesti
gmaof
thes amef l
ower .
-Flowerst hatund er
gos el
fpolli
nat
ionhavefi
lament
stall
ert
hantheirs
tyl
es.
Ad iagr
ams howings el
fpoll
inati
oninplant
s

Adaptationsofpl antstos elfpolli

nation
 Theant her sands ti
gmamat ureatt hesamet i
mee.g.t
omat oes
 Thef l
owerr emainscl oseduntils elfpoll
inat
iont
akesplace
 Thepl antisaher maphr odi
tei.e.ithasmal eandfemalepar t
se.g.maizepl
ant
Whatiscr os spolli
nation?
-
Cr osspol l
inati
oni sthet r
ans ferofpol lengrainsfromtheantherofonef l
owerto
thestigmaofanot herf l
owerofd iff
er entplantsbutofthesamek i
ndors peci
es.
-
F l
ower sthatund ergocr osspol l
inati
onhav efil
amentsshorterthantheirstyl
es.
Ad i
agrams howingcr osspol l
inati
oninpl ants

87
Adaptationsofpl ant st ocrosspolli
nation
 Mat uringofant hersands ti
gmaatd if
ferentt i
mese.g.mai
z eandcoconuts
.
 Themal eandf emalef l
owersoccurons eparateplant
se.g.pawpaw
 Pol l
engr ai
nscan’ tgerminateont hes ti
gmaoft hesameflowerandifthey
do, fertili
zationcan’ toccure.g.pas sionfruits.
Whati sf erti
li
z ati
on?
-
Fer t
il
izat i
oni stheuni onofmat uremal eandf emal egametestoformaz ygot
e.
Wher edoesf er t
il
izationoccuri naf l
ower ?
-
Ov ary
Afterfer ti
li
zat i
on, whatd othefoll
owi ngd evel
opi nto?
a)ov ules–s eed s
b)ov ary_ af ruit
Whathappenst opol l
engr ainsimmediatelytheyl andontothesti
gmaofaf l
ower?
-
Pol l
engr ainsger mi nat eandformpol l
ent ubes .

Whathappenstothestyl
eofaf l
oweraft
erfer
til
iz
ati
on?
-
Itdr
iesandfall
soff.
Adi
agrams howingger
minat
ionofpol
lent
ubes

I
mpor t
anceofpol l
ination
 Itallowsf ertil
izat
iontot akeplaceinpl ants.
 Itallowshi ghy iel
dsinfar mer’sharvests.
Characterist
icsoff lowerspollinatedbyins ects
 Theyar ewel lscented(hav eagoods mell
).
 Theyhav ebr ightl
ycolour edpetals
.
 Theypr oducef ewpol l
engr ains.
 Theyar elargeandeas ilys een.
 Theyhav enect ar.
 Theyhav es ti
ck ysti
gmas .
 Theyhav elar geroughandheav ypollengr ai
ns.
Whyd os omef l
ower shav ebright l
ycolouredpet al
s?
88
-
Toat t
ractpolli
natorsl i
kebees
Characteri
sti
csoff lower spol l
inatedbywi nd
 Theyar enots cented.
 Theyhav ed ullpetals.
 Theypr oduceal otofpol lengr ains
.
 Theyar es mallandnoteas il
ys een.
 Theyd onothav enect ar.
 Theyhav el ongf eatherys tigmas .
 Theypr oducel ightpollengr ains.
Seeds
Whatisas eed?
-
As eedisamat uref erti
li
zedov ul e.
-
As eedd ev
elopsintoanewpl antcal ledas eed
li
ng.

Typesofs eeds
-Therearetwoty pesofs eeds,namel
y;
 Monocot yledonouss eeds
 Di coty
ledonouss eeds
Whatar emonocot yl
edonouss eeds?
-Monocotyl
edonouss eedsar eseedswit
honecot
yled
on.
-Theseseedsalsok nownasgr ainsorcereal
s

Examplesofmonocot yl
edonousseeds
 Sor ghum  Ri
ce
 Mai ze  Oats
 Mi l
let  Bar
ley
 Wheat  Rye
Amaizegr ain
-Amaizegr ai
nisnotas eedbutafrui
t.
Whyisamai zegrai
nclassi
fiedasafrui
t?
-I
thast wos carsi.
e.t
hecobs carandthest
yles
car.
Exter
nalpar tsofamaizegrain

I
nter
nalpar
tsofamai
zegr
ain

89
Functionsofeachpar tofamai zegrain
 Tes t a(seedcoat )
-I
tprot ectst hei nnerd el
icatepartsofamai zegrai
n.
 End os per m
-I
tstoresf oodf ort heembr yoinmonocot s.
 Cot y l
ed on
-I
tabs orbsf oodf romt heend ospermands uppl
iesi
ttot
heembr
yod
uri
ng
germinat i
on.
 St yles car
-I
tisapar twher et hes t
ylewasat tached.
 St alks car( cobs car)
-I
tisapar twher et hef r
uitwasat t
achedt othecob.
-I
tattachesagr aint oacob
 Embr y o
-I
tgrowsi ntoanewpl antcal l
edas eedl
ing.
-I
tcons istsoft wopar tsi.e.;
 Pl umul e
-I
tdevel opsi ntoas hoots yst
em.
 Rad i
cle
-I
tdevel opsi ntoar ootsys t
em

Whatar edicot
yledonousseeds?
-Di
cotyled
onouss eedsares eedswit
htwocot
yled
ons
Examplesofd i
cotyled
onouss eeds
 Beans  Cowpeas
 Gr oundnuts  Si
ms im
 Soy abeans  Oranges
 Peas  Oilnuts
 Bambar anut s
Exter
nalpar t
sofabeans eed

I
nter
nalpar
tsofabeans
eed

90
Funct i
onsofeachpar tofabeans eed
 Hi lum
-I
tisas carl eftbehi ndattachedwhi chat t
achedt hes eedtoapod ,ovaryorf rui
t.
 Cot yledon
-I
ts toresf oodf ort heembr yoind i
cots
 Mi cr opyle
-I
tal l
owsai randwat erintoas eedduringger mi
nat i
on
Not e:Ot herpar tsofabeans eedplaythes amer oleasthoseofamai zegrain.
Exer ci
s e
1.St ateanyt hreedifferencebet weenmonocot yl
edonousandd i
cot y
ledonous
seed s
2.Howi st hef unct
ionofacot yl
edoninamai zegraindi
fferentfromthatofa
beans eed ?
3.Ment ionanyt wous esofs eedstopeopl e
4.Howi st hef unct
ionofacot yl
edonofabeans eedsi
milartothatofan
embr yoofamai zegr ain?
Ger minat i
on
-Ger minationi st hed evelopmentofas eedint oas eedli
ng.
-Dur i
ngger minat ion,ther adicl
egr owsintot heroots yst
emt osupportthes eedl
ing
firmlyintot hes oil.
-Ther adicleal sogr owsr oothai rtoabs or
bwat erandmi neralsalt
sfromt hes oi
l
fort hes eed li
ng.

Typesofger mination
-Therear etwot ypesofger mination,namel
y;
 Epi gealger minat i
on  Hy pogealgerminat
ion
Epigealgerminat i
on
-Epigealgerminationist het y
peofger mi
nati
onwherethecotyledonscomeoutof
thegr ound.
-I
tiscommoni nd i
cot yledonouss eeds
Exampl esofs eedst hatund ergoepigealgermi
nat
ion
 Commonbeans  Wat ermelon
 Soy abeans  Gour ds
 Bambar anut s  lil
ies
 Sunf l
ower  Gr oundnut s
 Cas t
or  Cowpeas
 Pumpk in  Oilnuts
 Cucumber
Diagramss howi ngepi gealgermination

91
Hypogealger minati
on
-Hypogealger minat
ionisthetypeofgerminat
ionwheret hecot
yled
onr
emai
ns
underground .
-I
tiscommoni nmonocot yl
edonousseeds
Examplesofs eedsthatundergohypogealger
minat
ion
 Sor ghum  Rice
 Wheat  Bar l
ey
 Mi l
let  Rye
 Mai z e  Coconut
 Mango  Gr eenpeas
 Ki dneybeans  Gr eengram
 Oat s  Hor segram

Conditi
onsneces s aryforger minat i
on
 Moi sture
-I
tswel l
st hecot y ledonhencebur sti
ngt het esta.
-I
tdissolv esf oodi nt hecot yl
ed on
 Ox ygen
-I
thelpsi nr espirat i
on(itbur nss tarchtor eleas eener gy)
 War mth
-I
tprovid esr i
ghtt emper aturef oras eedtoger mi nate.
NB:Anex per i
mentt oshowt hats eed scannotger minat ewi
thoutoxygen,
moistur
e
andwar mt h.(Ref ert ocompr ehens i
vepupi l
s ’book4, page47-48)
Seedv iabi l
ity
-Seedv iabi l
ityist heabilityofas eedt oger minatewhenneces s
arycondi
ti
onsare
present.
Whatar ev iables eed s?
-Vi
ables eed sar es eedst hatareabl etoger minat ewhenneces sar
ycondit
ionsare
present.
Qualit
iesofv iables eeds
 Theys houl dbemat ureandd ry.
 Theys houl dbeheal t
hyandofgoodv ar i
ety .
 Theys houl dnothav ehol es.
92
  Theys houldofgoodv ar iet
y.
 Theys houldnotbebr ok en.
 Theys houldnotber otten.
Whati ss eedd ormancy ?
-Seedd ormancyi st heinabili
tyofas eedtogerminatewhenneces sar
ycondi
tions
arepres ent.
Factorst hatleadt os eeddormancy
 Hol esins eed s seeds
 Pr ematur es eed s  Dam agedofs eed
s
 Unheal thys eed s/
deceas ed  Br okens eeds
Fruit
s
Whati saf ruit?
-Afruitisamat uref erti
li
zedov ary .
-Afruitisas truct ur eonaf l
ower ingplantwhichcontainsmat urefer
til
iz
edovules
.
-Afruithast wos car si.e.thes tyl
es carandthes t
alkscar .
I
mpor tanceoff ruitst oplants
 Theypr otects eeds.
 Theyhel pins catteri
ngofs eedswhenr ipe.
I
mpor tanceoff ruitst oman
 Theyar eeat enasf ood  Theyar es ol
dformoney
Classi
f i
cat i
onoff r uit
s
Fr ui
ts

Succul
entf
rui
ts d
ryf
rui
ts
(
Jui
cyfrui
ts)

Ber
ries d
rupes pomes spl
it
ti
ngfrui
ts nonspli
tt
ingfrui
ts
(
Dehis
centf
ruit
s) (
Indehi
scentfrui
ts)
Whatar
es uccul
entfr
uits
?
-
Succul
entfruit
sarefrui
tswhos
eper
icar
pbecomesj
uicyandcanbeeat
en.

Adi
agrams
howi
ngd
iff
erentpar
tsofas
uccul
entf
rui
t
Amango

93
Anor
ange

Classesofs uccul entf r uit

s
Berries
-Berriesar es uccul entf ruitswithmanys eedsi nside.
-I
tsper icarpi sdiv i
dedi ntot hr
eel ayer si.e.epicar p,mesocarpandendocarp.
Exampl esofber ries
 Guav as  L emons  Bananas
 Or anges  Pawpaw  Tangeri
nes
 Pas sionf ruits  Wat ermel ons  Jackfr
uit
Drupes
-Drupesar es uccul entf ruit
swi thonl yones eedins ide.
Exampl esofd rupes
 Av ocad os  Pl um
 Peach  Mangoes
Pomes
-Pomesar es uccul entf ruitswhi chd evelopf romt her eceptacl
eofaf l
ower.
-Ther ecept acl etur nsjui cyandi ti seat en.
Exampl esofpomes
 Appl es  Pear s
Whyi sanav ocad of rui
tcl assi
f i
edasad rupe?
-Anav ocad of ruithaonl yones eedi ns i
d e.
Dryf ruits
-Dryf ruit
sar ef ruitswhos eper i
car pi sus uallydry ,hardandwoody.
Classesofd ryf ruits
 Spl i
ttingf rui t
s( dehiscentf ruit
s )
 Nons pl it
tingf ruits(indehi scentf r
uits)
Split
tingf ruit s
-Thesear ed ryf ruitswi thacaps uleorpodt hats pli
tt odi
sperseseedswhendry.

94
Exampl esofd ehi scentf r
uits
 Beans  Cas toroil  Soy abeans
 Peas  Gr oundnuts
Nons pl i
tti
ngf ruits
-Thesear ed ryf ruit
swhos edryper i
carpdoesnots pli
ttodi
s per
seseedsbuthave
structuresf ort heirownd i
spersal.
-Theyhav eonlyones eedinsi
de.
Exampl esofi ndehi scentfrui
ts
 Bl ackjack  Coconut
 Tr idax  Sunf l
ower
 Jacar and a
Not e
-Frui
tst hatdev elopf romonef l
owerar ecall
edsimplefrui
ts.
-Frui
tst hatdev elopf rommanyf l
owersonones t
alkarecalledcompoundormulti
ple
fruit
s.
-Frui
tst hatar enotf ormedfromt heovaryofaf lowerbutdev el
opfromotherpart
s
ofaf lowerar ecal l
edf als
ef rui
tse.g.apples
.

Seedorf r uitdisper sal

Whati ss eedd isper s al?
-Seedd isper sali st hes cat teringofs eed sawayf r omt hemot herpl antov erawi de
area.
Whati sf rui tdisper s al?
-Frui
td isper salist hes cat teringofs eed sawayf romapar entpl antt ootherar eas.
I
mpor t
anceofs eedd isper sal
 Itenabl espl ant stocol onizenewar eas
 Itr ed ucescompet itionf orf oodnut rient s,sunlightands paceamongpl ant
s
 Itpr event sov ercrowd ingofpl ants
 Iti ncr eas est hechancesofs ur vival ofpl ants peci es( itpr eventspl ant
extinct i
on)
 Itmi nimizesd is eas esamongcr owd eds eedlings.
Disadvant agesofs eedd is pers al
 Itl ead stol owhar v esti ncas eofs el fdisper sal e.g.s i
ms imands oy abeans.
 Itl ead stoeas ys pr eadofweed sinanar ea.
Agent sofs eedd isper sal
 Wi nd  Runni ngwat er
 Ani mal s
Typesofs eedd is per s al
 Wi ndd isper s al  Sel fd ispersal( expl
os ive
 Ani mald isper sal mechani sm)
 Wat erd isper s al
Char acter isti
csofs eed sd i
sper sedbyani mal s .
 Theyhav ej ui cymes ocar pse.g.mangoes ,or anges , avocad oes
 Theyhav ehar ds eedcoat stopr otectt hemf romt hed i
ges tivejui
cese. g.
guav asandpas s i
onf ruits.
 Theyhav ebr ight lycol our edepi car pswhenr i
pee. g.mangoes ,
tomat oes,
guav as
 Theypr od uceani ces centwhenr ipee. g.jackf ruit sandpi neapples
 Theyhav ehook sont hei rseedcoat swhi chenabl et hemt obeat tachedt o
thebod yoft heani mal se. g.blackj ack( seed i
agr ambel ow)

95
  Theyhav
est
ick
yhai
re.
g.boehav
ias
eed
s.

Character
ist
icsofs eed sdi
s persedbywi nd
 Theyar es mallandli
ghtt obecar riedbywi ndeasil
y
 Theyhav ewing-li
kes tr
ucturesforf loat
inginaire.g.j
acarandaseeds
 Theyhav eapar achutehai rst
ructuret oenablethemfloatinaire.
g.
d
andeli
ons eed s
 Somes eedshav eat uftofhaire.g.cot t
ons eeds
I
ll
ustrat
ions
Cott
ons eed

Jacar
and
aseed

Dand
eli
on

Tr
idax

96
Character
isti
csofs eedsdisper
s albywater
 Theyhav emanyai rspacest rappedins
idet
hemt
oenabl
ethemf
loaton
water
 Theyar eli
ghtwi t
hwat erproofpericar
ps
Examplesofseedsd i
spersedbywat er
 Wat erli
lyseeds

 Coconutf
rui
t

Selfdi
spersal
-Theyspl
itthei
rpodswhenri
peanddis
per
set
hei
rseed
s.
Exampl
ess eedsthatar
esel
fdis
pers
ed
 Beans  Castoroi
l
 Peas

97
As exualr epr od uct i
oni nf l
ower ingpl ant s
Whati sas exualr epr od uct ion?
-As exualr epr od uctioni sat yper epr od uctioninwhi chreproduct
ivecel l
sar enot
i
nv olved.
-As exualr epr od uctioni nf l
ower ingpl ant sisal socal l
edvegetati
vepr opagation
-I
td oesnoti nv olvemal ecel l
s ,f
emal ecel l
sors eed s
Whati spr opagat ion?
-Propagat ioni sawayofd evelopi ngnewpl antf r omapar toftheold
erpl ant.
Whati sveget at i
vepr opagat ion?
-Thisist hed ev elopmentofanewpl antf r
omapar tofanol dpl
antwit houtus i
ng
repr oductivecel l
s.
Typesofv eget ati
v epr opagat i
on
-Ther ear et wot ypesofv eget ativepr opagat i
on, vi
z;
 Nat ur alv eget at ivepr opagat ion
 Ar tif
ici alv eget ativepr opagat ion
Whati snat ur alv eget at i
v epr opagat ion?
-Thisist hed ev elopmentofanewpl antf r
omapar tofanol donewithoutt he
act iv
ityofman.
Exampl esofnat uralv eget ati
v epr opagat i
on
 Us eofr hizomese. g.gi nger ,canal il
y,tur meric
 Us eofcor mse. g.cocoy ams ,cr ocus ,glad i
olus
 Us eoft uber se. g.I rishpot at oes
 Us eofbul bse. g.oni ons ,gar lic, spi
derl i
ly
 Us eofs uck erse. g.bananas , pi neapples ,s i
sal
 Us eofl eav ese. g.br y
ophy ll
um
Ad iagrams howi ngabananas uck er

St
ateanyt
hreeway sinwhi
chpi
neappl
esar
epr
opagat
ed
 Byuseofs uckers
 Byuseofacr own
 Byuseofas lip
Adi
agramapineappleandit
spar
ts

98
Arti
ficialvegetativepr opagation
-Thi
si sthed evelopmentofnewpl antsfrompart
sofol dplantsbyman.
Exampl esofar tif
icialvegetationpr opagati
on
-Useofs temcut t
ingse. g.cassav a
-Useofv inese. g.sweetpot atoes
Budding
-Thi
si samet hodwher ead ormantbudf romoneplantisjoi
nedt oanot
herplant
withwel l-establishedr ootsys tem.
-Ascioni saplantf r omwhi cht heax i
llar
ybudhasbeengotf rom.
-Astocki sapl anttowhi chtheax i
ll
arybudhasbeenj oinedto.
-Buddingiscommonl yd oneinci trusplantsli
keorangesandl emonsrosepl
ants

Graft
ing
-
Itinv
ol v
esjoi
ningpartofonepar
ttoanot
herpl
antofthesamespeci
es.
-
Gr af
tingisus
edi nthegrowi
ngofci
trusf
rui
tse.
g.oranges
,gr
apes,l
emonsand
l
imes

99
Layeri
ng
-Thisi
samethodwher ebyabranchfromthemot
herpl
anti
sbenti
ntot
hes
oil
usingpegsunti
ladvent
it
iousr
ootsdevel
opfromt
henodes.
-Rosesarepropagat
edusingt
hismethod
.

Marcott
ing
-Thisi
sthedev el
opmentofanewplantbyt
yingf
ert
il
esoi
lont
hebr
anchofanol
d
plantfr
omwhi chthebarkhasbeencutatt
henode.
-Thisi
scarri
edoutonpl ant
sli
kemangoest
rees.

Ad
vantagesofar ti
fi
cialvegetativepropagati
on.
 I ti
mpr ovesonthepl ants peci
es.
 I tpreventspl
antex ti
nction.
 I tl
ead stodevelopmentofanewv ari
etyofplant
s.
Di
sadv
ant agesofartifi
cialvegetativ
epropagation
 I trequir
ess k
ill
edlabour.
 I ti
ss lowandtimecons umi ng.

100
Adv antagesofas ex ualrepr oduction
 Thenewpl antus esf oodoft heplantasi tbecomeses tabli
shed.
 Thegr owt hofanewpl anti srapidast her eisnor es t
ingper i
odasinseeds.
 Onl yonepl anti sneed edt opr oducet heof f-springs.
 Samechar act erist
icsar emai ntainedast heof f-springisidenti
caltothe
parentpl ant .
Disad v
ant agesofas exualrepr oduction
 Nonewv ar i
etiesar epr oduced
 Of f -
springsandt hepar entplantcompet ef orlightandnut ri
ents
 Manyi ndividualplant smaybed estroyedbyd i
s asterslikef i
re,fl
ood
sand
di
seas es
 L ackofv arietylead stor educedr es i
stancet od iseaesandcl i
matechanges
Tropisms
Whati st r
opis m?
-Tropismist hepl antr espons et owar dss ti
muli.
-Tropismist hegr owt hmov ementofapl antinr espons et oas ti
mulus.
Whati sas ti
mulus ?
-As ti
mulusi sanychangei ntheenv i
ronmentt owhi chapl antiss ensi
ti
veto.
Exampl esofs t
imul itowhi chpl antsar es ensit
ivet o
 Gr av i
ty  Touch
 L i
ght  Wat er
 Chemi cals

Typesoftropisms
Photot
ropism
-Thi
sisthegrowthmovementofapl
antshoott
owar
dsl
ight
.
-Thi
sistheplantres
ponsetowar
dsl
ight
.

Hyd
rotr
opi
sm
-
Thisi
sthegr
owt
hmov
ementofpl
antr
oot
stowar
dswat
erormoi
stur
e.

Geot
ropi
sm

101
-Geot
ropis
mi st
hegrowthmov
ementtoplantr
ootstoward
sdi
rect
ionoff
orceof
gravi
ty.
Diagr
amss howi
ngroot
sofaseedl
ingres
pondingtofor
ceofgrav
ity

Thigmot ropismorhapt otropism

-Thisi sthepl antr espons et owar dstouch
Chemot r
opi sm
-Chemot ropis mist hepl antr espons etowar dschemical
s.
Nonf lower ingpl ants
-Nonf lower ingpl antsar epl antst hatdonotbearf l
ower s.
Clas sesofnonf lower i
ngpl ants
 Spor epr od ucingplant s
 Coni fers( coniferouspl ant s)
Whatar es por epr oducingpl ants?
-Spor epr od ucingpl antsar enonf l
oweringplantsthatreprod
ucebymeansof
spor es .
Whati sas por e?
-As por ei sas i
ngl ecellwhi chcand evelopintoaplantunderfavour
abl
econd
iti
ons
-Spor esar es toredi nspeci alcas escall
eds porangi
a.
Exampl esofs porepr oducingpl ant s
 Mos s  Liv
erworts
 F erns  Horsetai
ls
Diagr amst os hows porepr od ucingnonf l
oweringplant
s

L
iver
wor
ts

102
Conif
er ouspl ants(coni
f ers)
-Coni
fer sarenonf l
ower ingplantsthatreproducebymeansofs eeds.
-Theseed sofconi fersar eprotectedbyhar dstr
ucturescal
ledcones.
-Coni
fer shav eroots,stemsandneed l
es hapedleaves.
-Thesmal lneedleshapedl eaveshel pconifer
stor educet
her at
eoftranspi
rat
ion.
Examplesofconi f
er s
 Pi ne  Pod o  Cypress
 F ir  Gi nkgo  Eucaly
ptus
 Ced ar  Cy car

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

I
mport
anceofconifers
 Theyprovid
emanwi t
hs oftwoodt i
mber .
 Theyareplantedar oundhomesasl iv efencesandactaswi ndbrakes
 Theyprovid
epul pformak ingpaper, matchs ti
cks,toot
hpicks,et
c.
Ex
erci
se
1.Howar emos ses,l
iverwortsandfer nss i
milar?
2.Giveonewayconi fer sarediff
erentf romot hernonf l
oweringplants
3.Stateanytwoway sconiferousplantsar eus efultoman.
4.Howi sthereproductionofconiferss imil
artot hatofbeans?
5.Inwhichwayi sther eproducti
onofmus hroomss i
mil
artothatoff er
nsand
103
 mosses
?
6.Howisasporangi
umus ef
ultof er
npl ants
?
7.Whyareli
ver
wor t
sabletomak estarch?
8.Stat
eanyoneinwhichalgaeiss i
mil
art oplant
s.

THEME:SCI ENCEI NHUMANACTI VI TI

ESANDOCCUPATI ONS
TOPIC:KEEPI NGCATTL E
Whatisani malhus band ry?
-Ani
malhus band ryi st heactofk eepingf armanimalsorlivestock
.
Examplesofl ives tock
 Cat tle  Rabbi t
s
 Goat s  Pigs
 Sheep  Poultry
Whatiscat tl
ek eepi ng?
-Cat
tlek eepingi st heactofr ear ingcows ,
bull
,bullocks,
heifers,
oxenonafarm.
Whatd oest het er mcat t l
er efert o?
-Cat
tler eferst ocows , bull,heifer s,bul
locks,oxenandcal ves.
Defi
net hef ollowi ngt er ms
 Cow
-Acowi samat ur ef emal ecat tle
 Bul l
-Abullisamat ur emal ecat tl
e
 Hei fer
-Aheiferisay oungf emal ecowt hathasnoty etgivenbirth.
 Bul l
ock
-Abullockisay oungmal ecat tle.
 Anox
-Anoxi sacas t ratedbul lrearedf ord oi
ngwor k.
 Cal f
-Acalfisay oungoneofacow.
 Ani ncal f
-Anin-calfisapr egnantcow.
I
mpor tanceofk eepi ngcat tl
e
 F ormeatpr oduct i
on
 F ormi l
kpr od uct ion
 F orempl oy ment
 F orincomegener ation
 F orpr ov isionofl aboure. g.ox en
 F orhi deswhi char eus edt omak eleatheritems
 F orcul tur alpur pos el i
k epay i
ngd owr y
 F orthei rd ungwhi chi sus edasmanur eandt omakebiogas
 Thei rhoov esar eus edt omak egl ue
 Hor nsar eal sous edt omak ebuttons
 Thei rbl oodandbonesar eus edashumanf oodandi nthemak i
ngofpoul
try
f
eed sr es pect i
v ely.

104
Funct i
onsofeachpar tofacow
 Ey es
-Theyenabl et heani malt os ee.
 Ear s
-Theyar eus edf orhear ing
-Theyar eal sous edt obeati ns ectsl ik
et setsef l
iesar oundi tshead
 Ud der
-I
ts t
or esmi lkpr od ucedi nt hemammar ygl
and s.
 Tai l
-I
tkeepss wi ngingt obeatt hef liesof fdisturbingi ns
ect sli
ket setsefl
ies
.
 Hor ns
-Theyar eus edf orpr otection
 Hoov es
-Theypr otectt hef eet( toes ).
Breed sofcat tle
Whati sabr eedofcat tl
e?
-Abreedofcat tl
ei saf amilyofcat tlehav ingsimilarchar acterist
ics.
Exampl esofchar act eristi
css hownbyabr eedofcat tl
e
 Col ourofcat tl
e
 Si zeofcat tle
 Shapeofcat tle
 Pr oduct i
v i
t yoft heani mal( mi l
kandmeaty ield
s)
Breed sofcat tlek epti nUgand a
 L ocalbr eed s( i
nd i
genousbr eed s)
 Ex oticbr eed s
 Cr os sbr eed s
Localori ndigenousbr eedsofcat tl
e
-Thesear ecat tlet hatl i
vedi nUgand aorEas tAf ricaforav erylongtime.
-Theyar eal socal lednat ivebr eed s.
-Theyar ek eptf orbot hmi l
kandmeatpr oduction.
Exampl esofi ndigenousbr eedsofcat tl
e
 Bor ancat tle  Ns agalaors angacattl
e
 Smal lEas tAf ri
caz ebu  Kar i
moj ongcattl
e
 Ank ol el onghor nedcat tl
e
Char acteristicsofl ocalbr eedsofcat t
le
 Theyar er es istantt odis eases .
 Theyar er es istantt ohar shweat her .
 Theyt akel ongt omat ur e( t
heygr owv erys lowly).
 Theycans ur v i
v eonpoorpas tureandl itt
lewat er.
 Theypr od ucel ittl
emi lkandl essmeat .

105
  Theyhav ed iffer entcol our s .
 Theyhav el es sr eprod uctiv epr oblems .
Exoti
cbr eed sofcat tle
-Thesear ecat tlet hathav ebeeni mpor tedfr omot hercount riesbecauseofthei
r
goodqual i
typr oduct s .
Character i
sticsofex ot icbr eedsofcat tle
 Theyhav es peci fi
ccol our .
 Theypr od uceal otofmi lkandt heirmeati ss oft
.
 Theymat uref as t(theygr owf as t
er )
.
 Theyar enotr es ist
antt ot ropicald iseas es.
 Theyar enotr es ist
antt ohar shweat her .
 Theyneedgoodpas tur eandpl ent yofwat er.
 Theyneedal otofcar e/hi ghmanager i
al s
k i
ll
s.
 Theyhav er epr od uct i
vepr oblemsd uet othebigs izeoft hecalf.
Examplesofex oticbr eed sofcat tlek epti nUgand a
 F riesian  Amer icanBr aham
 Jer sey  Char olais
 Guer ns ey  Sahi wal
 Ay rshire  Gal loway
 Her efor d  Sant aGer trudi
s
 Br owns wi ss  Shor thor n
 Jamai cahope  RedPol l
 Aber deenAngus
Advantagesofl ocalbr eedsofcat tle
 Theyar er es i
stantt od i
seas es.
 Theyar er es i
stantt ohar s hweat her.
 Theycans ur viveonpoorpas tur eandl i
ttl
ewat er.
 Theyhav el es sr eprod uctiv epr oblems .
 Di sad vant agesofl ocalbr eed sofcat tle.
 Theypr od ucel itt
lemi lkandl es smeat .
 Theyt akel ongt ogr ow.
Advantagesofex ot icbr eed sofcat tle
 Theygr owf ast
 Theypr od uceal otofmi lkandmeat .
Disadvantagesofex ot i
cbr eedsofcat tle
 Theyar enotr es ist
antt ot ropicald iseas es.
 Theyar enotr es ist
antt ohar shweat her .
 Theycannots ur vi
veonpoorpas tureandl i
ttl
ewat er .
 Theyneedal otofcar e(theyneedhi ghmanager i
als kil
ls)
.
Crossbr eed s
-Thi
sisabr eedofcat tlegotaf termat ingpur elylocalbreed swithpurelyex
oti
c
breeds.
Reasonswhycr oss br eed i
ngi scar riedout
 Toi mpr ov eont helocalbr eed sofcat tl
e.
 Toi mpr ov eont hequant ityandqual i
tyofmi lkandmeatpr oduced
.
 Toi ncr eas ed iseas er es i
s tancei nani mal s.

Typesofcatt
le
Whatisatypeofcat
tl
e?
-Atypeofcat
tlei
sagroupofcat
tl
ekeptf
oras
peci
fi
corpar
ticul
arpur
pos
e.
106
Typesofcat tl
er earedinUgand a
 Dai r
ycat tle  Dualpur posecattl
e
 Beefcat t
le  Dr aughtcattl
e
Dairycatt
le
-Thesearecat tl
ek eptpur pos elyformilkproduct
ion.
Examplesofd air
ycat t
le
 F ri
esian  Br owns wish
 Jer sey  Ay rshire
 Guer ns ey  Sahi wal
 Jamai cahope
NB:F ri
esi
ansar et hebes tpr od ucersofmilk,wi
thanav erageof15-20li
tresper
day.
Characteri
sticsofd ai
rycat tle
 Theyar etriangulari ns hape
 Theyhav elar gewel ls upportedudders
 Theyhav ef ourlongt eats
 Theyhav es malllongneck s
 Theyhav ebi ggerhi ndquar ters
 Theypr oducemuchmi lk
 Theyhav epl entyofs pacebet weent hehi
ndlegs
Thes hapeofd airycat t
le

Beefcattle
Thesear ecattlekeptformeatpr oducti
on.
Examplesofbeefcat tl
e
 Aber deenAngus  Charolai
s
 Her eford  AmericanBraham
 Gal l
oway  SantaGer t
rudi
s
 Bor an
Characteri
sticsofbeefcat tle
 Theyar erectangularinshape.
 Theymat urev eryquickl
y.
 Theypr oducemuchmeat .
 Theyhav es hortlegswithlongbroadbodies
.
 Theyhav es mallheads.
 Theyhav eabi l
it
yt osurvi
ved r
oughtwithoutlos
ingweight.

107
Thes
hapeofbeefcat
tl
e

Dualpur posecattl
e
-Thesear ecatt
lekeptforbothmeatandmi
lkpr
oduct
ion.
Examplesofd ualpurposecat
tle
 Sahi wal  RedPol
lcow
Draughtcat t
le
-Thesear ecatt
leusuall
ykeptforl
abourpr
ovis
ione.
g.pl
oughi
ngandpul
li
ngcar
ts.
Theyar emainlyoxen.

Breedingi ncat tle

Whati sbr eed ing?
-Breedingi st hemat ingofs electedanimalsinapl annedmannert odevel
opand
maintaincer tai nd esiredchar acterist
ics.
-Breedingi st hemai ntainingofi nher i
tedchar act
eristicsi
ncat t
le.
Examplesofi nher i
tedchar act er
isticsmaintainedinclude;
 I ncr eas edmeatormi lkprod ucti
onbot hqual i
tyandquant it
y
 Res istancet od i
s eases
 Ad apt abi l
itytohar shweat hercond i
tions
 I mpr ov edgr owt hr at
e
 Col ourands i
z e
Typesofbr eed i
ng
 I nbr eed ing  Outbr eedi
ng
 L inebr eed ing  Upgr ading
 Cr os sbr eeding
Whati si nbr eed ing?
-I
nbreed ingi dt hecont i
nuousmat i
ngofv erycl osel
yr elat
edanimalsli
kebrot
hers
ands i
st ers .

Dis
advantagesofi nbreedi
ng
 Weakani mal swil
lcontinuepr oducingweakones.
 Ther ewillbecontinuouspr oductionofani
malswi t
hlowmeatandmi
lk
prod uct
s.
 Itleadstoinher i
ti
ngofpoorqual iti
esofanimal
s.
Howcant hecat tl
ef ar
mercont rolinbreedingonthefarm?
-
Bycas t
rationofmal eanimals.
Whati
sl i
nebr eeding?
-
Thisi
st hemat i
ngofcl oselyrelat
edani malsli
kecousi
ns .

108
Whatisoutbreedi
ng?
-Thi
sisthemati
ngofunrelat
edanimal
softhesamebreed
.
Whatisupgradi
ng?
-Thi
sisthei
mprov i
ngofthequal
it
yofanimal
sbyus i
ngabreedwi
ths
uper
ior
quali
ti
es.
Whatiscrossbreedi
ng?
-Thi
sisthemati
ngofunrelat
edanimal
sofdif
ferentbr
eed
s.

Adv
antagesofcr ossbreedi
ng
 I ti
mpr ovesonthequali
tyofl ocalbr
eed s
.
 I ti
mpr ovesthemeatmil
kpr oducti
on.
 Cr os sbreedsaremoreresistanttodi
seasesthanexoticbreed
s .
 Cr os sbreedsaremoreresistanttoharshweathercondit
ionsthanex
oti
c
breeds.
 Cr os sbreedsgrowfast
ert hanlocalbreeds
.
Note
-
Crossbreed i
ngisdonetoimproveont hequalit
yoflocalbreeds.
-
Acrossbr eedorhy br
idisobt
ainedaf t
ercrossbreedi
ng.

Repr od uctioni ncat tle

Whati sr epr oduct ion?
-Thisi st heabi l
ityf oral iv ingt hingt opr od uceandi ncreas einnumber .
-Repr od uctioni st hepr oces sbywhi chl ivingt hingsproduceot herorgani
sms
similart ot hems elves .
-Cattleund er gos ex ualr epr oductionwhi chi nvolvesmat ingandpr oducti
onof
gamet es .
-Agamet eisar epr od uctiv ecel lofanor ganis m.
-I
ncat tle,themal egamet esar es per msandf emalegamet esareov a.
Heatper i
odi ncat tle
-Heatper i
odi swhenacowi sr eadyf ormat i
ngandi tcanbecomepr egnant
.
Signsofacowonheat
 I tbecomesr estles s
 I turinat esf r equent ly
 I tmount sot her s
 Ther ei smucusd i
s char gedf r
omt hev ulva
 Ther ei sr educt i
oni nmi lkpr od uction
 Thev ulvas wel l
sandt urnsr ed dishbr own.Thi shel psabul ltoseeiteasi
ly
 Thecowmak esal otofnoi se( frequentmooi ng)
 I tstand ss tillwheni tismount edbyabul l
 L os sofappet i
tef orf ood( i
ts topsgr azing)
 Thet emper at urer is es
 I tput sitst ailont hes ides ot hatitsv ulv acanbes een
 I tstand swhi leot her sar elyingd own
I
ns emi nat i
on
-I
ns emi nationi st heactofd epos it
ings per msi ntothef emal ereproducti
veorganof
acow.
-Thisi st heactofd epos itings per msi ntot hecow’ svagina.
-I
tisonl yd ownwhent hef emal eani mal isonheat .
Typesofi ns eminat ion/s er vice
 Nat urali nsemi nat i
on
 Ar t
ificialins eminat ion

109
Whati
snaturali
nsemi
nati
on?
-
Thisi
sthetypeofins
eminati
onwher
eabul
ldeposi
tss
per
msi
ntot
hecow’
svagi
na.
Adi
agramshowingnatur
alins
emi
nati
oni
ncat
tle.

Adv ant agesofnat urali ns emi nat ion

 I tiseas yf orabul lt onot ices i
gnsofheati nacow.
 I tsav est imes incei ti sd onebyt hebul l.
 I tdoesnotbot heraf ar mert olookf orani ns emi nator.
Disad v antagesofnat ur ali ns emi nat i
on
 Smal lweakcowscanbei njur edbybi gbulls.
 I tisd ifficultt ocont r olher editaryd iseases .
 Al otofs permsar ewas tedononecow.
 I tisex pens ivet ot rans por tabul lifnotinpl ace.
 I nbr eed ingi sencour aged .
 Vener eald i
seas es( STDs )caneas i
lybes pr ead .
 Oncet hebul l dies ,s per msar eal sol ost.
Sy stems /met hod sofnat ur ali nsemi nat i
on
 Handmat i
ng  Pas t
ur emating
Whati shandmat i
ng?
-Thisi swher eabul l i
sk eptawayf romcowsandi tisonl ybr oughtwhent hecowi s
onheatandr ead yt obes er viced .
Whati spas tur emat ing?
-Thisi swher et hebul lroamsaboutwi thcowsal way ss ucht hatitbecomeseas y
fori tt onot icet hes ignsofheati ncows .
Artificialins emi nat i
on( A.I)
-Thisi swher eat rainedi ns emi nat orus esani nsemi natings yri
ngetod eposi
ts per
ms
i
nt ot hecow’ sv agina.
-Thisi st hei ntrod uct i
onofs emeni ntot hef emaler epr od uctivetractofacowby
artificialmeans .
-Thisi st hei ntrod uct i
onofs per msi ntot hecow’ sv aginabyt hehelpofat r
ained
veter inar yof ficer .
Ad iagr ams howi ngani ns emi nat orcar ryingoutar tificialinsemination

110
Advantagesofar ti
ficiali ns emi nat ion
 I tcont rolsthes preadofv ener eal d
iseases /STDs.
 I tcont rolsinbr eed ing.
 I ti
scheapert hanbuy ingandmai ntaini
ngabul l
.
 I tprev ent sinjur iesonweakands mallcows .
 I tpromot ess elect ivebr eed i
ng.
 I treducest hes pr eadofv enereal diseases.
 I tprev ent sunwant edpr egnanci es.
 I ti
seas yt od et ecti nf er ti
lityincows .
Dis
ad v
ant agesofar tificiali ns emi nati
on
 Somef ar mer sar enotabl et od etectheatper i
odincows .
 I trequi resat rainedandex periencedi nseminator.
 Tr ans por tati
onands tor ageofs permsmaybed iff
icult
.
 Ar tifi
ciali nsemi nat ionmaynotgi vegoody i
eldsifsemenfromapoorqual
it
y
bullisus ed.
 I tmus tonl ybeappl iedwhenacowi sonheatt oavoidwastage.
 Ani mal sar ed eni edt hei rnat urals exualrights.
 Ani nsemi nat ormaynotbeav ailablewhenr equir
ed.
Thefemal erepr oduct i
v es y stemofacow

111
Functionsofeachpar t
 Vul v a
-I
trecei v
esandgui dest hepeni si nside.
-I
talsod ischar gesur ine.
 Vagi na
-Thi
si swher es permsar ed epos i
tedbyt hepeni sduri
ngmat
ing.
-I
talsoact sasabi rthcanal .
 Ov i
d uct/fal
lopiant ube
-I
tiswher ef ertil
izati
onoccur s
.
-I
tiswher econcept i
ont ak espl ace.
 Ut er us/womb
-I
tiswher ei mplantati
ont akespl ace.
-I
tiswher et hef oetusd ev elopsf rom.
 Cer vix
-I
tclosest helowerendoft heut erusd uringpregnancy.
 Ov ar y
-I
tprod ucesov a.
-I
tprod ucesoes trogent hatcont rolthes exualcycl
e.
Ther eprod uctives ystemofabul l

F
unct i
onsofeachpar t
 Tes tes
-
Theypr od uces perms
-
Theypr od ucet estos t
eronewhi chincr easessexuald
esi
re
 Scr otum
-
Itprotect st het estesf romexternali njuries
-
Itregulat est emper aturearoundt het estes
 Epi didymis
-
Itstoress per mspr oducedbyt het est es
 Sper md ucts
-
Theycar rys per msf romt hetestes( epi di
dymis
)totheur
ethr
a
 Semi nalv esicle
-
Itproducess ement hroughwhichs per msmov e
 Ur et hra
-
Itcarriesbot hs per msandurinet ot hepeni s
 Peni s
-
Itdepos itss permsi nt hecow’sv agina
-
Itpassesoutur i
ne

112
  Sheat h
-
Itprotectsthepeni sminorinjuri
es.
Fert
il
izati
oni ncatt
le
-
F er
til
izat
ionisthef usi
on/ uni
onofmal eandfemalegamet
estofor
maz
ygot
e.
-
Thei mmed i
ateresultoffer t
il
izat
ionisformat
ionofazygote.
Whered oesf er
til
izati
oninacowt akeplace?
-
Inthef al
lopiantube/oviduct

Gest
ationper i
odincattl
e
-
Gestationperiodi
st heperi
odbetweenthetimeofconcepti
onandbi
rth.
-
Gestationperiodi
st heti
metakenfromthetimeoffert
il
izat
iont
obir
th.
-
Gestationperiodi
sal s
ocall
edperiodofpregnancy
.
Whatist hegestat
ionperi
odofacow?
-
9mont hs /
270d ays

Si
gnsofapr egnantcow
 Itd oesn’tgoonheat21d aysafterins
eminat
ion.
 Itsabd omengr owsbigger.
 Thecer vixclosesupduri
ngpregnancy.
 F oetalmov ementsareobserv
edf rom7monthsonwar d
s .
 Theud derincreasesi
ns i
zeandf i
ll
supwithmilkaf
tersamet
ime.
Adevel
opingfoet usintheuter
us

Functionsofeachpar t
 Pl acenta
-
Itsuppl iesoxy gent ot hef oetus .
-
Itsuppl iesnut rients(d i
ges t
edf ood )tothef oetus.
-
Itprev entsthemot her’sbloodf rommi xi
ngthebl oodoft hefoetus.
 Umbi li
calcor d
-
Itisapas sageoff oodf romt hepl acentatot hefoetus .
-
Itisapas sageofox ygent ot hef oetus.
-
Itcarr ieswas temat erial
sf romt hef oetus.
 Cer vix
-
Itclosest hel owerendoft heut erust opreventt hefoetusfromcomingoutbef
ore
therightt i
mef orcal ving.
 Amni oticf l
uid
-
Itactsasas hockabs or berf oranyex t
ernalpres sure.
-
Itprev entsfrict ionbet weent hef oetusandt hewal l
soft heuterus
.
-
Itprot ectsthef oetusf romex ter nalinj
uriesors hock .
 Amni on
-
Itisas acfork eepingt heamni ot i
cf l
uid.
Steamingupani ncalf
113
-
Steami
ngupi
stheactoff
eed
ingapr
egnantani
malonf
eed
sri
chi
npr
otei
ns.

Reas onswhys teami ngupi scar r i

edouti nani malhus band ry
 I tpr ev ent sl owbi rthwei ght
 I tenabl est hef oet ust ogr owheal thy
 I ti ncr eas esmi lkpr oduct ion
 I tl engt henst hel actationper iodi ncows
 I tbui ldsupt hecow’ sbod yinpr epar at i
onf orpar tur i
ti
on/calvi
ng
Whati sl act at i
onper i
od ?
-Thi
si st heper iodwhenacowgi v
esmi lkaf t ercalving.
Whati sd r yingof fper iod ?
-Thi
si saper iodwhenacows topspr od ucingmi lk
.
-Thi
si saper iodwhennomi l
kingi sd onei nacow.
-I
tisus ual l
y2mont hsbef oreacowcal ves .
Whati smi l
kl et down?
Thisi sapr act icewher ebyt hecowal l
owst hef l
owofmi l
kf romt heuddert
othe
teats.
Calving/ par tur iti
on
-Thi
si st heactofgi vingbi rt
ht oacal fbyacow.
Signsofcal v i
ng
 Thei ncal fi solat esi tself.
 Thei ncal fs topsgr azing.
 Thev ulv aenl ar gesandchangesandchangescol our .
 Ther ei smucusd ischar gef romt hev ulva.
 Thei ncal fbecomesr es t
les s.
 Theud d ergr eat lys wel l
s .
 Thet eat sopen.
Exercis e
1.Def inet hef ollowingt er msasus edi nl i
v es t
ockmanagement
a)f ar rowi ng c)k indling
b)l ambi ng d)k idding
2.St atet heges tationper i
odofeachoft hef oll
owi ngani malsbelow
a)goat s i) elephant
b)pi gs j) baboon
c)r abbi t s k)gor i
lla
d)s heep l) cheet ah
e)cows m)chi mpanz ee
f)bi tch n)l eopar d
g)man o)monk ey
h)r at
Colos trum
-Colos trumi st hef irstmi l
kpr od ucedbyacowaf t
ercal ving.
I
mpor tanceofcol os trumt oacal f
 I topenst hed iges t
ivet ractofacal f.
 I tcont ainsant ibod ieshenceboos t
ingt heimmuni tyofacal f
.
 I tpr ov ideshi ghqual i
typr oteinswhi chhel pi npropergr owthofacalf.
 I tpr ov idesabal ancedd i
ett ot hecal f .
 I tcont ainshi ghquant iti
esofv i
t aminA.
 I tcont ainscal ciumandphos phor ust hats trengthenbones .
Rout i
nepr act icescar riedoutonacat tlef ar m
 Dehor ning/ disbud di
ng  De- wor ming
 Cas tr ation  Number i
ng
114
  Spr ay ingandd i
pping  Hooft r
immi
ng
 F encing
Whatisd ehor ni ng/disbuddi
ng?
-
Thisisther emov alofhor nbudsf romacal ftopr ev
entgrowthofhorns.
Methodsus edi nd ehorning
 Us eofchemi cals  Us eofaspoondehor
ner
 Us eofr edhoti r
on
Reasonswhycat tlefarmerscar ryoutd ehorni
ng
 Itmak esani malshumbl eandeas yt ohandle
 Itcr eat ess paceinthek raalandinv ehi
clesduringtr
anspor
tati
on.
 Itpr ev ent sani malsfr
omhur t i
ngeachot her
 Ithel pst oens uregoodhi desf r
omani mals
 Manyani malscanbek eptonas mallpi
eceofl and

Disadvant agesofd ehor ning

 I tmayleadt os eriousbleeding
 I tcausesal otofpai n
Cas t
rat i
on
-Castrat i
onisther emov aloft hees senti
alsexualor
ganscal
ledt
est
esf
romamal
e
animal.
-Thi
sist heremov aloft estesfromamal eanimal
Whati st hemainai mofcas trati
oni nanimal
s?
 Tomak ethebul lunabletof erti
li
zetheov aofacow.
Method sofcas trati
on
 Opencas tration/openoper at i
onmethod
 Cl osedoper ationmet hod
 Us eofaloop/ elastratormet hod
Namet hef armtoolcommonl yus edinclosedcas t
rat
ionmet
hod
 Bur di
zzo
Ad i
agr ams howingabur di
zzo

Reasonswhyf armerscas trat

et heirani mals
 Cas t
ratedbullsgr owf atter.
 Cas t
rati
onhel pst opr eventi nbreeding.
 Cas t
rati
onpr event sunwant edpr egnanci
es.
 Cas t
ratedbullsar ehumbl eandeas ytohandle.
 Cas t
rati
oncont rolst hes preadofSTDsorv enerealdi
seas
es.
Disad
vantagesofcas tr
at ion
 Theanimalsmayl os ealotofbl oodandd ie.
 Thewoundmaybecomes epticandcaus eal otofpainorevend
eat
h.
 Animalsared eni
edt herightofs ex.
Hooftri
mming
-
Thisistheremov alofhoov esfromani mals.

115
-
Iti
sdoneusingahooftri
mmingkni
feorapairofshear
s.
Whydofarmerscar
ryouthooftri
mminginani
mals
?
-
Topreventt
heeasyspreadoffootrot
.

Toot hclipping
-I
tist heactofcut ti
ngoutt het eethofacalfinor d
ert opreventingt
hemfrom
hurtingthecowwhens uckling.
-I
ts houldbed onebyanex periencedv eter
inaryoffi
cer.
-Teethcut ter sar eus edi nt oothcl ippi
ng.
Fencing
-Fencingi samet hodofencl os i
ngcat t
leusi
ngd i
fferentmaterial
s.
Whati saf ence?
-Afencei sabar riert hatr es t
rictsanimalmovementont hefarm.
Exampl esofmat erialsus edi nf encing
 Pl ants  Chai nlink
s
 Wi renet s  Tr eatedpoles
 Bar dedwi r
es  St onewal ls
 Br icks  Gat es
Typesoff ences
 Nat uralf ences /livef ences
 Ar tificialfences / cons tr
uct edfences
Whatar enat uralorl i
v ef ences ?
-Thisisthet y peoff encewher epl antsareplant
edal ongmar ginofanareatobe
fenced .
I
llustrati
on.

Examplesofplantsus edi
nnaturalf
ences
 Bamboo  Conif
ers
 Thor nyplants  Cassi
a
 Si s
al
Whatar earti
fi
cialorconstr
uctedfences?
-Thi
sisat ypeoff encewherearti
fi
cialmat
eri
alsareusedtoencl
oseani
mal
s.
I
llus
trati
on

Ex
ampl
esofmateri
alsus
edi
nar
tif
ici
alf
ences
 Barbedwir
es  Chai
nli
nks
116
  Br ick s  Wirenet s
 Gat es  Stonewal l
s
 Tr eat edpol es
Adv
ant agesoff encing
 I tpr ev entsani malsf romd es tr
oy ingcr ops .
 I tpr ot ect sani malsf romt hi evesandpr ed ator
s.
 I tres trictsani mal mov ementandr educest hespreadofd i
seasesonthef
arm.
 I tmak esmanagementandpl anningeas ier.
 I tens ur espr operus eofpas tureont hef arm.
 I tmak escullingeas y.
 Ani mal scannotgetl os t
.
 I thel pst oenhancer ot ati
onalgr az i
ng.
 Nat ur alfencescont rolsoi leros i
on.
 Ther ei seas ycol l
ect i
onofmanur eont hef ar
m.
De-
wor mi ng
-
De-wor mi ngi sapr act iceofgi v
ingd rugst oani malstokillinter
nalparasi
tes
.
Met
hod sofd e-wormi ng
 Dr enchi ng
 Doz ing
Whatisd r enchi ng?
-
Thisist heactofgi v i
ngl i
qui dmed ici
net oanimal tokil
linternalparasi
tes
.
-
Ad renchi ngguni sus edd uringd renchi ng.
Adiagrams howad renchi nggun

Whatisd
ozi
ng?
-
Thisi
stheactofgi
vi
ngsol
idmed
ici
net
oanani
malt
oki
lli
nter
nalpar
asi
tes
.
-
Iti
sdoneusi
ngdozi
nggun.
I
ll
ustr
ati
on.

Whydof armerscar r
youtd e-
wormingofcat t
le?
 Tok il
lint er
nalparasit
esli
keli
v erflukes,hookworms,
tapewor msandr
ound
wor ms.
Spr
ayingandd ipping
-
Thisi
stheus eofacar i
cid
est ok
il
lect oparas i
tesonanimal
s.
Whatareacar icides?
-
Thesear eagr o-chemical
sus edt
ok i
llexternalparasi
tesonanimal
s’body.
117
Numberi
ng
-
Numberingi
stheactofputti
ngi
dent
ifi
cati
onmarksonanimals
.
Whydofarmerscar
ryoutnumber
ingoftheirani
mals
?
 F oreasyi
denti
fi
cat
ion
Waysofnumberi
ng
 Br andi
ng
-
Thisi
swhenahoti r
onmar k
edwit
has ymbolfori
denti
fi
cati
onisus
ed.

 Earnot
chi
ng
-
Thi
siswhent
heani
mal
’
seari
scutwi
thmar
ksatt
heed
ges
.

 Eart att
ooi ng
-
Thisisdonebymar ki
ngpermanentmarksupusi
ngplier
scarryingalet
terthatwi
ll
i
dentif
ytheani mal .
 Tailbobbi ng
-
Here,thelonghai ront heanimal
s’t
ail
s(swit
ch)i
st r
immed.
 Us eofnumberl aces
-
Thisisawood enori ronpi
eceofplatei
sputont heanimal
s’necks
.
 Eart agging
-
Tagshav i
ngnumber sar ef
ixedontheearsoftheanimalsusi
nganapplicat
or.
Adiagramshowi nganani malwithaneartag

Disadvantagesofnumberingincattle
 I tspoil
sthequali
tyoft hehides.
 Ani malsfeelal
otofpai n.
 Ani malsmayloseal otofblood.
Mil
king
-
Thisist hewayofobtainingmi l
kfromthecow’suddert
hrought
heteat
s.
-
Itisther emovalofmi
lkfromt hecow’sudderbysqueezi
ngthet
eat
s.
Methodsofmi l
king
118
  Handmi lk
ing
 Machi nemilk
ing
Whatishandmil
king?
-
Thisi
stheactofget t
ingmi
lkf
romacow’
sud
derus
inghand
s.
I
ll
ustr
ati
on

Advantagesofhandmi lki
ng
 I tischeaptomaintai
n.
 Thecow’ sudd
ercannotgetinjur i
es.
Di
sad vantagesofhandmi l
ki
ng
 I tcannotbeus edforcommercialpurpose.
 I tisti
mewas t
ing.
 I tcanonlybeappliedwhenaf ar merhasfewani
mals
.
Whatismachi nemil
king?
-
Thisist heactofobtaini
ngmilkfr
omt heudderofanani
malus
ingamachi
ne.
I
ll
ustration

Advantageofmachi nemi lki

ng
 I tsavestime
 Cl eanmi l
ki sobt ained .
 I tcanbeus edf orcommer cialpurpos e.
 I tcanbeappl iedev enwhenaf armerhasmanyani mals.
Dis
ad vantagesofmachi nemi lki
ng
 I tneedstr ainedper sonneltooper atethemachi ne.
 Themachi nei sex pens i
vet obuy .
 I tcancaus ei njuriest otheud derifthemachi neisfaulty.
Howt oobt ai
ncleanmi lkd uringmi l
k i
ng/proced uresofobtainingcl
eanmi
lk
 Pr eparet hemi l
kingpl aceandmak ei tfreefromd ust
.
 Was hallcont ainer stobeus edwhenmi lk
ing.
 Was htheud derwi t
hwar mwat er.
 Was hyourhand sbef oremi lking.
 F il
terthemi lkaf termi lki
ngt or emoveanyd ir
tandcov er.
Whys houldwewas hourhand sandcont ainersbef oremil
ki
ng?
 Topr eventcont aminat i
onofmi lk

119
Whati st
heimportanceofwas hi
ngtheudderofacowwi
thwar
mwat
erbef
ore
mil
king?
 Tos ti
mulatemilkletd
own.
Examplesofequipmentus edonad ai
ryfarm
 St r
ipcup
-Astri
pcupistod etectmas t
it
isdi
seaseinmil
k.
Ad i
agramshowingas t
ripcup

 L actometer
Alactometerisusedtodetectwhetherwat
erhasbeenad
dedtomi
lk.
I
tisalsous edtodetectwhetherfat
shavebeenremov
edfrommi
lk
.
Adiagrams howingalactometer

Productsf romcat tl
e
 Meat
-Meatisproces s edbys und rying,smok i
ng, salt
ingandr efriger
ation
-Meatfromcat tlei scalledbeef .
-I
tisav erygoods ourceofpr oteinfort hehumanbod yandotheranimal
s.
-Meatisprepar edbyr oas ti
ng, deepfrying, boi
li
ng, ands t
eaming.
 Hoov es
-Cattl
ehoov esar eus edint hemanuf actur i
ngofbut tonsandgl ue.
 Hor ns
-Hornscanbes hapedi ntod ecor at
ions.
-Theycanbecur v edint
oni cehand l
esf ork niv
es
-Theyar eals ous edinthemak i
ngofbut tonsandear r
ings.
 Hi des
-Cattl
ehi d
esar et hemaj ors ourceofl eat herus edinmak i
ngs hoes,
handbags
,sui
t
cases,jacket s,gl ovesandbal l
s.
-I
tisturnedi ntol eathert hroughapr oces scalledtanning.
Way soft reatinghi des
 Wetsal ting

120
  Sus
pensi
ond
ryi
ng

 Dungandur i
ne
-Theyar erichsourcesoff armyardmanur ewhichisgoodforimprov
ings oi
lfer
til
it
y.
-Cowd ungisal
sous edt oproducebiogas.
-Cowd ungisal
sous edasabui l
di
ngmat eri
alforconstr
ucti
onofhous es.
 Bones
-Thes eareusedinpr epari
ngofbonemeal aslives
tockfeedsbecausetheycontai
n
calcium.
-Calciumisgoodf orquickandhealthygr owthofanimal
sespecial
lybonesand
teeth.
 Mi l
k

-
Mil
kist
hechi
efpr
oductobt
ainedf
romd
air
ycat
tl
e.

Preserv at ionofmi l
k
-Thi
sist hewayofk eepingmi lkforal ongtimewi t houtgoingbad .
Namet hes cientistwhod i
s coveredthatbact eriat hatmak emi l
kt ogobad
 L oui sPas t eur
Methodsofpr eser vi
ngmi l
k
 Pas teur i
zat i
on  Ref r
igerati
on
 St er il
ization  Boi li
ng
Pasteur i
z at ion
-Thi
sisapr oces sofk i
lli
ngmi cro-organismsi nmilkbyheat i
ngatcont rol
led
temperat ur esandcool ingitr apid
ly.
-Heathel pst ok illmicro-organismswi thoutd estroy i
ngt henut r
ients.
-I
talsohel pst oincr easet hequal it
yofmi lk.
-I
tdoesnotcaus eanychangei nthetas t
eofmi lk.
-Thi
smet hodwasd is
cov eredbyL oui
sPas teur .
Steril
izat ion
-Thi
sisapr oces sofmak i
ngmi lkfreef r
ommi cro-organisms /
ger msbymax i
mum
boil
ingf ol lowedbycool ing, t
henput ti
ngi nst er
ilecont ainersands eal
ed
i
mmed iatel y .
-I
tprev ent sent ryofger msi ntomi l
k.

121
Refrigerat
ion
-Thi
si swheremilkiskeptinref
rigerat
orsatl
owert emperat
urestoabout4c.mi
Boil
ing
-Thi
si swhenmilkisheat edf
romt i
metotimetoki
llgermswhichenter
editwhen
cold.
-I
tist hecommonestmet hodofpreservi
ngmil
kinruralareas
.

Productsgotf rommi lk
 But ter  Chees e
 Yoghur t  Ghee
 I cecr eam  Powd eredmi l
k
 Whey  Cas ein
Way sofpr es erv i
ngmeat
 Ref r i
ger at ion  Boi li
ng
 Smok i
ng  Cani ng
 Sund r yi
ng  F reez ing
 Sal ting
Methodsofpr epar ingmeat
 Roas ting
 Deepf rying
 F rying
 Cook ing
Edibl
epr oduct sgotf romcat t
le
 Mi lk
 Meat
 Bl ood
Exercise
1.Whati smi lking?
2.Namet het womet hod sofmi l
king
3.Gi v eanyt woneces s ar yr equirement sd uringmi lking
4.Howi sas tr i
pcupus ef ult oad airyfarmer ?
5.St at et hei mpor tanceofal actomet ertoami l
kman
6.St at eanyf ourway sofpr es ervingmi l
k
7.I d ent i
fyanyt woact i
v iti
escar riedoutd ur i
ngmi l
k i
ngt oobtai
ncl
ean
milk
8.Whats houl dami lkmand obef or emi l
ki
ng?
9.Br i
ef lyd escr i
behowt heabov epr oductsofmi lkar eobtai
ned
10. Ment ionanyt woi ndicat or sofs poiltmil
k
Cattl
ehous ing
-L
ivestockneedt obek epti npr operhous es.Theyi nclud et hef oll
owing;
 Cat tles hed /kraal  As pr ayrace
 Cal fpens  Ad i
pt ank
 Zer ogr az inguni t
s  By re
 Mi lk
ingpar lour  F arms tores
Reasonswhyt hecat tl
es houldbek epti nt hehous es
 Topr ot ectt hemf romwi l
dani mal s.
 Topr ot ectt hemf romt hiev es .
 Topr ot ectt hemf rombadweat her .
 Topr ov id ear es t
inggr oundf ort heani mals.
 F oreas ys pray i
ngandd ippingoft heani mals.
As prayrace

122
-
As pr
ayraceisaconfi
nedspacei
nwhichcat
tl
earespr
ayed.
-
Thesprayisund
erpressur
eandisdel
iv
eredt
hroughaser
iesofpi
pes
.
I
ll
ustr
ati
on

Ad vantagesofus ingas prayrace

 Ther ei sles swastageofacar i
cides.
 Manyani mal scanbes prayedinas horttime.
 Ani mal sr eceivepropercov er
ageoft heacar ici
des.
 L es slabouri sneededtooperateas prayr ace.
Disad vantageofus ingas pr
ayr ace
 I ti
sex pens ivetoconstruct.
Dipsandd ipt ank s
-Ad iptankcons istsofanent rance,as wimbath, exi
strampandadrai
ningr
ace.
-I
tismad eofconcr ete.
-Animalsent ert hed i
pthroughanent ranceandt henmov etoafootbat
hcontai
ning
cleanwat er.
-Theani malss houldbepr operlysubmergedinas wimbath.
-Thef ootbat henabl esanimalstoovercomed iseaseslikef
ootrot
.
Ad iagramofad ipt ank

Advantagesofus i
ngad iptank
 I ti
sv eryus efulwhenaf armerhasl ar
geher dsofcatt
le,
sheepandgoat
s.
 L owl abouri sneed ed.
 Theacar i
cidescanbeus edagai
n.
 Ther ei spropercov erageofanimal swithacarici
des.
 Di psar echeapt oruni fcommunal l
yowned .
Di
sad v
ant agesofus i
ngad iptank
 Thei nit
ialcapit
alf ormak ingadiptankisqui t
ehigh.
 As kil
ledwor kerisneed edt odetectthestrengthoftheacari
cid
es.
Quali
tiesofagoodby re/kraal
 I tshouldbewel lventil
ated .
 Thef loorshouldbes lantingtoenableurinedrainouteasi
ly
.
 Thef loorshouldbemad eoutofconcr eteforeas ycl
eani
ng.
123
  I
tshoul
dbek
eptdryandcl
ean.
 I
tshoul
dber
oofedtoprot
ectani
mal
sfr
ombadweat
her
.

Feedingcattle
Reasonsf orfeed i
ngcat tl
e
 Toenabl eanimalsgr owwel l
.
 Toenabl eanimalspr oduceenoughmi lk
.
 Toenabl eanimalsgiv emoremeat .
 Toenabl eanimalsgetener gytomov e.
 F orbui l
dingthebod yandr epai
ringwor noutcel
ls.
Typesoff eedsf orcattle
Concent r
ates
-Thesearef eedsus ual
lyprepar edinfactor
ies.
Examplesofconcent r
ates
 Mai zebr and  Seedcak
es
 Oi lseeds  Legumeseed
s
Pasture
-Pastureisopengr asslandwher eanimalsgraze.
Typesofpas t
ur e
 Nat uralpas t
ur e
 Pr eparedpas ture

Whati
snaturalpast
ure?
-
Thisi
sgrassthatgrowsoni
tsownandcanbeeat
enbycat
tl
e

Examplesofnat uralpas
t ur
e
 Ki kuy ugr as
s  Nandigrass
 Al falfa  Rhodesgrass
 Gui neagr ass  Stargrass
 El ephantgr ass  Speargrass
Preparedpas ture
-Thesear ef eedsmad efromfod
dercropslik
e;
 Napi ergr ass  Sorghum
 Mai z es il
age  Sweetpotatoes
 Mi ll
et  Oats
Succulents
-Thesear ef eedswithhighmoist
urecontentandl
owfibrecontent.

Examplesofs uccul entfeed

s
 Bananapeel ings
 Mai zes talks
 Pot atov ines
Forages
-Theyincl
ud e;
 Dr ygr assorhay
 Dr ymai zes talks
 Pr eser v
edgr eenfod
der
s
Supplements
-Thesearead dedt oboos tt
henut
rit
iousv
alv
eofor
dinar
yfeed
s.
-Theyincl
ud e;
 Pr oteins

124
  Mi
neralsal
ts
 Vi
tamins

Additi
v es
-Animalfeed scanal sobeenr ichedbyad diti
vess uchasd r
ugsandf lav
ouraddedto
feed s
.
Whys houldanimalsbegi v ens alt?
 Tos ti
mulatemi lkpr oduct i
on.
 Tocont rolsomed iseas eslik
emi l
kf ever.
Stor i
ngofcat tlefeed s
-Thet wocommont ypesofs tor agefeedsf orcat tl
ear ehayands i
lage.
-Hayismad efromd rygr as ss uchasd i
sodium, Lucerne,Rhod egrassands t
argrass.
-Theyar ecutandd riedf orf utureus emos tl
yi ndrys easons.
-Hayisbal edands tor edind rypl acescalledbar ns
-I
ts houldbepr otectedf r omr ainasbal escangetwetandf eedsrot.
-Sil
agei splantmat erialsus edt omak eanimal feedswhent heys t
il
l havemois
turei
n
them.
-Cropss uitabl
ef ormak i
ngs i
lagear emaiz e,
s orghumandl egumes .
-Thesegr eenpar tsoft hepl ant sar echoppedi ntos mallpi
ecesandf edtoani
mals
Thed igesti
v esystemofacow

-
Cat tl
ear er umi nantani malshav i
ngfours t
omachchamber s,namel
y;
Rumen/ pouch
-
Itisthef irsts t
omachofar uminantanimalwher ef oodisf i
rstst
oredbef or
ebeing
sentbackt ot hemout hforr uminati
on.
Reticulum/ honeycomb
-
Itisthes econds tomach
-
Itiswher es tones ,stick
s,andunchewedgr assiss eparatedf r
omwel lchewedfood.
-
Bact eriaact sonf oodher e.
Omas um
-
Thisi st het hir ds t
omach
-
Itgr i
nd sgr as st omak ei
tfine
-
Itiswher eabs orptionofwat ertakesplace
Abomas ums /tr ues tomach
-
Thisi swher ed igestionbyenz ymest ak
espl ace.
Graz i
ngcat tle
Whati sgr az ing?
-
Gr azingi st hepr operus eofpas turebyanimal s
Systemsofgr az i
ng
-
Ther ear ethr ees ystemsofgr azingcatt
le,theseinclude;
 Zer ogr azing  Rot ationalgr
azing

125
  Her ding/f r
eer angegr az i
ng
Zerogr azings ys t
em
-Zerogr azingi sas ystemofgr az i
ngcat tl
ewher etheyar ekepti ndoors.
-Thi
sisas ys t
emwher et hef armer sk eepcat tleins tall
s,grasss helter
sandf eed
s
arebroughtt ot heani mal swi t
hi nthes t
alls.
-I
tiscommonl ypr acticedwher et her eiss hor tageofl andlikeinurbanar eas
.
Requirement sf orz erogr az ing
 Awel lcons truct eds had e  Awat ertrough
 Af eedt r ough  As t
ore
 Wor ker st ofeedt heani mal sandcl eant hes tall
s.
 Agar denwher ef od deri sgr own.
 Apl acef orcleani ngequi pment .
 Dr ainageway st or emov ewat erandd ungf romt hes tall
s.
 Chaf fcut t
erf orcut tingf odderi ntopi eces.
Advantagesofz erogr az ings ys tem
 I tiseas yt ocol lectmanur e.
 F eed sar enotwas ted .
 I tcont rolsthes pr eadofcat tlepes tsandd iseases.
 Ani mal sar epr ot ect edf rombadweat her .
 I tiseas yt os pots ickani mal s.
 I tiseas yt ocal cul at et heamountoff eed sus ed.
 Ther ei slessr iskofget tingd iseas es.
 Ani mal sar emor epr od uct ivebecaus et hereisnowas t
ageofener gy.
 Manyani mal scanbek epti nas mallarea.
Disadvantagesofz erogr az ing
 I tisex pens ivetos tar tandbuyf eedsf orani mals.
 I trequi resal otofl abour .
 Ani mal sd on’tgetphy sical ex ercisess incet heyar econf i
nedi noneplace.
Ad i
agrams howi ngz erogr az i
ng/ s t
al lgraz i
ng

Herd
ing/Freerangegrazi
ng
Whatisher d
ing?
-
Herdingisas ys
temwher eanimal
sarelef
ttolef
tf r
eelymov
eandgr
azeas
moni
toredbyaher dsman.
-
Iti
scommoni nrur
alareassincether
eisenoughland.
I
ll
ustrat
ion

126
Ad vantagesoff reer angegr az ing
 I tischeapwayoff eed ingcat tle.
 Ani mal sgetpl entyofphy si
cal exercisesast heymov ear
ound .
 I tdoesnotr equi ref enci ng.
 I tdoesnotr equi real otofl abour .
Disad vantagesoff eer angegr az ing
 Di s eas escaneas il
ys pr eadf romoneher dtoanot herastheymixup.
 Ani mal scanmov eas tr ayandd estroycr ops.
 I tcaneas ilyleadt oov er grazingd uet ounr estr i
ctedgrazi
ng.
 I tisawas t eofani mal s ’ener gyast heymov ef orlongdis
tanceslook
ingfor
pas tur eandwat er .
 I trequi r esabi ggerpi eceofl and.
 I tisd i
fficul ttocont roli nbr eeding.
 Ani mal scaneas ilygetl os tifnotwel lmoni t
or ed.
 Pas tur ei swas ted .
Rotat i
onalgr az ing
Whati sr ot ationalgr az ing?
-Rotationalgr az ingi samet hodwher eani malsgr azeononepor ti
onofpas t
ureata
time.
-Thisisas y stemi nwhi chani mal sar emov edf romonepl acetoanotherint
he
graz i
ngl and .
Method sofr otat ionalgr azing
-Therear et hreemet hod sofr ot ationalgr azingnamel y;
 Pad d ock i
ng/ Pad dockgr az i
ng
 St ri
pgr az ing
 Tet her i
ng
Pad dockgr azing
-Thisisamet hodofr otat i
onalgr azingwher eaf ar merd ivid
esgrazi
nglandint
o
port i
ons /sect ionscal l
edpad d ock sus i
ngf ences .
Ad iagrams howi ngpad dockgr az i
ngmet hod

127
Advantagesofpad dockgr az ing
 Pas tur ei sgi v ent imet ogr ow.
 Ti ckbor ned i
s eas esar econt rol led.
 Manur ei swel ldistribut edont hef arm.
 Pas tur ei snotwas ted( itens ur esmax imumus eofpas t
ure) .
 Ov er graz ingi scont rolled .
 I tcont rolss oiler os i
on.
 I ti seas yt oi solates ickani mal s .
 Ani mal sd onotd es troyf armer s’ crops .
 Ani mal scannoteas ilygetl os t.
 I tgi v esaf ar mert imet od oot heract iviti
es.
 I tl es sensl abourneed edt ol ookaf terani mals.
Di
sad v
ant agesofpad d ockgr az ing
 I tr equi resal ar
gepi eceofl and .
 I ti sex pens ivetof encet hepad d ock s.
 Ani mal smaynothav eenoughr oomf orphy si
calexerci
ses .
 Ani mal smaynotgetabal ancedd i
et.
 Bar bedwi rescaneas ilyteart heani mal s
’sk i
ns.
Ex
er ci
se
1.Ment iont het hr ees ys temsofk eepi ngcat tle
2.Whi chs ys temofgr az i
ngcat tl
ei scaus edbynomad icpastorali
sts ?
3.Gi vear eas onwhycat tl
ef armer si nt ownsmai nl
yus ezerogr azing
4.I d
ent ifyanyt woad v ant agesofz er ogr azing
5.St at eanyt hr eead vant agesofpad d ockgr azing
6.Howd oespad d ockgr az i
ngcont r olt ickbor ned i
seasesonacat tl
ef ar
m?
7.Whyi si td ifficul ttocont rold i
s eas ess preadi nfreerangegr azing?

Stri
pgr azi
ng
-Thi
si samet hodwher esmall
sectorscal
ledst
ripsar
ecr eatedtorest
rictani
mal
mov ement .
-Tempor aryfenceorelectr
icfencesareusedwhereelectri
cs hock
skeept he
animalsi naconf i
nedarea.
Ad i
agr ams howingstr
ipgrazi
ng

128
Ad v
ant agesofs tri
pgr azing
 Ther eisnowas tageofpas t ure.
 I tpr ev entsov ergr azing.
 Di seas esandpar as itesareeas i
lycont r
olled.
Disad vantagesofs tri
pgr az ing
 I tr equi resalotofl abourt omov et emporaryf ences.
 F ewani malscanbek eptatat i
me.
 I tr equi resmor ewat eringpoi ntsifmanyani mal sarek ept.
 I tisex pensivet os t
ar t
.
 I tr equi resalar gepi eceofl and.
Tether ing
-Tether ingisamet hodofgr azingwhi chi nvolvestyingani malsonpegsus i
ngropes
togr azei nal imitedar ea.
-Theani malseatgr assinar es tri
ctedar eawhos erad i
usi sthelengthoftheropes
.
-Oncet hegr assi sf i
nished ,theani mal ismov edtoanot herpl ace.
-Wat erisbr oughtt otheani mal si naf eed i
ngwat ercont ainerort heani
malisti
ed
nearawat ers our ce.
Ad iagrams howi ngat ether edani mal

Ad
vant
agesoftetheri
ng
 Itischeapandeas yt omaintai
n.
 Af armerchoos esthebes tpast
urefort
heani
mal
.
 Nof encingisrequired.
 Animalsgetabal ancedd i
et.
 Thereispr operdist
ributi
onofmanure.
 Thef armergetstimet orest.
 Animalscannoteas il
yd est
roycrops
.

Di
sad
vant
agesoftethering
 I
tencouragesov er gr
azi
ngwhi chcaus ess oilerosi
on.
 Fewanimalsarek ept.
 Ani
malscaneas ilybes t
r angledbyt heropes .
 Manyropesar eneed ed,
thusex pensiv
et ot hef ar
mer.
 Ani
malfeedingisonl yli
mi t
edt oareasar oundt hepeg.
 Ani
malsdonotgetphy sical exerci
ses.
 I
tistedi
oust otrans f
erani malsf r
omonepl acet oanot
herwhenpastur
e
i
sov eri
napar t
icularpl
ace.
 I
trequir
esmuchl abourt os upplywatert ot heanimal
s.
 Ani
malsareex pos edtosev eralriskssuchasbadweat her
,pred
ator
sand
thi
eves.

129
Cattl
epar as
itesandd iseases
Cattl
epar as
ites/cattlepest s
-Aparasit
eisanor gani smwhichd ependsonahos
tforf
oodands
helt
erwi
thout
kil
li
ngit.
Typesofcat t
lepar asites
 Ect opar asites
 End opar asites
Whatar eectopar asites?
-Thesearepar asi
test hatliveoutsidethebod
yofanani
mal(
ahost
).
Examplesofect opar as i
tes
 Tick s  Fl
eas
 Ts etsef l
ies  Li
ce
 Mi t
es
Diagramsofs omeect oparas i
tes

Howcanwecont rolectopar asit

esincattl
e?
 Bys prayingus ingacari
cides
.
 Byd i
ppingani malsindiptanks.
 Bypr acti
s i
ngr otati
onalgrazi
ngespeci
all
ypaddockgrazi
ng.
 Bus hcl earing,control
stsetsefl
ies.
 F encingthef ar m.
Whatar eendopar as i
tes?
-Theseareparas it
est hatl i
veinsi
dethebodyoftheanimal.
Examplesofend opar asites
 Tapewor ms  Roundwor ms
 Hookwor ms  Li
v erf
lukes
I
llust
rati
on

130
Note
-
Tapewormsfeedond igestedfood .
-
Hookwormss uckbl oodf romanani mal .
-
Liverf
luk
esli
v ei nthebi leductorl i
v er.
Howcanaf ar
mercont rolendopar as i
tesincat t
le?
 Byd e-wor mingani mals
 Des tructionofi nfectedmeatbybur ni
ng
 Keepi ngani malhous escleanbyus ings oap,wateranddisi
nfect
antsto
washt hef eed i
ngandmi lkingequipment .
Danger
sofpar asitestoani mals
 Theys uckbl oodf r
omani mal s
 Theyt r
ans mitd i
sease-caus inggermst oanimals
 Theycaus ed amagetot hes k i
noftheani malmak i
ngituncomfor
table.

Catt
ledi
seases
Fact
orsthatleadtocattl
ediseas es
 L ackofs omenutri
ent sinthefeeds(
poorf
eed
ing)
 F ail
uretoobservepr operhy gi
ene
 Phy s
icali
njur
ies
 I nf
ectionsbymicro-organisms

Si
gnsofsi
cknes si
ncatt
le
 Lossofappeti
te  Changei nbod
y
 Dullness temperatur
e
 Pas si
ngouturi
newi
th  Coughing
strangecol
our  Diff
icult
yinbreat
hing
 Diarrhea  Restl
essness

Gr oupsofcat tled i
s eases
-Ther earet hreegr oupsofcat t
ledi
seasesnamely;
 Vi raldis eases
 Bact er ialdiseas es
 Pr otoz oand is eases
Viralcat t
led i
s eases
Thes ear ecat tlediseas escaus edbyvir
us es.
Exampl esofv iralcat tl
ed i
seases
 Ri nderpes t
 F ootandmout hd i
seases
Rind erpest
-I
ti sav ir
alcat tl
ed i
s easewhi chisal
sos preadt
hroughbodycont
actwi
thinfect
ed
animal s.
Signsands ympt omsofRi nderpest
 Hi ghf ev er  Diar
rheawithbl
oodst
ains
131
  Nas ald is char ge  Tear soft heey es
 L ossofappet itet ogr az e  Sev er ed ull
nes s
 Sor esi nt hemout h
Cont rolofRi nd er pes t
 Byi s olat ionofi nfect edani mals
 Regul arv acci nat ion
 Sl aught eral linf ect edani mals
 Appl yquar ant ine
Whati squar ant i
nei nani malmanagement ?
-Thisist her es tr i
ct ionofani mal mov ementwhent hereisout breakofacont agi
ous
diseas e.
-Quar ant inei sal awt hatr es trictst hemov ementofani mal sandt heirprod
uctsin
cas eofanout br eakofacont agiousd i
seas e.
Footandmout hd iseas e
-I
tisacont agi ousv ir alcat t
led i
s eas e.
-I
tiss pr eadt hr ough;
 Shar ingf eed ingcont ai ner swi thinfectedanimal s
.
 Shar inggr az ingar easandwat ers ourceswi thinfect edanimals.
 Bod ycont actwi thi nf ect edani mals.
Signsands ympt omsoff ootandmout hd i
seas e
 Bl i
st ersont hemout hand hoov es
hoov es  Swol lenhoov es
 L amenes s  Dul lness
 L ossofappet itet ogr az e  Hi ght emper ature
 Wound sont het ongueand  Red uct i
oni nmi l
kproducti
on
Cont roloff ootandmout hd iseas e
 Byi s olat ingi nf ect edani mal s.
 Byv acci nat ingev er yaf t
ers ixmont hs.
 Byappl y ingquar ant inemet hod.
 Obs er vingpr operhy giene.
Bact eriald iseas es
-Thes ear ed i
s eas escaus edbybact eria.
Exampl esofbact er iald iseas esi ncat t
le
 Tuber cul os i
s  F ootr ot
 Bl ackquar ter  Cal fs cour
 Ant hr ax  Pneumoni a
 Mas tit
is  Br ucel l
os i
s
Mas ti
tis
-I
tisabact er iald i
s eas ewhi chaf fectsthecow’ sudder.
-I
tmai nl yspr ead st hr oughbod ycont actwi thinfectedani mals .
Signsands ympt omsofmas titis
 Mi l
kwi thbl oods tainsorpus
 Swol lenpai nf ulud derandt eats
 Thecowd oesnotal l
owmi lkingors uckl
ing
Cont rolofmas titis
 Ear lyt reat mentus ingant i
biot i
cs
 Al way sus eas t
r i
pcupwhenmi lk
ing
 Mi l
koutt het eat sandmas sagewi thhotwat er
 St rictcl eanl ines sandus eofd isi
nfectants
Ant hrax
-I
tisani nf ect iouscat tled iseas ecaus edbybact eriacalledbaci ll
ianthraci
s.

132
Howi
tiss
pr ead
 Throughbodycontactwit
hinfect
edani
mal
s.
 Throughcontami
natedfeeds
.

Signsands y mpt omsofant hrax

 Hi ghf ev erofov er40C
 L ossofappet itet ogr az e
 Dul lnes s
 Ex ces s i
v ebl ownups tomach
 Bl oods tai nedd ung
 Wat er ybl oodf rombod yopeni ngs
 Sud d end eat h
Cont r
olofant hr axi ncat tle
 Repor ts us pect edant hraxcas est ot hev eterinaryauthori
ti
esass
oonas
poss ible
 Separ atet hei nf ect edani mal s
 Vacci nat eani mal sy ear l
y
 Bur r yd eepl yt hed eadcar cas s
 Bur nt hecar cas sofani mal s
 Nev ert oucht hecar cassofani mal thatd iesofant hrax
Tuber culosis
-I
tisabact er ialcat tled iseas es preadi nthef ol
lowingway s;
 Thr oughbr eat hi ngi nai rcont ami natedwi tht uberculosi
sgerms
 Thr oughmi lkf romi nf ectedcowst ocal ves
Signsands y mpt omsoft uber culos i
s
 Chr oni ccough
 L ossofappet itet ogr az e
 L ossofwei ght
 Decr eas ei nmi l
kpr od uction
Pr eventionandcont r oloft uber cul os i
s
 Is ol
at ei nf ect edani mals
 Sl aught eri nf ect edani mal s
 Ear lyt reat mentus ingant ibiot i
csont heinfect edones
 Obs er vinggoodhy giene
Pneumoni a
-I
tisal soabact erialcat tled iseas e.
-I
tiss preadt hr oughcont ami nat edandl i
vingi nd i
rtypens .
Signsands y mpt omsofpneumoni a
 Di fficul tyi nbr eat hing
 Nas ald is char ge
 L ossofappet itet ogr az e
 Hi ghf ev er
 Coughi ng
Prevent i
onandcont rolofpneumoni a
 Keepi ngani mal si nwel lvent ilatedcl eanandd r ypens
 Tr eat ingani mal swi thant ibioticsi near lys t
ages
 Keepi ngani mal si nwar mpl aces
Brucel l
os i
s( cont agi ousabor ti
on)
-I
tisacont agi ousbact er iald is
eas e
-I
taf f
ect st hecow’ sr epr od uct i
ves ys tem.
Howi tiss pr eadi ncat t l
e
133
  Frominfect
edbull
sduringmati
ng
 Througheati
ngmateri
alscontami
natedwi
thd
ischar
gef
romi
nfect
edcat
tl
e
 Throughcontactwi
thinfect
edanimals

Signsands ympt omsofbr ucel l

os i
s
 Abor ti
onf ol lowedbybr owni shv aginal di
schar
ge
 Ret ent i
onoft hepl acent a
 Thecowmaynotappears ick
Preventi
onandcont rolofbr ucel l
os isincat tle
 Sl aught eral linf ect edani mal s
 Regul arv acci nat i
on
 Don’ tt ouchabor tedf oet uswi thbar ehand s
 Mi lkf romi nf ect edani malsmus tbeboi l
ed
Footrot
-
Itisabact erialcat t l
ed is eas ewhi chaf fectst hehoovesofcat
tl
e.
Signsands ympt omsoff ootr ot
 Ani mal sbecomel ame
 Swol l
enpai nf ulhoov es
 Hoov escont ai npusandhav ebads mell
Preventi
onandcont roloff ootr ot
 Us eoff ootbat hofcoppers ulphate
 Tr eatwi t hant ibiot icsear l
yenough
 Regul art rimmi ngofhoov es
 Is olatet hes ickani mal s
Blackquar ter
-
Itisanacut ei nf ect iouscat tl
ed i
s easecaus edbybacteri
a.
Signsands ympt omsofbl ackquar ter
 Hi ghf ev erands hiv ering
 Swol l
enandpai nf ulmus cles
 L amenes s
Preventi
onandcont rolofbl ackquar ter
 Vacci nat eev er yy ear
 Tr eatwi t hant ibiot icsear l
yenough
 Di spos eof ft hecar cas s
Contagi
ousBov inePl eur oPneumoni a(CBPP)
-
Itisacont agiousacut ecat t l
ed iseas ecaus edbybacteri
a.
Signsands ympt omsofCBPP
 Hi ght emper at ur e
 L os sofappet itet ogr az e
 Har dpai nf ulcoughi ng
 Rapi dbr eat hing
Preventi
onandcont rolofCBPPi ncat t
le
 Sl aught eral linf ect edcat t
le
 Appl yquar ant ine
 Regul arv acci nat i
on
 Is olationofi nf ect edcat tle
Calfscour
-
Itisabact eriald is eas et hataf fect scal ves
Signsands ympt omsofcal fs cour
 Di ar rheawi thy ellowf aeces
 Hi ght emper at ur e
134
  Gener albod yweak ness
Pr
event
ionandcont rolofcalfscour
 Mai nt
ainpr operhy gi
ene
 Isolateinfectedones
 Pr operv enti
lati
onofcalfpens
 Pr operfeed i
ng

Protozoand is eas es
-Thesearecat tl
ed iseas escaus edbypr otozoa.
Examplesofpr ot oz oand iseas esi ncat tl
e
 Nagana( Try panos omi asis )
 Hearwat er
 Redwat er
 Anapl as mos is
 Eas tCoas tF ev er
Nagana
-I
tisapr otoz oancat tled iseases pr eadbyt s
ets ef l
ies.
-I
tiscaus edbyt ry panos omepr ot oz oa
Signsands ympt omsofnagana
 Hi ghf ev er
 Dul lnes s
 Runni ngey eswhi chl ead st obl indness
 L os sofwei ght
 Anaemi a
 Swol lenl ymphnod es
 L os sofappet itet ogr aze
Preventi
onandcont rolofnaganai ncat tle
 Bys pr ay ingwi thi nsectici d est ok i
lladulttset sef
li
es
 Cl ear ingbus hes
 Us ingt set sef l
yt rapst ok illad ulttsetsef l
ies
EastCoas tF ev er( E.C.F)
-I
tisapr otoz oant i
ckbor ned i
s eas e.
-I
tisspreadt hr oughbi t
esbyi nf ect edbr owneart icks.
Signsands ympt omsofEas tCoas tF ever
 L os sofappet itet ogr aze
 Hi ghf ev er
 Di arrhea
 Nas al dis char ge
 L os sofwei ght
 Di fficul tyi nbr eat hing
 Swol lenl egsandl ymphgl and s
Preventi
onandcont rolofE. C.F
 Byd ippi ngcat tl
ei nd i
pt ank s .
 Bys pr ay ingus ingacar icid es .
 Bypr act icingpad dockgr az ing.
Heartwat er( Ri ck ettsiosis)
-I
tisat i
ckbor ned iseases preadt hr oughbi t
esofi nfect
edbrowneart
ick
s.
Signsands ympt omsofhear twat er
 Hi ghf ev er
 Dul lnes s
 Ani mal smov einci rcles
135
  Conv ulsi
ons
 Ani mal
splacet hei
rhead sagainsthardobject
s
Pr
event
ionandcont rolofheartwat er
 Dippinganimalsindiptanks
 Spr ayi
ngwi t
hacar i
cides
 Tr eatearl
ycas eswithtetracycl
ineanti
bioti
cs

Redwat er( Babes i

os is)
-
Itisatickbor ned i
s eas espr eadt hr oughbi tesofinfectedr edticks.
Signsands ympt omsofr edwat er
 F ev er  Redur i
ne
 Cons tipat i
on  Swol lenl y
mphgl ands
 Dul lnes s  Theani mallick
ss oi
l
 Yel lowmucusmembr anes
Preventi
onandcont rolofr edwat er
 Spr ay ingwi thacar i
ci des
 Di ppi ngani mal sind ipt ank s
Anaplasmos i
s( Galls i
cknes s)
-
Itisapr otoz oancat t
led i
seas etr ans mit
tedt hr
oughbl ueticks.
Signsands ympt omsofanapl as mos is
 Anaemi a
 Cons tipat i
on
 Bl oodi nur i
neandf aeces
 Temper atur emayf all
Preventi
onandcont rolofanapl as mos is
 Spr ay ingwi thacar i
ci des
 Di ppi ngani mal sind ipt ank s
 Tr eatear lywi t
ht etracy cline
Practi
cest hathar mcat tleandot herd omes ti
canimals
 Mak ingt hemwal klongd ist
ances .
 Br ut alwayofk il
li
ngt heani mal s.
 Bes tiality( humanbei ngshav es exualint
ercoursewi thcows )
.
 Cons tant lyhi tti
ngani malswhenbei ngus edforploughi ng.
 Ov er l
oad i
ngt heani mal sast heycar r
ygood stoandf ro.
 Pi erci ngt hemt ogetbl ood.
 Cat tlear eal way st r
ans por tedv erybad l
ybyov erl
oad ingthemi nasmall
meansoft r ans portt hatmayl eadtos uffocat
ion.
 Somef ar mer sdonotgi veenoughf eedstotheani malslead i
ngtostar
vation
andgr ad uald eath.
 Negl ect ingt heani mal swhent heyar es i
ck.
 Unheal thyhous ingf aci l
iti
es .
 Cas trat ionandd ehor ning.

Farmrecor d
s
-Thesearewr itt
eni nf
ormat i
ononv ari
ousacti
vit
iesonthefarm.
Typesoff armr ecords
 F eedingr ecord
s
-Theyshowt het ypeoff eedsbought,amountoffeedsgi
ventoanimal
s.
 Br eed i
ngr ecords/
Flockrecords
-Theyshowwhenmat ingtookplace,usi
ngarti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nati
onorcalvi
ng.
 Heal threcor ds
136
Theys howr ecordss uchast hedateofvaccinationandtr eatment.
 I nv entoryr ecords
-Theys howt heproper t
yoft hefarmere.g.l
ivestock,l
and, bui
ldi
ngs,f
arm
equipment ,etc.
 Pr oduct i
onr ecords
-Theys howy iel
dsi nthefarm,e.
g.amountofmi l
kproducedbyacow.
 Sal esandex pense/I
ncomeandex penditurerecords
-Thesecont aini
nf ormati
onons ales,
amountofmoneyus edinbuy i
ngfeed
s,
med i
cineandpay ingwor ker
s

I
mpor
tanceoffar
mrecords
 Theyenabl
efarmerstocal cul
atehisl os
sesandpr of
its.
 Theyenabl
efarmerstok nowt hesalesandex pense.
 Theyenabl
egovernmentt otaxthefar mf ai
rl
y.
 Theyenabl
efarmerstogetl oansfrombank s.
 Theyhelpi
nproperplanningforthef arm.
 Theyenabl
efarmerstomak edeci
si
onsont hefarm.
 Theyenabl
efarmerstok nowt hepas teventsortofoll
owthehi
stor
yoft
he
f
arm.

Requi rement sf orstartingal ivestockf ar m

 L and
-Landcanbeacqui redbybuy ingori nher it
ing.
 Capi tal
-Capitalrefer st othemoneyus edt os tartaf arm.
-Af armercangetcapi talbyget t
ingl oansf romabank .
-Capitalcanbeus edt opaywor k
er s,payut il
itybill
s,buyli
vestock,buymachines
andani malf eed s.
 L abour
-Labourmeansmanpower .
Typesofl abour
 Sk ill
edl abour
 Unsk i
ll
edl abour
-Skill
edlabouri sgotf romt rainedper sonnel whileunski
ll
edlabouri sgotfrom
thos ewhohav enotgonet hrought rainingpr oces sesbutcanpr ovi
des er
vices.
 Management
-Af armeri sabl etomanaget hef armbyhi ms elf/
her s
elf.
-He/ s
hemayempl oysomebod ywhoi smor ek nowledgeabl
einfar mmanagement
i
nor dert oplanandgui d ether estoft hewor kersonhowt ocar ryouttheirdut
iesi
n
amor eorgani zedwayt or aisepr ofi
tt ot hef arm.

Pr
obl
emsaffecti
ngcat tl
ek eepingi
nUganda
 Cli
maticchangese. g.d r
ought.
 Lackofenoughcapi tal.
 Lackofd r
ugsf ortheani mal
s.
 Lackofreli
ablemar k etfort
heani
malprod
uct
s.
 Animalpestsandd i
s eases.
 Lackofs k
il
ledlabourandmanagement .
 Shortageofland .
 Poorqualit
yani mal
s .

137
THEME:THEENVIRONMENT
TOPIC:RESOURCESINTHEENVI RONMENT
Whatisar es
ource?
-Aresourcei
ssomethi
ngthatmanus estosat
isf
yhisneeds
.
-Aresourcei
ssomethi
ngintheenvironmentt
hatmanusesforacer
tai
npur
pos
e.
Examplesofres
ourcesi
ntheenv i
ronment
 Plants  Ani
mals

 Wat er  F uels
 Soi l  Ai r/wind
 Mi nerals  Thes un
 Rock s
Typesofr esour cesint heenv ironment
-Ther
ear et wot ypesofr esourcesi ntheenv ironmentnamel y
;
 Renewabl eres ources
 Non- r
enewabl er esources
Whatar erenewabl eres ources?
-Thes
ear er esour ceswhi chcanbenat urall
yrepl acedwhenus edup.
Examplesofr̀ enewabl eresources
 Pl ants  Soi l
 Ani mals  Ai r/wind
 Wat er  Thes un
Plant
sasr esourcesi nt heenv i
ronment
Howar eplant sus efult omanasr esourcesi ntheenv ironment?
 Somepl ant spr ovidefoodt oman.
 Somepl ant spr ovideherbal medicinetoman.
 Pl antsar eas our ceofwoodf uele.g.charcoalandf i
rewood.
 Pl antspr ovidemanwi thox ygend uri
ngphot osynt hesis.
 Pl antspr ovidemanwi thtimberf ormak i
ngf urniture.
 Pl antspr ovider awmat erial
sf oragr o-
bas edind us t
riesli
kecot
ton,
tobacco,
sugarcanes ,teaands i
sal.

Ex
ampl
esofr es our
cesgotf r
omplant s
 Food  Oxygen
 Medicine  Pl
antfi
bre
 Woodf uel
Whyar
eplant scall
edres ources?
 Plantscanbeus edt osati
sfyman’sneeds
Whyar
eplant sregard
edasr enewableresour
ces?
 Plantscanbenat urall
yreplacedwhenusedup

Howcanpl
antsberepl
acedwhenusedup?
 Bypracti
cingaf
fores
tat
ion

138
  Bypr act icingr e-af for es tat ion
 Bypr act icingagr of or es t ry
Animal sasr es our ces
Whyar eanimal scal ledr es our ces ?
 Ani malscanbeus edt os at isfyman’ sneed s.
Howar eanimal sasr es our cesus efuli nt heenv i
ronment ?
 Ani malspr ov id ef oodt omane. g.mi lk,eggs ,meatandhoney .
 Ani malsar eus edf ort rans por te.g.ox en, donk ey,camelandhor ses.
 Ani malspr ov id emanwi thl aboure. g.ox enar eus edf orploughing.
 Ani mald ungi sus edasmanur e.
 Ani malwas tesar eus edi nt hemak ingofbi ogas .
 Ani malspr ov id es kinsandhi desus edf ormak ingl eatheri t
ems .
 Ani malspr ov id eani malf ibr ee.g.s i
lk ,mohai randwool .
 Ani malsar eus edf orpr ot ect i
one. g.d ogs .
Exampl esofr es our cesgotf romani mals
 F ood  Manur e
 L abour  Tr ans port
 Ani malf i
br e
Whyar eanimal sr egar dedasr enewabl er es our ces?
-Animal scanbenat ur allyr epl acedwhenus edup
Howcanani mal sber epl acedwhenus edup?
 Thr oughr epr od uct ionandgr owt h
Wat erasar es our ce
Whyi swat err egar d edasar es our ce?
-Wat ercanbeus edt os at i
s f
yman’ sneed s
Usesofwat erasar es our cei nt heenv ironment
 F astflowi ngwat eri sus edt ogener atehy droel ect r
icity
 Wat eri sus edf ori r ri
gat ion
 Wat eri sus edi ni nd ustr iest ocoolmachi nes
 Wat eri sus edf ord omes ticpur pos esl ikewas hing, dri
nking,cookingand
bathi
ng
Whyi swat err egar d edasar enewabl er es our ce?
-Wat ercanbenat ur al lyr eplacedwhenus edupt hroughar aincy cl
e.
Thes unasar es our ce
Whyi st hesunr egar d edasar es our cei nt heenv i
ronment ?
-Thes uncanbeus edt os at i
s fyman’ sneed s
Usesoft hes unasar es our cei nt heenv ironment
 Thes unpr ov i
d ess unlightneed edd ur i
ngphot os y
nt hesis
 Thes un’sheathel pst opr es erv ef ood s tuffs
 Thes un’sheathel pst od ryourcl ot heswhenwas hed
 Thes un’sheathel psi nr ai nf ormat ion
 Thes unhel psi npr od uct ionofs ol arel ectricity
 Thes unpr ov i
d esl ightt hatenabl esmant os ee
 Thes un’sheatenabl esourbod iest omak ev i
taminD
Air/wi ndasar es our ce
-Airisami xt
ur eofgas esi nt heat mos pher e.
-Windi smov ingai r/ airi nmot ion.

 Howiswindusef
ulasaresour
ceintheenv
ironment
?
Windi
susedinwinnowi
ng.
 Windhel
psinpol
li
nati
onofman’
scrops.

139
  Windhelpsinseeddi
spersal
.
 Windhelpsindryi
ngourclothes
.
 Windhelpsinsai
li
ngdhows .
 Windhelpstomovekit
es,paperplanes,
airbubbl
es,boatr
aci
ngand
parachutegames.
 Windisusedtorunwindmil
lstogenerat
eelectri
cit
y.

Ad
iagr
ams
howi
ngawi
ndmi
ll

Usesofai rint heenv ironment

 Ox y geni sus edf orr es pirationi nal lli
vingthings.
 Ox y genal sos uppor tsbur ni ngandhel pss eedst ogerminat
e.
 Car bond ioxidei sus edt opr es er ves oftd ri
nks.
 Car bond i
ox idei sus edi nex tingui shingf i
re.
 Ar gonandni trogenar eus edi nel ectri
cbul bs.
Component sofai r
Nitr
ogen
-I
toccupi est hel arges tper cent ageof( 78%) .
-I
tisus edi nel ect ri
cbul bs.
-I
tisad dedt ot hes oilt oi mprov eoni t
sf erti
li
ty.
Oxygen
-I
toccupi es20% oft heat mos pher e.
-I
tisus edf orr es pirat ion.
-I
thel psins eedger minat i
on.
-I
tisus edi nbur ning.
Namet hepr oces sest hatneedox ygent ooccur
 Ger minat ion  Bur ni
ng/combus
tion
 Res pi r
at ion  Rus ti
ng
Namet henat ur alpr oces sthatad d sox ygeni nt heatmos phere
 Phot osy nthes is
Howd oesphot os ynt hes i
sad dox ygent ot heenv i
ronment ?
 Ox y geni sgi venoutasabi -
pr od uctd uringphot osynthesi
s.
Carbond i
ox ide
-I
toccupi est hel eastper centage( 0. 003%) .
-I
tisus edi nex tingui shi ngf ire.
-I
tisus edi npr es erv ationofs of td rink sandt i
nnedf oods .
-I
tus edasar awmat er ialbypl ant st omak es tarch.
Whyi scar bond i
ox i
d eus edi nf ireex tingui shers?
-Carbond iox i
d es topsf ir efrombur ning.
-I
tdoesnots uppor tbur ning.
140
Whyi scar bond i
ox ideus edi npr es erv ationofs oftd r
inks?
-I
td oes n’ tal lowmul tipli
cat i
on/ br eed ingofger ms
Namet hepr oces swhi chad dcar bond iox idetot heenv ir
onment
 Res pir ation  Bur ning/ combustion
 Rus ting
Whi chpr oces si nt heenv ironmentr ed ucescar bond i
ox i
dei ntheenv i
r onment?
 Phot os ynthes i
s
Exampl esofr aregas es
 Xenon  Hel i
um
 Ar gon  Kr ypton
 Neon  Hy drogen
Howi sar gongasus efult oman?
-I
tisus edi nel ect ri
cbul bs .
Soilasar es our ce
Whati ss oil?
-Soilist het opl ay eroft heear th’ss ur face.
Whyi ss oilr egar dedasar enewabl er es ource?
-Soilcanber epl acednat ur allywhenus edup.
Namet wopr oces sbywhi chs oi lcanr epl acedwhenus edup.
 Weat her ingofr ock s.
 Decompos i
tionofor gani cmat t er .
Usesofs oilasar es our cei nt heenv ironment
 Soi li sus edf ormak i
ngbr i
ck s.
 Soi li sus edf orpot tery.
 Soi li sus edf orbui l
d i
nghous es .
 Sands oilisus edf ormak inggl as s es.
 Soi li sus edf ormak i
ngt i
les ,cups , pl
ates .
 Soi li sus edi ncr opgr owi ng.
 Sands oilisus edf orex tinguis hingpet rolfire.
 Sands oilcanbes oldf ormoney
 Sands oilisus edf orwas hings aucepansathome.
Non-r enewabl er es our ces
-Non-r enewabl er es our cesar er esour cest hatcannotbenat ural
lyreplacedwhen
usedup/ ex haus ted.
Exampl esofnon-r enewabl er es ourcesi ntheenv i
ronment
 Mi ner al s  Nat ur algas
 Rock s  Sand
 Coal  Cl ay
 Pet r oleum
Miner alsasr es our cesi nt heenv ironment
-Ami ner alisani nor ganicchemi calcompoundf oundund ergr oundinfor mofcryst
als
.
Ex ampl esofmi ner al s
 Gol d  Al uminium
 Copper  Ur anium
 Di amond  Si l
ver
 Sod aas h  Phos phat es
 Ti n  L i
mes tone, etc.
Whyar emi ner alscal l
edr es our ces ?
-Miner alscanbeus edt os atisfyman’ sneed s.
Whyar emi ner alsr egar d edasnon-r enewabl er esources?
-Miner alscannotbenat ur allyr epl acedwhenus edup.

141
Thet ablebelows
howssomemi ner alsandt heirus es
Mineral Us
e
I
ron  Mak i
ngax es , hoes ,nails,ironbar s ,spar epartsofmot or
vehi cles ,et c.
Gold  Mak i
ngear r ings ,watches ,neck laces ,trophies,etc.
Copper  Mak i
ngel ect ricalwi res,bul lets,fr eezer s,
refrigerator
s,
coi ns,et c.
Aluminium  Mak i
ngt ins , aer opl
anebod ies ,s
par epar tsofmot or
vehi cles ,roof ings heets, saucepans ,
k ett
les,etc.
Wolfram  Tungs tenmet al isext r
act edf r
omi t.Tungs tenisus edto
mak efilament sofel ectricbul bs
Mercur y  Us edi nt her momet er sast emper at urei ndi
cator .
 Itisal sous edt omak es omei nsect i
cidesandmat eri
als
us edt of illd ent alcar i
es.
Tin  Us edt omak ef oodcans ,pipes ,et c.
Lead  Us edt omak eaccumul ator s,batt er i
es,wat erand
sewagepi pes .
Uranium  Us edt opr od uceheatener gywhi chi schangedi nto
elect ri
ci ty.
Sodium  Us edt opr od ucecommons alt.
Diamond  Us edi ncut tingofgl assandd r
il
lingofr ock s.
Asbes tos  Us edi nt hemak i
ngofr oof i
ngs heet s/tiles.
Phos phates  Us edi nt hemak i
ngoff ertili
z ers.

Rocksasr es our cesi ntheenv ironment

Whatisar ock ?
-Arocki sahar dsubs tancewhi chi sf ormedont heearth’
ssurface.
-Anorei sar ockcont ainingmi ner als.
Whatisgeol ogy ?
-Geol
ogyi st hes cient i
fics tud yaboutr ocks .
Whoi sageol ogist?
-Ageologis tisaper s onwhos tudiesaboutr ocks.
Whyar er ock scal ledr esour ces ?
-Rockscanbeus edt os atisfyman’ sneed s
Givear eas onwhyr ocksar ecl ass i
fiedasnon-r enewabl
eresources
-Rockscannotbenat urall
yr epl acedwhenex haus t
ed.
Howar er ock sus efulasr esour cesi ntheenv i
ronment?
 Theypr ov i
der awmat erialsf ormak ingcement
 Theyar eus edf orcons tructionofhous esandr oads
 Theyar eus edf ors cient i
ficr esearch
 Theyar eas ourceoft our i
s tattraction
 Theyar eweat heredt of orms oil
Typesofr ock s
-Ther
ear et hr eetypesofr ock snamel y;
 I gneousr ocks  Met amorphi
cr ock
s
142
  Sed iment aryr ock s
I
gneousr ock s
-Thes ear er ock sf ormedwhenmagmapour sout s
idet heear thasl ava.
-Theyar ei mper v i
ousbecaus et heyd on’tallowwat ert opas sthrought hem.
Exampl esofi gneousr ock s
 Bas alt  F elds par
 Gr ani te  Quar tz
 Obs idian  Ves icular
 Pumi ce
Sed iment ar yr ock s
-Thes ear er ock sf ormedf rombr ok enpar ticlesofs and, clayandmud ,sett
li
ngin
differentl ay er scal l
eds trataund erwat erins eas,l
ak esandr i
verd el
tas.
-Sed i
ment aryr ock sar es oftandpor ous .
Exampl esofs ed iment aryr ock s
 Sand yr ock s  Mi ner alore
 Cl ay  Sand stone
 Shal e  Mud stones
 L imes tone  Congl omerate
 F lint
Met amor phi cr ock s
-Thes ear eei theri gneousors ed iment aryr ock sthathav ebeenchangedd uetoheat
andpr es s ureov ert ime.
Exampl esofmet amor phicr ocks
 Mar ble  Sl ate
 Gr aphi te  Gnei s s
 Quar tzite  Schi st
Fos sil
-Fos si
lsar er emai nsofd eadpl ant sandani mal swhichwer ebur iedmill
ionsofyear
s
agoi nt heear th’ scr us t
.
Gr oupsoff os sils
-Fos si
lsf romani mals
-Fos si
lsf rompl ant s
Us esoff os sils
 Theycont ainv aluabl emi ner als
 Theyt el laboutt heear th’shi story
 Geol ogi s tsus ef os silstod et erminet heageofapl ace
 Theyenabl egeol ogistst ot ellthes peci esofani mal sandpl antsthatl
iv
ed
manyy ear sago
 F os silshel pust ohowl andl ook edbef ore
Fuel s
-Af ueli sany thi ngt hatcanbebur ntt opr od uceheatener gy .
Exampl esoff uel s
 Char coal  Oi l
 F ir ewood  Coal
Whatt y peofel ect ri
ci t
yi sf ormedwhencoali sbur nt?
-Ther malel ect ricity
Nameanyt hr eeex ampl esoff uelsus edi ny ours chool .
 F ir ewood  Ker os ene/paraffi
n
 Char coal
Namet hepr od uct sgotf romcr udeoi l.
 Ker os ene  Di es el

143
  Pet rol  Gr ease
 Tar
Not e:
-Thes epr oduct sar egotf r
omcr udeoilinar efinerythroughd i
fferentst
agesof
fract ionald istill
ation.
Fos s i
lf uels
-Fos silf uelsar ef uelsthatwer efor medf romd eadpl antsandani mal
sthatwere
bur iedund ergr oundmi ll
iony earsago.
Nameanyt woex amplesoff oss i
lfuels
 Coal  Cr udeoi l
 Pet rol
eum  Nat uralgas
-Pet roleumwasf ormedf romani malremai nsbur i
edmi l
li
ony ear sagowhilecoalwas
for medf rompl antr emainsbur iedmi l
li
ony earsago.
Us esoff ossilf uels
 Theyar eus edforl i
ghtinge. g.ink erosenel amps ,pressurelampsandlantern
lamps
 Theyar eus edins tovesandgener atorst oproduceheatener gy.
 Theyar eus edtor unpowers aws ,lawnmower s, waterpumpsandv ehi
cles.
Alloy s
Whati sanal loy ?
-Anal l
oyi sami xt
ur eoft woormor emet als.
Reas onsf ormak i
ngal l
oy s
 Tomak emet alshar der.
 Tol owert hemel tingpointofmet al s.
 Toi ncr eas eelectricresis t
anceofmet als.
 Tomak emet alsres i
stantt ocor ros i
on( wearandt ear )
.
Exampl esofal loy s
Anal loy Combi nati
on
Br as s Copperandz inc
Br onz e Copper ,zi
ncandt in
Sol der Leadandt in
St eel Carbonandi ron
St ainles ss t
eel Chromi umands teel
Cobal ts teel Cobaltands teel
Dent i
s tamal gam Mercur y,
goldandcopper
Manganes est eel Manganes eands teel
Ni ckels t
eel Nickelands teel
Gol d Goldandcopper
Gold,copperandmer cury

Fibr
e
Whatisaf ibr e?
-Afibr
ei samas soft hread-l
ikes t
ruct
uregotfromplantsandanimal
s.
Typesoff ibr e
 Nat ur alf i
brel i
keplantf i
breandanimalfibr
e
 Ar tificial /
synthet i
cfibre
Whatar enat ur efibres?
-Natur
ef ibr esar etypesoff ibresgotfromplantandanimalt
issues.
Whatispl antf ibre?
-Thi
sisfibr egotd i
rectl
yf rompl antti
ssues
.
Examplesofpl antf i
bre
 Cot ton  Sisal
144
  Jute  Bananaf i
bres
 Papyrus  Linen
 Palmleaves
Whatisani
malf ibre?
-Thi
sisfi
bregotf romanimalti
ssues.
Exampl
esofani malfibr
e
 Wool  Hides
 Fur/mohai r  Sk i
ns
 Sil
k
Whatisart
ifi
cialfibr
e?
-Thi
sisfi
bregotf romplantandanimalmat
eri
alsaf
terbeingproces
sedar
tif
ici
all
y.

Examplesofar ti
fici
alf
ibre
 Ny lon  Teryl
ene
 Ray on  Poly
ester
 Or lan  Sil
k
 Acr il
on  Cashmil
on
Mater
ialsmad efromnylon
 Ropes  Mosqui
tonet
s
 F is
hingnet s  Clot
hes
Usesoff i
brei ntheenvir
onment
 I ti
sus edformak i
ngropes .
 I ti
sus edformak i
ngfi
s hingnet
s.
 I ti
sus edformak i
ngmos quit
onets
.
 I ti
sus edformak i
ngclothes.

Harves t
ingresour
cesfr
omtheenvi
ronment
Resources Howtheyar ehar vested
Mineral
s  Heav ymachi ner yisus edtoex tractt hem
fromt hegr ound .
Rainwat er  Tank sandd rumsar eus edt ocol l
ectwat er
fromr oof sofhous es .
 F armer sd i
gpitsi nt hegar dentot rapr un
offwat er .
Groundwat er  Bor ehol esareus edt opumpwat erf rom
under gr ound.
 F etchingwat erf romwel l,
wi t
hcont ainers
li
kej errycans , buck ets ,etc.
Pl
ants  F ell
ingt reeswi thax es .
 Upr oot ingandd iggingt uber sf roms oil.
 Pr act i
cingpol larding, coppi ci
ngand
lopping.
 Har v es ti
ngwi thk niv es,pangas , power
saws
Fi
s h  Us ingf is hi
ngnet s,hook s ,
bas ket s,etc.
Wildbirds  Tr appi ngandhunt i
ng.
Soil(cl
ay ,
sandandmar
rum)  Di ggingi toutwi thhoesands pad es .
Salt  Scoopi ngi toutofl ak eswi ths pad es .
 Br eak ingr ocks altwi t
hpi ckax es .

Cons
erv
ati
onofr
esour
ces
145
Whati
scons er
v at
ion?
-
Conser
v at
ionistheprotect
ionandpres
ervati
onofr esourcesintheenvi
ronment
.
Whati
sthemai nreasonforconserv
ingres
our cesintheenvir
onment?
-
Topreventext
inctionofres
ourcesORt okeepr es
ourcesforfutureuse.

Namesomer es our cesi nt heenv i

ronmentt hats houl dbecons erv ed
 Ani mal s  Soi l
 Wat er  Rock s
 Pl ant s/ for es ts  Mi nerals
Whyisitneces sar yt ocons er v ewi l
dlife?
 Someani mal sandpl ant spr ovidef oodt oman
 Pl ant sbal ancet heamountofcar bond i
ox i
d eandni trogeni nthe
env ironment
 Wi ld l
ifeat tr act st our is ts
 Tr eeshel pi nr ai nf or mat i
on
 Pl ant spr ov id ewoodf uel , ti
mberandpol est oman
 F or est sact sashabi tat sofani mal s
 Someani mal sandpl ant sar ev aluedf orcul tur al heri
tagebys omecountries
,
tri
besandcl ans
Waysofcons erv ingwi ldli
f e
 Bycar i
ngf orani mal si ngamear k
sandr es erv es
 Bybanni ngt hehunt ingofend anger edani mal sl i
k erhinosandel ephants
 Thr oughcont rol l
edf ishi ngt ocons ervef ish
 Bybr eed ingr ar eani mal si nwi ldli
feed ucat ionalcent r
esandl atergame
par ks
Howtocons er veani mal s
 Av oidingov er st ock ing.
 Pr ov idinggoodpas tureandwat ertoani mal s.
 Av oidingov er -fis hing.
 Guar dingagai ns tpoachi ng.
 Vacci nat ingani mal s.
 Cont r olli
ngpar as itesl ik et i
cks, tsetseflies ,mitesandwor ms .
Howtocons er vepl ant s
 Cont r olledhar v es ti
ng.
 Repl aci nghar v es tedpl ant sthr oughaf f
or es tationandr e-afforestati
on.
 Us ingheatener gys av ingequi pmentf orheat i
ngorcook ing.
 Us ingel ect r icityandbi ogasf orcook i
ng, heat ing, l
ightingins t
eadofwood
fuel .
Howtocons er vewat er
 Pr ot ect ionofwet l
and s / swamps .
 Pl ant ingt rees .
 Pr ot ect ingwel lsands pr ings.
 Av oidr el eas ingi nd us trial was tesi nwat erbod ies .
Howtocons er ves oi l
 Pr act icingmul chi ng
 Cont r olledbur ni ng
 Pr act icingcr opr otation
 Pr act icingbus hf allowi ng
 Appl yingmanur e
 Thr oughcont rol l
edgr az i
ngands tockingofani mal s
 Pr act icings tripcr oppi ng, contourpl oughi ngandt erracingonhi ll
yareas
146
  Av
oid
ingov
ercul
ti
vat
ionandd
efor
est
ati
on

Howt ocons er v enon- renewabl eres our cesl ik emi ner als,fos s ilfuel sandr ocks
 Byus i
ngot heral t
er nat i
ves our cesofener gye. g.bi ogas ,s olarener gyand
hy dro-el ect ricity.
 Byappl yingener gys av i
ngt echnol ogye. g.us eofchar coals av ings t
ov es
.
 Bymi xingmet alst of ormal loyshel pst ocont rol miner alex haus ti
on.
 Bypai nt ingmet al st oav oidr usting.
 Byr ecy cl i
ngmet als car ps,gar bageandpl as ticmat er i
al si ns teadofus ing
newones .
 Al lpet roleumpr od uct ss houldbeus edwi selyands par inglyt opr ev entov er
ex ploitat i
on.
 Byus i
ngr enewabl er es ourcest opr ovid eheatandl i
ghti ns teadofnon-
renewabl er es our ces .
The5Rsi nr es our cecons er vat i
on
 Recy cli
ngwas tes
-Met alwas tes ,gar bageandpl asti
cmat er ials( non-bi od egr adabl emat er i
als)canbe
recy cledi nt onewmat er i
alst os atisfyman’ sneed s.
 Red uct ion
-Us eofpl as ti
csi npl aceofmet alsi nthemanuf act ur eofr adios ,telev isionsandcar
par ts,cut sd ownont heamountofmet alcons umpt ion.
 Rej ect i
onorr ef us ing
-Theus eofmat er i
alswhi char ed i
f fi
cultt od i
s pos eofegpol yt henebagsand
plas ti
cs
 Ret ur n
-Thisi nv olvesr etur ningbot tl
esandcont ainer st ot hemanuf act ur ersegbot tl
esof
sod aandbeer .
 Re- us i
ng
-Somer es i
duesf rompl antmat eri
alandani mal was t escanbeex ploi tedas
res our cest opr ovidef uel, l
ightandheatener gy .
-Sugarcaner es idues ,cowd ungands ewages lud gecanbeus edt opr oduce
met hanegast hati sus edf orcook ingandheat i
nghous es ,whi let hei rr emai nsar e
us edasmanur e.
Exer cise
1.St ateanyt hr eenon-l iv i
ngt hingsus edasr es ourcesi nourenv ir onment
2.Howi st hes unus ef ulint heenv ironment ?
3.Gi veanyf ourus esofwat eri nourenv ironment
4.St atet wous esofwi ndi ntheenv ironment
5.Gi vet woex ampl esofpl antf ibre
6.Ment i
onanyt woex ampl esofs ynt het icf ibre
7.Ment i
onanyt wor es our cesgotf r ombees
8.Whati st hed iff erencebet weenr enewabl eandnon- renewabl er es ources?
9.Gi vet woway si nwhi chwecancar ef orani mal s.
10. Howd oest heus eofhy dro-el ect ricityandbi ogascons erv ef or es ts
?
11. Namet heani malf ibr egotf rommer inos heep.

147
THEME:THEHUMANBODY
TOPI C: THERESPI RATORYSYSTEM
Whati sr es pir at ion?
-Res pi rat i
oni st hepr oces sbywhi chox ygenbur nsfoodinthebod ytoproduce
ener gy .
-Res pi rat i
oni sachemi calpr oces si nwhi chabs orbedfoodandox ygeninthebody
cellsr eactt opr od uceener gy.
-Ox ygen+gl ucos e=heatener gy+car bond i
oxi
de+wat erv apour
Typesofr espi r at ion
 Aer obi cr es pirati
on
 Anaer obi cr espiration
Rawmat erialsf orr espirati
on
 Ox ygen
 F ood / car bohy drates
By -pr od uct sofr es pirati
on
 Car bond i
ox ide
 Wat erv apour
Namet hemai npr od uctofr espi ration
-Ener gy
Howi sr es pir at i
oni mpor tanti nt hebod y
?
 I thel pst hebod ytopr od uceener gy
 I thel pst hebod ytoex cr etecar bond ioxi
deandwat erv apour
Howd opl ant sbenef i
tf r
omr es pirat ion?
-Plant sgetcar bond i
oxidef orphot os y
nt hesis
Wher ei nt hebod yd oesr es pi
r at i
ont akepl ace?
-I
nt hebod ycel ls .

Ad
iagr
ams
howi
ngpar
tsoft
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
em

Funct
ionsofeachpartoftherespirator
ys y
stem
Nose
-
Thenos ehasti
nyhaircall
edcil
iathattrapdust
,di
rtandgerms.
-
Thenos eals
ohasmucuswhi chmoi st
enstheairwebreathein.
Whathappenstoairasitpass
est hroughthenose?
 Airiswarmed
148
  Ai risf i
lt
ered
 Ai rismoi stened
Whyi si timpor tantt obr eat hethroughthenos e?
-Thenos ehasci li
aandmucust hathelptowar m,fi
lterandmoi stentheairwe
breat hei n.
Trachea
-Thet racheai smad eupofr i
ngsofcar t
ilaget hathel ptok eepitopenalltheti
me.
-I
tal lowscont i
nuousf l
owofai rinandoutoft helungs .
Epiglot ti
s
-I
tpr ev ent sf oodf roment eringthetrachead ur i
ngs wallowi ng.
Lary nx
-I
tcont ainsv ocalcor d swhi chv i
bratewhenai rpas sesov erthemandpr oduce
sound .
Lungs
-Thes ear et het wobr ownbod yorgansf oundi nt heches tcav i
ty.I
tiswher e
gaseousex changet akespl acei nthebod y.
-Theyar eus edf orbr eat hi
ng
-Theyal s oex cretecar bond ioxi
deandwat erv apour.
Airs acs / alveoli
-Thisi swher egas eousex changet akesplacei nt hel ungs .
-Ther eleas i
ngofcar bond iox i
defrombloodandgai ningofox ygeniscall
edgaseous
exchange.
Diaphr agm
-I
ts epar atest heches tcav ityfromtheabd ominalcav i
ty.
Ribcage
-I
tpr ot ect sthel ungsandt hehear tfromd amage.

Pleuralmembr ane
-I
tprod ucesapl eur alf l
ui d.
Pleuralf luid
-I
tlubricat est hel ungsandr i
bsands or educesf ri
cti
on.
Exercise
1.Whati sr es pirat ion?
2.Ment ionanyt wot ypesofr espirat i
on
3.Gi v eanyt woad vant agesofbr eat hingt hr ought henose
4.Whyi si tnotad visabl etobr eathet hr ought hemout h?
5.Whi chpar toft hes k eletonprot ect st hel ungsandhear t
?
6.Howi st heepi gl ottisus efulint hebod y?
7.Howi st het racheaad apt edtoal lowi ngcont i
nuousf lowofairi
nandoutof
thel ungs ?
8.Whyi st het r acheamad eupofr ingsofcar t
il
age?
9.Howar eci li
aus efuld uringbr eat hing?
10. Wher ei nthel ungsd oesex changeofgas eoust akeplace?
Breathing
-Breathingi st heactoft akingi nandoutofai r .
-Breathingi st heactoft akingi nairint ot hel ungsandt aki
ngoutairfromthel
ungs
.
Typesofbr eat hing
-Therear etwot ypesofbr eathingnamel y ;
 I nhal at i
on( ins piration)
 Ex halation( ex pi ration)
Whati si nhal ation/ ins piration?
-I
nhalationi st heactofd rawi ngi nairint ot hel ungs .
-Theairwebr eathei ncont ai
nsmor eox y gent hatcar bond ioxid
ebecausemuchof
149
i
ti sus edbyt hebod yf orr es piration.
Whyd owebr eat hei nai r ?
-Webr eatheint oi ncr eas eox ygens upplyi nthebody.
Howi sox ygenus efuli nt hebod y?
-Oxygeni susedf orr es pirationi nt hebod y
Event st hatoccurd ur i
ngi nhalat i
on/ breathingin
 Thed iaphr agmcont r
act sandf l
attens .
 Thel ungsex pand .
 Ther ibsupwar dsandout war d s
.
 Theches ti ncreas esi nv olume.
 Thei nter-coas talmus cl
escont ract.
Whyd ot hed i
aphr agmcont ractandt her i
bsmov eupward
sandout
war
dsd
uri
ng
i
nhal ation?
-Tocr eat emor es pacef orthel ungsast heyex pand
.
Whyd ol ungsex pandd ur ingi nhalat ion?
-Thel ungsex pandt or ecei vei ncomi ngai r
.

Whati sex halat i

on/ expirati
on?
-Exhalati
oni st heactoft ak
ingoutai rfromthelungs.
Whyd owebr eat heout ?
-Tored ucecar bond ioxideint hebod y.
-Duringex halat i
on, weal solos eex cessheatandwat ervapourf
romt
hebod
y.
Event sthatoccurd uringex halati
on
 Thed i
aphr agmr el
axes .
 Ther i
bsmov ed ownwar dsandi nward
s .
 Thel ungsr educei nsize.
 Theches tr educesi nv olume.
 Thei nt er-coas talmus clesrelax
Pos i
tionoft hed i
aphr agmd ur inginhalati
onandex hal
ati
on

Componentsoft heairwebr eat

heout
 Car bond ioxi
de
 Wat erv apour
Gaseousex changei nthelungs
-
Gas eousex changetak esplaceintheai
rsacs/al
veoli
.
-
Whenbl oodr eachest helungs ,
oxygeni
saddedtoitandcar
bond
iox
idei
slos
t.
-
Thistakespl acebyt heproces scall
edd
iff
usion.
150
Ad
iagr
ams
howi
nggas
eousex
changei
ntheal
veol
i

Howar
eairsacsadaptedtothei
rfuncti
onofgas eousexchange?
 Airsacsar
et hi
nwal l
edtoall
oweas ydi
ffusion.
 Theyaresurroundedbyanetworkofbloodcapill
ari
es.
 Theyareverymanyi nnumbertocreat
eal argeareaforgaseousex
change.

Composit
ionofinhal
edandexhaledair
Componentofair Percentagei
nhal
ed Per
cent
ageex
hal
ed
Oxygen 21% 16%
Carbondiox
ide 0.003% 4%
Nit
rogen 78% 78%
Raregases 0.97% 0.
97%
Watervapour Less Mor
e

Note:
-Webr eat heoutl es sox ygenthanwebr eathei nbecaus esomeofi tisus edbythe
bodyd ur i
ngr es piration.
-Webr eat heoutmor ecar bond i
ox i
det hanwebr eatheinbecaus eitisexpell
edby
thebod ycel lsd ur i
ngr es pir
ation.
-Theper cent ageofni t
rogenandr aregas esd onotchangebecaus etheyar enot
necess aryint hebod y.
-Thevol umeofwat erv apourd uringex halationismor ethand ur
inginhalati
on
becaus ewat erv apouri sgivenoutasaby-pr od uctofrespirat
ion.
Anex per i
mentt os howhowbr eathingoccur sint hebod y
Thingsneed ed
 1l itr
epl asticbot tle
 Twobal loonsofequals i
ze
 Rubbers heet
 Twod ri
nk ings traws
 St opperorai rtightl i
d
Stepst aken
 Remov et hebot tomoft hepl asticbot tl
et omak eoneendopen.
 Pl acet her ubbers heetatt heopenendt hent i
eitfi
rmlyontot hebottl
e.
 I ns erttwos trawsi ntothebot tl
et hroughat ightfi
tt
inglid.
 Eachs traws houldbeconnect edt oabal loon.
 Checkt hear rangementofmat erials
;its houldbeass hownint hed i
agram
bel ow;

151
  Pul lther ubbers heetatt hebot tomoft hepl asticbot tle.
 Pus ht her ubbers heeti nwar ds .
Obs ervat ion
 Whenev ery oupul ld ownt her ubbers heet ,thebal l
oonss wellupwithair.
 Thebal l
oonsex pandwhenmor eai rdr awsi ntot hem.
 Whent her ubbers heetgoesbackt oitspos iti
on, thebal l
oonscont ractand
airget sout .
Concl usion
 Thel ungswor ki nt hes amewayast hebal loons .
Exercis e
1.Whi chbod ys ys temd oest hed iagramr epr es ent ?
2.Namet hepar tsoft heabov enameds ys temr epr esentedbyt hef ol
lowing;
a)pi pe d)r ubbers heet
b)s tr aws e)pl asticbot t
le
c)bal loons
3.Whatwi llhappent ot hebal loonwhenai ri sbl ownt hrought hepipe?
4.Whatwi llhappent ot her ubbers heetwhenai risbl owni ntot heball
oon?
5.Namet het hr eeendpr od uct sofr espir ation
6.Gi vet wor eas onswhybr eat hingi simpor tantt ot hebod y
.
Diseas esoft her es pir at orys y
s tem
Tuber culos i
s
-Thi
si sanai rbor ned iseas ecaus edbybact er i
a.
Signsands ympt omsoft uber culos is
 Chr oniccoughwi ths put umpr od uction
 Sneez ing
 Di f ficultyi nbr eat hing
 Gener albod yweak nes s
 L os sofwei ght
 Ex ces sives weat ingatni ght
Prev ention
 Tr eat i
ngt hepat i
enti nis olat i
ont oav oids preadt ootherpeopl eusi
ng
ant ibiotics
 I mmuni zat i
onofchi ldren
Pneumoni a
-I
tisas er iousl ungi nf ect ioncaus edbybact er i
a.
Signsands ympt oms
 Di f ficultbr eat hi ng  Hi ghf ever
 Shar ppai ni nt heches t
152
Prevention
 I mmuni zat ionofi nf ant s
 Tr eatus ingant i
biot i
cs
Diphther i
a
-
Itiscaus edbybact er i
as pr eadt hroughairbycoughi ngofani nfectedperson
Signsands ympt oms
 Sor et hr oat  Highf ever
 Swol l
enneck
Prevention
 I mmuni zat ionofchi ldren
Whoopi ngcough/ per tus si
s
-
Itoccur smos tlyi nchi ldren.
-
Itiscaus edbybact er i
as pr eadt hroughair.
Signsands ympt oms
 Coughi ngt hatend si nv omiti
ng  Runni ngnos e
 Gas pf orbr eat h
Prevention
 I mmuni zat ionofchi ldren
Bronchit i
s
-
Thisd i
s easeaf fect st heai rpas sage.
-
Itiscaus edbybact er i
a.
Signsands ympt oms
 Pr oduct iv ecough  Ther emaynotbef ever
 Wheez ing
Prevention
 Av oidings mok ing.
 Av oidingd us typl aces .
I
nf l
uenz a(flu)
-
Itiscaus edbyav irusandi sanai rborned i
s ease.
Signsands ympt oms
 Runni ngnos e  Sor ethroat
 F ever  Weak ness
Prevention
 Av oidcol dcond i
tionsord ri
nksast heywor sent heproblem
 Av oidcr owd edpl aces
 Cov ery ourmout hwi thahand k
erchiefwhenev eryous neezet oavoi
d
s pread ingi tt oot her s.
Lungcancer
-
Itiscaus edbyt obaccos mok ingandd es t
roy sthecellli
ningoft helungs.
Signsands ympt oms
 Abnor malgr owt hofcel l
si nthelungs
 Abnor malcel lsd estr oyt henormalones
Prevention
 Av oids mok ing
Asthma
-
Itisanon–i nf ect iousd i
s easei nheri
tedf rompar ent
s .
Signsands ympt oms
 Wheez ing
 Di ffi
cul tbr eat hing
Prevention
 Av oidingd us t,s pray s ,
pol l
en,chemical fumesandpes tici
destor ed
uceits

153
 occur rence.
Emphy sema
-I
tisani ncur abl econd it
ionofcoughwhi chi scausedbyt arins moke.
Signsands ympt oms
 Di ff i
cul tbr eat hi
ng
Prevention
 Av oi ds mok ing
Commoncol ds
-I
tiscaus edbyav iruss pr eadt hr oughai r.
Signsands ympt oms
 Sneez ingf r omt imet ot ime  Head ache
 Cough  Wat eryeyes
 Runni ngnos e  Conges ti
onoft helungs
Prevention
 Av oi dbei ngnearaper sonwi t
ht hei nfecti
on.
 L i
v ingi nahous ewi thenoughs pacef orit
smember s.
 Hav inggoodv entilat i
on.
Noni nfect iousd i
s eas esoft her espir ator ys yst
em
 L ungcancer
 Emphy s ema
 As t hma
Respirator yd i
s eas escaus edbys mok ing
 L ungcancer  Emphy sema
Respirator yd i
s eas eswor senedbys mok i
ng
 Tuber cul os is  Br onchi t
is
 As t hma  Whoopi ngcough
I
mmuni sabl ed iseas esoft her es pirator ys ystem
 Tuber cul os is  I nf l
uenz atypeB
 Di pht her ia
 Whoopi ngcough/ per tus sis
Disordersoft her es pir
at or ys ys tem
 Chok i
ng  Hi ccups
 Coughi ng
 Accumul at i
onofmucusi nai rs acs
 Nas alconges ti
onwi thmucus
 F ixingf or eignbod i
esi nt henos e
Way sofpr omot ingt hepr operf unct i
oni ngoft heres piratorys y
s t
em
 F eed ingonf oodr ichi nabal ancedd i
et .
 Hav ingr egul arphy s i
calbod yex er cises.
 Av oi dingt obaccos mok ing.
 I mmuni zat ionofbabi eswi thv acci nesl i
keBCGv accineandDPTv acci
ne.
 Av oi ds tay i
ngi nthed ustyenv ir onment .
 Br eat hi ngi nt hrought henos ebutnott hemout h.
Exercise
1.Wher ei nt hebod yd oesr es pirati
ontak espl ace?
2.Namet hes truct ur esint henos ewhi chhel pt ofil
terair
.
3.Howi sthecaus eoft uber culos i
sdif
f er entf romthatoflungcancer
?
4.Whyd oest hebod yofad eadper sonbecomecol d?
5.Whyd oescar bond ioxidet urnl i
mewat ermi l
ky?
6.Whati sanot hernameoft rachea?
7.Nameoneor ganofr es pirat i
on.

154
 8.Mentionanytwod i
sor
d ersofther espir
atorysystem.
9.Whichmus cleseparatestheches tcav i
tyfromtheabd omen?
10.
Stateanyt hr
eet hi
ngst hathappent oairwheni treachesthenos
e
11.
Nameanyonev iraldi
seas ethataffectsthelungs.
12.
Inwhi chbodyorganisox ygenabsor bedinblood

MOTHER MAJERIPRI
MARYSCHOOL
PRI
MARYSI
XSCI
ENCELESSONNOTES, TERMTHREE,
2019

THEME:SCIENCEI
NHUMANACTI
VITI
ESANDOCCUPATI
ON
TOPIC: SCI
ENCEATHOMEANDI
NOURCOMMUNITI
ES

Whatissci
ence?
-
Sciencei
sthes t
udyofli
vi
ngandnonli
vingt
hings
.
Whatisahome?
-
Ahomei saplacewhereweli
veorstay
.

Wat er
-Wateri sacol our lessliqui
dsubstancemadeupofhydrogenandoxygengases.
-Thesegas esar ei nther at
io2:
1(H20)
Gener alpr oper t i
esofwat er
 I tt akest hes hapeofa  Iti
sas olv
ent
cont ainedus ed  Itfi
ndsit
sownl evel
 I tex er tspr es sure
Proper ti
esofpur ewat er
 I tiscol our less  Itdoesnotcontai
ngerms
 I tist as teles s  Itboil
sat100candf reez
esat
 I tisod our less( i
thasnosmel l
) oc
Whati st hemai nnat uralsour
ceofwat eronearth?
 Rai n
Ment i
onanyf ivesour cesofwateri nourenvi
ronment
.
 L akes  Dams
 Ri ver s  Rain
 Spr i
ngs
Typesofwat er
 Har dwat er
 Sof twat er
Whati ssof twat er?
-Softwat eri st het y
peofwat erthatformslat
her(f
oam)easil
ywithsoap.

155
Exampl esofsof twat er
 Rai nwat er  Spr i
ngwat er
 Di s t
ill
edwat er
Ad vant agesofusi ngsof twat ert owashcl othes
 I tdoesnotwas t
es oap
 I tremov esd i
rt yst ainsoncl othes
Whati shar dwat er ?
-Har dwat eri st het ypeofwat ert hatd oesn’tforml athereasil
ywi thsoap.
Exampl esofhar dwat er
 Bor ehol ewat er  Mud dywater
 Seawat er  Wat ergotfromlakesand
 Oceanwat er rivers
Howcany oumak ehar dwat ersof t
?
 Byboi li
nghar dwat er
 Byd i
s ti
llinghar dwat er
 Byad dingcal ciumbi -car bonat et ohar dwat er
Disad v antagesofusi nghar dwat ertowashcl othes
 I twas tesal otofs oap
 I tleav esd irtys t
ainsoncl othes
Whyi sbor ehol ewat ersat ef ord ri
nk i
ng?
 I tcannoteas il
ybecont ami natedbyger ms .
Prepar ationofsaf ewat erf ord ri
nking
-Saf ewat eri swat ert hati sf reef r
omger ms /
pat hogens .
Ment iont het woway sofmak ingwat ersaf ef ord ri
nking
 Boi l
ing
 Chemi calt r eat mentofwat er
Boi ling
-Boilingi samet hodofmak i
ngwat ers afeford ri
nkingbyheat i
ngt oki
llger
ms.
-I
ti st hecommones twayofmak ingwat ers afef ord ri
nking.
-I
ti scommonl yd onei nr ur alar eas .
Whyd oweboi lwat erf ord rink ing?
 Tok i
llger ms
Whyi sboi l
edwat ergoodf ord rinki
ng?
 Boi l
edwat eri sf reef romger ms
Whyshoul dboi ledwat erbek epti ncl eancont ai
ner s?
 Toav oidcont ami nat ionofwat er
Chemi calt reat mentofwat er
-Thisi samet hodofmak ingwat ers afef ord ri
nk i
ngbyus ingchemical
s.

156
Exampl esofchemi calsusedf ort reati
ngwater
 Chl or i
ne  F luor i
ne
 Pot as siumper manganat e  Cal ci
umchl orid
e
 I odi
ne
Not e:Chlor i
nat ionistheput tingofchl or
ineint
owat er.
Whyshoul dt hechemi calsbeappl iedinsmallamounts?
 Toav oidcont aminat i
onofwat er
Advant ageofchemi caltreatmentofwat er
 Chemi cal skil
lgermseas i
ly
Disad v
ant agesofchemi caltreatmentofwat er
 Chemi cal sareex pensivetobuy
 Chemi cal sdonotmak ewat erclear
 Chemi cal saddacer t
ains mellandtast
etowat er
Method sofobt aini
ngcleanwat erf rommuddywat erord irt
ywat er
 F il
tration  Di s ti
ll
ati
on
 Decant at i
on
Fi
ltrationmet hod
-F
iltrat
ioni sapr ocessofs eparati
ngs oli
dparti
cles(i
mpur it
ies)fromwat
erus
inga
fi
lter.
Mater i
alsusedf orfil
teringwat er
 Af i
lterpaper  Gr ass
 As i
ev e  Char coalpaste
 Cot tonwool  As h
 Bananaf i
bre  Acl eanpieceofclot
h
 Si sal
Ad iagramshowi ngf i
ltr
at i
onpr ocess

Note.
-
Residueref
erstothesoli
dpart
icles(i
mpur
iti
es)t
rappedbyafil
ter.
-
Fil
tratei
sacleard
es i
redli
qui
ds ubst
ancegotusi
ngfil
trat
ionmethod
.

157
Usesoff ilteredwat er
 F orwas hing  F ormoppi ng
 F orbat hing  F orcook ingfood
Whyi sfil
t eredwat ernotgoodf ord r ink i
ng?
 F il
ter edwat ers t i
llcont ainsger ms .
Whyshoul df il
ter edwat erbeboi ledbef or ed r
ink ing?
 Tok i
llger ms
Howi sfil
t rationi mpor tanti nourd ai lyl i
fe?
 Ithel psins epar at ings eed sf r omf ruitjuice.
 Ithel psins epar at ingt eal eav esf romt ea.
 Ithel psins epar at inghus ksf r oml ocalbr ew( malwa) .
 Ithel psinobt aini ngcl eanwat erf r omd irtywat er.
Makinglocalsal tf romashathomeusi ngf i
ltration
Thingsneed ed
 As hf rombur ntd r ybananapeel ingsorbeanhus ks .
 Twopl as ticcont ainers
 Wat er
 Bananal eaf
 As har pk nife
Stepstak en
 Getas hf rombur ntd rybananapeel i
ngsorbeans eed s .
 Us eak nifet omak ehol esatt hebot tomofacont ainer
 Mak es lit
si nt hemi ddl
eofapi eceofabananal eaf.
 Putt hel eafatt hebot tomoft hecont ainerwi thhol es .Thi
shel pstof i
lt
er
thewat erf romas h.
 Putt heas hint hecont ainer ,pr es si thar dandpours omewat eronit.
 Putt hecont ainerwi tht hecont ent sintoanot heronewher et hedrippi
ng
saltwi llcol l
ect .Thel iqui dobt ai nedi scal ledaf i
lt
rat eandi sbr owni ncolour
.
Usesofl ocalsal tmad ef romash
 Itisus edf orpr epar i
ngbeans , peasands omev eget abl essuchasl eavesof
peasandpumpk ins .
 Itisus edasmed ici net ocur es tomachups ets.
Decantationmet hod
-Thi
sisamet hodofmak ingwat ercl eanbyput tingi nacont ainertoal l
owt he
i
mpur i
ti
est os et tl
eatt hebot tom.
-I
tisalsocal l
edset tli
ngmet hod /thr eepotsy stemofwat erpur i
ficati
on.
Decantationusi ngt wocont ainer s

158
 Usesofd ecant edwat er
 F orwas hing
 F orbat hing  Forcooki
ng
 F ormoppi ng
 Whyi sd ecant edwat ernotsaf ef ordrinking?
Decant edwat ers t
illcont ainsger ms
Whyshoul ddecant edwat erbeboi l
edbef ored ri
nk i
ng?
 Tok il
lger ms
Howi sd ecantedwat erinourd ailylife?
 I thelpsi ns epar atings eedsf romf rui
tjuice
 I thelpsi ns epar atingt eal eav esf romtea
 I thelpsi ns epar atinghus ksf roml ocalbr ew
 I thelpsi nobt ai
ningcl eanwat erf romd irt
ywat er
Dist
il
lationmet hod
-Di
sti
llati
oni samet hodofobt aini
ngpur ewat erf rommud dywat
erbyboi
li
ngt
ofor
m
vapourandcond ens ingitt of ormad is ti
ll
ate.
Whyi sd i
stil
ledwat ernotr ecommend edf ordrinking?
 Di stil
ledwat erl acksmi nerals alts
Usesofd i
stil
ledwat erinhospi tals
 I tisus edf ord i
ssolv ingpowd er edmed i
cine.
 I tisus edf ord i
luti
ngd rugs .
 I tisus edf orcl eaningwound sandmed icalequipment.
 I tisad dedt obl oodi nt hebod yt hroughd rips.

Wat
erpoll
uti
on
-
Waterpol
lut
ioni
sthecont
ami
nat
ionofwat
erwi
thhar
mful
subs
tances
.

Way
sinwhichwat eri
spol l
uted/contami
nated
 Usi
ngdirtycontai
nerstof etchorkeepwat er
 Dis
chargingofunt r
eateds ewagei
ntowat ersour
ces
 Rel
easingindus
t r
ialwastesintowatersources

159
  Dumpi nghous ehol dr efusei ntowat ers ources
 Shar i
ngwat ers ourceswi t
hd omes ticanimals
 Ur i
nat ing,d efecat ing, bathing, swimmi ng,was hingi
nornearwaters our
ces
 Si l
tf r
oms oiler os i
on
Waterpollutant s/wat eri mpur it
ies
-Waterpoll
ut antsar es ubstancest hatmak ewat eruns afeforhumanconsumpti
on
Examplesofwat eri mpur i
tiesorpol lutants
 Humanwas tesl ikef aecesandur i
ne
 Ani malwas tesl iked ungandur i
ne
 Si l
tf r
omer os ion
 Indus trialwas tesl ikeus edoi ls
 Agr iculturalchemi calslikepes ti
cides ,acari
cides,fungi
cid
es,
arti
fi
cial
fer
tili
z ers, her bicides
Dangersofwat erpol lutant s
 Theyl eadt owat ercont aminat i
on
 Theyl eadt od eat hofaquat icani mal s
 Theyl eadt oout breakofwat erbor ned i
seases

Whatar ewat erborned i

seases?
-Waterborned i
seasesar ediseasess preadthroughd ri
nkingcont ami
natedwater.
Examplesofwat erbor nediseases
 Chol era  Bil
har z
iasis
 Ty phoid  Poli
o
 Di arr
hoea  Hepatiti
sB
 Dy sentery
Stateanyt woway sofpr event i
ngwat erbor ned i
seasesinacommuni ty
 Throughpr operd i
spos alofhumanex cretalikefaecesandurine
 Throughboi l
ingd r
inkingwater
Howd oesboi l
ingofwat erhel ptopr eventchol er
a?
 Boil
ingofwat erki
ll
sv ibri
ochol eraegermst hatcausecholer
a.

Usesofwat
erinthehumanbod y
 I
tregulat
esbod ytemperat
ure
 I
tdissol
vesdigestedfood
 I
tformsbloodplas ma
 I
tmaintai
nsthes hapeofbloodcells
 I
thelpstoreducef ri
cti
onatthejoint
s
 I
thelpsintheformationofbodyfluid
sli
ket
ear
s,ur
ine,
sal
iv
aand

160
 sweat
Us
esofwaterint heenvir
onment
 Fordomes t
icuselikewashi
ng,dr
inking,cookingandmopping
 Forindustr
ialuseli
kecooli
ngmachines, washingmachi
nesandbei
ngus
ed
asar awmat eri
al
 Forirri
gati
oninagricult
ure
 Iti
sus edinproducti
onofhydroelectri
city.
 Iti
sneed edduri
ngger mi
nati
onandphot osynthesi
sbyplants

Cl
eani
ngcl
othes
Whydoweputonclot
hes?
 Clot
heskeepuswarm
 Clot
hesprot
ectourbodi
esf
rommi
nori
njur
ies
 Clot
hesmakeuslookni
ce

Laundr
y
Laundr
yref erstoact i
vi
ti
esofgett
ingcl
othescl
eanedandi r
oned .
Stepsincleaningclothes
 Sort i
ngclothesaccordi
ngto  Rinsingclothes
colourandi ntensi
tyofdi
rt  Wr i
ngingclothes
 Soak ingclot
hes  Dryingclothes
 Was hingclothes  Ir
oningclothes

Whyd
owesoakclothesbef orewashing?
 Tosoft
enandd i
ssolv
ed irtf
romclothes
 Tomakewashingofcl ot
heseas i
er
 Whydowewashcl ot
hes ?
Toremoved
irt
 Toavoi
dabads mellfromclothes

Whydowei ronourcl othes?

 Tok i
llgerms
 Tok i
llexternalpar asit
esli
keli
ce,bed
bugs,t
icks,et
c
 Topr omot es mar t
ness
Whyshoul
dlittl
emoi sturebelefti
nclot
hest obeironed?
 Tomak eironingeas y
 Tos av eont heel ectr
ici
tyorchar
coalused

161
THEME:HUMANHEAL TH
TOPIC:ACCIDENTSANDFI RSTAID
Whatisanaccident?
-Anacci
dentisas uddenhappeni
ngthatmaycaus
einj
uryord eathtothebody.
Placeswhereaccidentsmayoccur
 Onr oads  Ont hepitch
 Atschool  Atplacesofwor kli
ke
 Athome constructi
ons i
tes
Dangersofaccidents
 Theyleadtod eath  Theyres ulti
ntoseri
ous
 Theyleadtolamenes s bleedi
ng
 Theyt olossofbod ypart
s
Examplesofacci dents
 Cut sand  Neard rowning  F ai
nt i
ng
wound s  Disl
ocat i
on  F everand
 Bur ns  Sprains convulsions
 Scal ds  Strains  Poi soning
 F ractures  Nos ebleedi
ng  Snak ebi tes
 Br uises  Foreignbod i
es
Whatisf ir
stai d
?
-Fi
rstaidisthef i
rsthelpgiv
entoacas ualtybeforehe/shei
stakentoanear es
t
hospit
al.
Whoi sacasual ty?
-Acasualtyisanacci d
entv i
cti
m.
Whoi saf ir
staider?
-Afir
staiderisaper sonwhogi vesf
irstaidtoacas ual
ty

Whyd owead ministerf i

rstaid?
 Tos avel i
fe  Topromotequickrecover
y
 Tored ucepai n  Tostopbleedi
ngifany
Whatisthemai nr easonf orgivi
ngf i
rstaidtoacasual t
y?
 Tos avel i
fe
Menti
onanyf ourr esponsi bi
li
ti
esofagoodf i
rstai
der
 Shouldas ses sthes it
uati
onofacas ualt
yandfindoutwhathappened
 Shouldgi vef i
rstaidifneeded
 Shouldmak ear eportaboutthecas ualt
y
 Shouldt akeacas ualt
ytothenear esthospit
al
Stat
eanysi xqualitiesofagoodf i
rstaider
 Shouldbek indandmer cif
ul  Shouldbeknowledgeabl
e

162
  Shouldbegentl
eandt actful maki
ng
 Shouldbesympathetic  Shoul
dhavecommonsens
e
 Shouldbequickindecisi
on  Shoul
dhavefi
rstai
dki
t
Fi
rstaidbox
Afirstai
dboxisacontainerwher emat
eri
alsf
orgi
vi
ngfirs
tai
darekept
.
Adiagramshowingafirstaidbox

Nameanyfourpl
aceswher
ewecanf
indaf
irstai
dbox
 Clini
cs  Buses
 Sickbays  Homes

Howi saf irstai dboxi mpor tantinourschoolbus es?

-I
tcont ainsmat er i
alsus edf orgivingfir
s taidincaseofanacci
dent
Fi
rstai dk it
-F
irstaidk itr efer stot hemat eri
alsusedf orgivingfi
rstai
dtoacci
dentv
ict
ims
.
Materi
al sf orgi vingf i
rstai dandt hei
ruses
Safetypi ns
 F orpi nni ngband ages
Adhesivepl aster
 F orcov er i
ngcut sandwound stok eepawayger msandd
irt
I
odinesol ution
 F orcl eani ngcut sandwound s
 F ork ill
ingger msatt hewound /ford i
s i
nfecti
ngwounds
Cottongauz e
 F orabs or bingpusf romawound
 F orpr otect i
ngt hewound
Cottonwool
 F orcl eani ngawoundoracut
Tweez ers
 F orpi ck i
ngt i
nyt hingsl i
kehairfromawound
 F orr emov ingbees tingsfromacas ualt
y ’
sbody

163
Pai
rofscissor
s
 F orcutt
ingcottongauz e,
bandages ,cot
tonwoolorpi
ecesofcl
oth
 F orshavinghairaroundtheinjuredpartonthehead
Raz
orblade
 F orshavinghairaroundtheinjuredpartonthehead
 F orcutt
ingband age,pl
asterorcottongauze
 F orcutt
ingfingerandtoenail
st oexposethewound
Astret
cher

-Ast
r etcherisas pecialbedonwhi chacas ualtywhocannotwal
kiscarri
ed
Howi sast retcherusefulwhenof feri
ngfi
r staid?
 I tisusedf orcarryi
ngcas ualti
eswhocannotwal k
Tourniquet
 F orty i
ngabov ethebittenspott opr
ev entfl
owofbloodwi
thpois
ont ot
he
heart
 F orty i
ngabov etheinjuredparttostopl os
sofbloodfr
omacut

Splints
 F orholdingt hebr okenbonesi nonepos i
ti
on
Armsl ing
 F orholdingt hebr okenar mmotionl
ess
 F orsuppor tingthebr okenarmi nonepos i
ti
on
Band ages
 F ortyings plint
sar oundthef r
acturedpart
 F orwr appi ngs pr ainedjoint
s
 F orwr appi ngf ract uredbonesund ertr
eatment
Blackst one
 F orsuck ingpoi s onf romawoundi ncas
eonehasbeenbi tt
enbyapoi
sonous
organisml ikeas nak e.
 F orabs or bings nak ev enomfromacas ualty
Antiseptics
 F orprev ent inginf ectionatthewoundbyk i
ll
ingbact
eri
a
Spirit
 F orcleani ngawoundoracut

164
  F orkil
li
ngger mspres
entatthewound
Pai
nk il
lers
 F orreducingpain
Cli
nicalthermometer
 F ormeas uri
nghumanbodytemperat
ureofacas
ual
ty

Burnsandscal ds
Whatisascal d?
-Ascaldi
sawetheati njury
-Ascaldi
sani njurycaus edbywetheat
Sourcesofwetheat
 Steam  Hots oup  Hotwat er
 Hotpor ridge  Hotmi l
k
Causesofscal ds
 Cont actwi t
hs team
 Cont actwi t
hhotl i
quid s
/ fl
uids
Fir
staidforscal ds
 Dipt hei njuredpar tincl eancol dwater
 Puti cebl ocksatt heaf fectedpart
Whyshoul dtheaf fectedpar tdippedincleancol dwat
erwhenonehavegota
scald?
Toreducet het emper atureoft heaf f
ectedpar t
 Tor ed ucepai n
Way sofprevent ingscal d s
 Av oidtellingyoungchi ldrentocookf oodboilwater
 Alway scookf r
omr aisedplaces
 Alway shand lehotl iquidswi t
hmuchcar e
 Keepchi ldrenawayf romcook ingplaces
Whatisabur n?
-Aburnisad r yheati njury
-Aburnisani njur ycaus edbyd ryheat
Sourcesofd r yheat
 Aci d
s  Abur ning  Hots aucepan
 F l
amesoff ir
e charcoal  Hotmet al
s
 Hoti ronbox  Hotl av a
Causesofbur ns
 Cont actwi t
haci ds  Cont actwi
thhotplaces
 Cont actwi t
hf ir
e  Cont actwi
thnakedelectr
ic

165
 wiresofhighvol
tage hand
s
 Touchinghotmet
alswit
hbar
e  Toomuchex
pos
etos
un’
sray
s

Degr eesofbur ns
-Burnsar ed escribedus i
ngd egr
eetotel
lhows everetheyare,i
.e.
 F i
rstd egreebur ns  Thirddegr
eeburns
 Secondd egr eebur ns
Firstdegreebur n
-Af i
rstdegreebur nisami norburni
nwhichbl i
ster
sar enotformedatt
heburnt
area.
Whati sabl ister?
-Ablisterisar aiseds k
inwi t
hal i
qui
dunderneath.
Signsofaf irstdegr eebur n
 Bl i
stersar enotf ormed  Thes k
inbecomessoftand
 Thes kinisunbr oken tender
 Pai
natt heburntpart
F
irstai
dforf i
rstdegreeburns
 Puttheburntpartincleancol
dwater
 Putblocksoficeattheburntarea

Whyshoul dt hebur ntpar tbeputi ncleancol dwater?

 Tor ed ucetemper atureoft hebur ntpart
Secondd egr eebur n
-As econdd egr eebur nisamor esev erebur ninwhichblist
ersaref or
medonthe
skinatt hebur ntarea.
Signsofasecondd egr eebur n
 Bl ist
er saref ormedont hes kinatthebur ntpart
 Thes k ini
ss l
ightlyd amaged
 Swel li
ngandpai nf ulfeeli
ngf oral ongtime
Firstaidf orasecondd egr eebur n
 Putt hebur ntpar ti ncleancol dwat erforatleast15minutes
 I fbli
s tersaref or med, donotbur stthem
 I fbli
s tersarebr ok en, washt heareawi thcleanwaterands oapandcover
thes kinwithacl eancl othtok eepawayger ms
Whyi sitdanger oust obur storbr eakbl i
sters?
 I tcaus esmor epai n
 I texpos esthewoundt ogermi nfection
Thir ddegreebur n
-At hir
dd egreebur ni st hemos tsever eburninwhi chtheskini
sdeeplyburntand

166
thereistotaldestruct i
onofbod ytissues.
Signsofat hi
rdd egreebur n
 Thes kinisd eeplyburnt bodyti
ssues
 Ther eistotald estr
ucti
onof  Thes kinappear sshinywhi te
Firstai
df orthirdd egreeburn
 Putt hebur ntpar ti
nacleancol dwat erforatleast15mi nutes
 Cov erthebur ntpartwit
hacl eanpieceofcl othorband aget oprev entgerm
inf
ect i
on
 Encour aget hecas ual
tytod r
inkplentyoffluids
Whyshoul dcasual tiesoft hi
rddegreebur nbeencour agedtod ri
nkplent yof
fluid
s?
 Theymi ghtcaus eseri
ousinfection
 Theymi ghtat tractgermsleadingtoinfecti
on.

Whyisitd anger oust oputsugaratt heburntpar t?

 Sugarabs orbswat erf romt hebodylead ingtod ehydration
 Sugarat tract sbact eria
 Whyi sitbadt oapplysal tatt heburntpar t?
Sal tabs orbswat erf romt hebod yl
ead i
ngt od ehy d
ration
Pr
eventionofbur ns
 Keephotobj ectsoutofchi ldr
en’sreach
 Cookf romr aisedplaces
 Us einsul ator stolifthotobj ectsfromf i
r e
 Teachy oungchi l
drent hed angersoff i
reatanear l
ys tage
 Av oidleav i
ngcand lesorwi cklampsbur ninginr oomswher ether
ear emany
clothes
 Donotk eeppet ali
nhous eswher el i
ghtingequipmentwi t
hfir
eflamesare
us ed
 Peopl ewhod i
stil
lalcohols houldhandled ist
il
lationequi pmentwi
thcare

Feverandconvul sions
Whati sfever?
-
F everisacondit
ioni nwhi chone’
sbodytemperat
urerisesbeyondthenor
malone.
-
F everisnotanil
lnes sbutas ymptomwhichshowsthatoneisinfectedwi
tha
di
s easeli
kemalaria,typhoidormeasl
es.
Signsoff ever
 Excessi
ves weat ing  Hightemperatur
e
 Frequentur i
nating  Shiveri
ng

167
  Af oami ngmout h
Effectsoff ever
 Itlead st oconv ulsions
Firstaidf orf ever
 Remov et heclot hesofacas ualt
y
 Car r
youtt epids pongi
ngusingacl eanclot
hd i
ppedinwar mwater.
 Gi vet hev i
ctimpl entyoffl
uidslikesoup,mil
kandfruitj
uicetoprevent
dehydr ati
on
 Tak et hev i
ct i
mt ot henear
es thealthcentr
e
Whati st epidspongi ng?
-Thisistheactofput tingawar mwetcl othonacas ual
ty’
sbody.

Whyd
oweapplytepi
dspongi
ngtoavict
imwithhi
ghf
ever
?
 Tol
owerthetemper
atur
eofthevict
im

Whatareconvul sions?
-
Conv ul
sionsar ev iolentbod ymov ement swhi chcannotbecont rol
led
.
Si
gnsofconvul sions
 Af ormingmout h  Sud denbodymov ement
Causesofconvul sions
 Highf ev er  Epilepsy(fi
ts)
Fi
rstaidforconvul sions
 Chas eawayt heby -stand er st opr ovi
def reshair
 Remov eal lt i
ghtcl ot hesandl oos enother s
 Cleart hepl acewher et hev ictimi sconv ulsi
ngfrom
 Putas pooni nt hemout hoft hev icti
m
 Car r
youtt epi ds pongi ng
 Ifcons cious ,giv ethev ictimpl ent yoff l
uids
 Seekmed i
calat tentioni fconv ulsionpers is
ts
Whyd oweputaspooni nthemout hofaconvul singvictim?
 Topr ev entt hev i
ctimf rombi tingt hetongue
Preventi
onoff everandconvul sions
 Cont r
ol li
ngmos quitoest opr ev enteas ys preadofmal ar
ia
 Hav echi ldr
eni mmuni z ed
 Ear lytreat mentofanyi nfect i
ons
 Mai ntainingpr operhy giene
 Pr egnantwomens houl dd eli
verf r omheal thcenters

168
Neardrowni ng
Whatisdrowni ng?
-
Drowningist hed yingasar esultoflungsbeingf i
ll
edwi thwat er
-
Drowninghasnof i
r staidsincet hevict
imisalreadyd ead
Whatisneard rowni ng?
-
Neardrowni ngist het empor arylossofbreathd uetol ungsbei ngf il
ledwithwater
-
Thisi
sacond iti
onwhenones topsbreathi
ngd uetohav inglungsf i
ll
edwi t
hwater
Pl
aceswher eneard rowningmayoccur
 Swi mmingpool  Sept i
ct ank s
 Batht ubs  Unpr otectedwel ls
 Lakes  F ishpond s
 Rivers  Irr igationd it
ches
Possi
blecausesofneard rowni ng
 Playingnearwat erbod i
es ofr aptureoft heboat
 Swi mmingwi thoutex per i
ence.  L eav i
ngbabi estoplayin
 Send ingy oungchi ld
rent o bas insf ullofwat er
fetchwat erf r
omunpr otected  L eav i
ngs ept ictanks
wells uncov ered
 Playinginbat htabsathome  F ailur etocov erirri
gati
on
 Accident sonwat erasar esul
t di
t chesandpi tsdugbybuild
ers
F
irstai
dforneard rowning
 Shoutout/call
/yel
lforhelp
 Removethev ict
imfromwat erassoonaspos
sibl
e
 Laythepersononhi sorherback
 Appl
ymout htomout hbreathi
ng/appl
ykis
soflif
eorar
tif
ici
alr
espi
rat
ionas
shownbelow.

Whati
smeantbyt
het
ermk
issofl
if
e?

169
  Kis sofl ifemeansmout ht omout hbreathi
ng
Whyd owegi vek issofl i
fet oaper sonwhohasneard rowned?
 Toenabl et hev i
ctim, r
egai nhi s
/herbreath
Whatf i
rstaidcanap. 1girlgi vet ohermot herwhohasneard rownedi
nanear
by
well
?
 Shes houl ds houtf orhel p
St
at ethef i
rstai df orneard rowni ng
 Appl yk i
s sofl ife
WriteABCi nr elat i
ont of irstai d
A-Ai r
waypas sage
B-Br eathing
C-Ci rculati
onofbl ood
Preventi
onofneard rowni ng
 Acqui res wimmi ngs ki
lls
 Cov eral lsept i
ct ank s
 Donotl eav ebat ht ubsf i
ll
edwithwat er
 Putonal i
fej ack etwhent ravel
ingonwat er
 Donotl eav ebabi espl ayi
nginbas i
nsf i
ll
edwithwater
 F enceal li r
rigationd itchesandpi tsdugbybui l
der
s
Whyshoul dsept ict ank sbecover ed ?
 Topr eventneard rowni ng
Whyshoul dpassenger sonwat erbepr ovi
dedwi t
hl i
fejack
ets?
 Topr eventneard rowni ngi ncas eofboatr apture

Faint
ing
 F ainti
ngi st hebr iefl ossofcons ci
ousnes
s
Whati sthemai ncauseoff ai
nting?
 L ackofenoughox ygens upplytothebrai
n
Conditi
onswhi chl eadt of ainti
ng
 Pr olongedhunger  Fear
 St and i
ngi ns uns hinef oral ong  Fright(beingafr
aid
)
ti
me  Hear tproblems
 Sev erepain  Anger
 Ex tremeex citement  Alcoholism
 Doi ngheav yex ercises
Signsoff ainti
ng
 L ossofbod ys ens es  Unabl
et os
tandontwol
egs
 Uncons cious nes s  Breat
hingver
yfastorv
ery

170
 s
lowl
y  Ex
ces
siv
esweat
ing

F
irstai
dforfainting
 Putthevictiminanopenpl ace
 Laythevictimonhi s
/herback
 Removetightclothesaroundthenecktoenabl
ethev i
cti
mgetenough
oxygen
 Rai
s et
hel egsoft hevi
ctimhighert
hanthehead,asshownbelow;

 F ant heper sonund ert hes hadetoonewhohasf aintedduet os tand i

ngi n
suns hine
 Gi vegl ucos et os omeonewhohasf aintedd uetopr olongedhungeraf ter
becomi ngcons cious
 Nev ergi vead ri
nkt oaf aintedpers onunt ilcompletecons cioushasbeen
gainedbecaus eitcancaus echok i
ng
Whyshoul dn’tweal lowby -stand ersaroundaf aintedperson?
 Toal lowt hev ictimt ogetenoughf reshai r
Whyshoul dwegi vegl ucoset osomeonewhohasf ai
ntedd uet opr olongedhunger ?
Toprov i
det hev i
ct imwi thener gy
 Gi vear easonwhyl egsofaf ai
ntedper sonshoul dber aisedhi ghert han
thehead ?
Toal lowbl oodwi thox ygent of l
owt othebr ain
Nosebl eeding
-Nos
ebl eed ingi st hef lowofbl oodf romt henos e
Causesofnosebl eeding
 Head ache  Eatingf oodsonei sallergicto
 Acci dent s  Prolongedmed icatione.g.
 Ov eri nhalat i
onofd ryair t
akingas pir
insf oral ongt ime
 Ov erbl owi ngoft henos e
Howd oesoveri nhal ationofd ryai rcausenosebl eedi
ng?
 Itd riesandbr eak sbl oodv es s
elsint henos t
ril
s
Howd oesoverbl owi ngoft henosecausenosebl eedi
ng?
 Itov ers trainsandbr eak sbloodves selsi nthenos tri
ls

171
Howd oespr olongedmed i
cat i
oncausenosebl eedi
ng?
 Itpr ev ent snor malbloodcl ottingincas ebloodv ess
elsint henos tri
lsare
damaged
Firstaidf ornosebl eed i
ng
 L ett hecas ual tys i
tandbendf orwar d
 Pi ncht hes of tpar toft henos e
 Encour aget hecas ualtyt obr eathet hrought hemout h
 Keept heheadoft hecas ualt
yhi ghert hanthehear t
 Puti cewr appedi nat owelont henos e
Whati st hei mpor tanceofpi nchi ngt hesof tpartoft henoseofavi cti
mbl eedi
ng
throught henose?
 Toal lowbl oodt oclot
Whyshoul dweencour ageaper sonnosebl eedi
ngt obr eathet hrought hemout h?
 Topr eventov ers t
rainingandbr eakingofbl oodv es s
elsi nthenos tr
ils
Whati st hei mpor tanceofput ti
ngbl ock sofi ceont henost ri
lsofaper sonnose
bleeding?
 Tomak et hel iningofbl oodv es sel
si nnostri
lsmoi st
Statet hef irstai df ornosebl eeding
 Pi ncht hes of tpar toft henos eandal lowthecas ualtytobr eathethrough
themout h
Prevent ionofnosebl eeding
 Keept henos tril
smoi st
 Eatf ood sy ourbod yisnotal lergicto
 Av oidpl ayingr oughgamesl ikebox ingeachot her
 Eatci trusf r uitslikeorangesandl emonst os trengthent helini
ngofbl ood
ves selsi nt henos tri
ls

Forei
gnbod ies
Whatar eforeignbod
ies?
-For
eignbodiesareexternalobj
ectst
hatcanent
erourbod
iest
hroughnatur
al
openings.
Whati safor ei
gnbody?
-Aforeignbod yi
sanexternalobj
ectt
hatcanent
erthebod
ythroughnat
ural
opening.

Ex
ampl
esofnat
uralopeni
ngs
 Eyes  Nose  Anus(r
ect
um)
 Ears  Mout
h  Vagi
na

172
For ei
gnbod iesi nt heey es
Examplesoff or eigni ntheey esar e;
 Dus t  Soi l  Tinypi ecesof
 Smok e  Smal lins ects meatandbones
Signsandsy mpt omsoff or ei
gnbod iesi ntheey es
 Pai nandi tchi ngoft heey e  L os sofpropers ight
 F lowoft ear sf romt heey es  Theey etur nsredd i
shor
 Swel li
ngoft heey eli
ds pinkish
Fi
r staidf orf or eignbod iesint heey e
 Incas eofl ightobj ectsli
k ed us t,insectsands mok e,washt heey ewi t
hplent
y
ofcl eanf lowi ngwat er
 Somei ns ect scanber emov edus ingapi eceofcl othast hev i
ctimopensup
theey ewi d ely
 Al sot hev ict i
mcanopent heey ewi delyandy oubl owairs tr
ongl yi
ntoit
 Ift hef orei gnbod yr emainst her e,t
ak et hecas ualtytothenear esthospi
tal
Whatf irstai dcany ougi vet oap. 6boywi thd usti nhi seyes?
 Was ht heey eswi thplent yofcl eanf lowi ngwat er
For ei
gnbod iesi nt heear s
Examplesoff or eignbod iesint heear s
 Smal lins ect s  Soi l
 Smal ls eed s  Bead s
 Smal ls tones  Pi ecesofwood
Fi
r staidf orf or eignbod iesint heear
 Mak et hev ictims itandbendonones ide
 Ifi tisani ns ect ,pourcl eanwat erf ort hei nsecttof l
oatandcomeout
 Ift hef orei gnbod yi snotani ns ect,donotat t
emptt oremov ebutj usttak
e
thecas ual tyt othehos pital
For ei
gnbod iesi nt henos e
Examplesoff or eignbod iesint henosear e;
 Smal ls eed s  Smal li
nsect s
 Bead s  But t
ons
 Smal ls tones
Fi
r staidf orf or eignbod iesint henose
 Tel lthev ict i
mt obl owthenos ehar dandf ast
 Ift hef orei gnbod yi snotani ns ect,donotat t
emptt oremov eitbecaus eyou
maypus hi tf urther .Justt ak et hecas ual tytot heneares thospital
Whatad vicecany ougi vet oyourf r i
endwi thani nsectinthenose?

173
  Iwoul dad vicemyf riendt oblowt henosehar dandf ast
Forei
gnbod iesi nt hemout h( throat )
 F ood  But tons
 Coi ns  Smal lstones
-
Themai nf or eignbod yint het hroati sf ood
Dangersoff or eignbod iesi nt het hr oat
 Theyl eadt ochok ing
 Theyl eadt od eath
Causesoff or eignbod iesi nt het hroat
 Badeat inghabi ts
 Swal lowi ngl argel umpsoff ood
 Pl ayingwi thobj ect sl ikecoi nsandbut t
ons
 Eat ingbonymeatandf i
s hcar el essly
Fi
rstaidf orf or eignbod iesi nt het hr oat
 Gi vet hev ictimanumberofs har pblowsatt heback
 Ifchok i
ngcont inues ,wr apy ourar msaroundhis /
herwai st
 Puty ourf i
s tagai ns thi s /herbel l
yjustbetweent henav elandtheri
bs
 Pr es st hebel l
ywi t hs uddens trongupwar dpus h
 Dot hiss ever altimes ;thef or eignbod ywillbef orcedoutbyai rf
romthe
l
ungs .
I
fthechok ingper soni suncons ci
ousorabi gper son;
 L ett hev i
ctiml ayonhi s/herback
 Putt heheel sofy ourhand sont hebell
y
 Mak es ev eral sudd enpus hesont hebellyintotheches tcavit
y
 Ift hev i
ct i
md oesnotbr eathe, trytoapplymout ht omouthbreathi
ng

I
ll
ust
rat
ionsshowi
ngachok
ingper
sonbei
nggi
venf
irstai
d

174
Ifthechok i
ngper soni sasmal l
erper son;
 Kneeld ownononel egandf oldt heother
 Putt hechi ldups i
ded ownov ert hef oldedleg
 Gi vet hechi l
dsever alshar pbl owsatt hebackt ofor ceoutt heforeignbody
 Al s
ohol dt hechi l
dups ided ownbyt helegsandgi ves harpblowsatt heback
Whatf i
rstai dcany ougi vetoap. 6boywi thal argepieceofmeatst ucki nhis
throat ?
 Gi veanumberofs harpbl owsatt heback
For eignbodiesi nther ectum( anus)
 Soi l  Seed s
 Smal ls tones  Toi l
etpaper
 Dus t  L eaves
Firstaidforaf oreignbod yint her ect um( anus)
 Was ht heanuswi thpl entyofcl eanf l
owi ngwat erands oap
 F oreignbod iesli
kes tones ,maybed if
ficulttoremoves ojusttakethe
casual t
yt ot henear esthos pital forpr opermanagement
For eignbodiesi nthevagi na
-Younggi rl
swhocl i
mbt reesof tenr i
skget ti
ngf oreignbodiesint hevaginas
-Foreignbod iescanal soent erthei rv agi naift heysitcarel
es slywher evertheyfi
nd
-Girlswhous et oiletpaper sandcot tonwoold uringmens tr
uat i
onper iod
sgets mall
piecesoft hes et hingsent eringt heirv aginas
Exampl esoff oreignbod iesi nthevagi na
 Toiletpaper  Sand  Seed s
 Cot tonwool  St ones  Dus tord i
rt
 Gr ass  St icks

F
irstai
dforforei
gnbodiesinthevagina
 Usehandstoremoveaforeignbodyfr
omthev agi
na
 Washthev agi
nawit
hplentyofcleanfl
owingwater
 I
faf or
eignbodyisst
uckthere,tak
ethecasualt
ytothenear
esthos
pit
al

175
Pr
event
ionofaccid
ent scausedbyforeignbod
ies
 Chewf oodproperly
 Don’tt
alkorlaughwheneat i
ng
 Keepbuttons,beads,coi
ns,
soilandseed
sinthei
rey
es,
ear
s,nos
eormout
h

Poisoning
Whati spoi son?
-Poisonisanys ubstanceoncet akeni
ntot hebodyd
amagesbod yorganorcaus e
death.
Howi spoisonint r
od ucedi
ntot hebody?
 Thr oughcont aminatedfood  Throughswall
owing(orall
y)
andwat er  Throughanimalbi
tes(snakes
 Thr oughcont aminatedair anddogbites)
 Thr oughi nj
ect i
ons
Exampl escommonhousehol dpoison
 Ratpoi son  Acarici
des  Herbi
cides
 Par affi
n  Jik  Pesti
cid
es
 Pet rol  Insecti
cid
es
 Di esel  Fungici
des

Si
gnsofpoi soning
 Coma  Vomiti
ng
 Rapidbr eathing  Mentalconf
usi
on
 Feverands weat i
ng  Lossofbodybal
ance
 Feeli
ngt hirsty
Fi
rstai
dpoisoni ng
 Givet hecas ualtyplent
yoff l
uid
s
Whyshouldwegi vepl entyofflui
dstoaper
sonwhohastakenpoi
son?
 Tod i
lutepoi sonint hest
omach
 Tomak ethev icti
mv omi
t

Howt omakeavicti
mofpoi soningvomit
 Givethevict
imraweggs
 Givethevict
imwat ermixedwithsoap
 Pushthefingersinthemout htowardsthethr
oat
NB:Ifthevi
cti
mhast akenpetrol,
ji
k,paraff
inordies
el,d
onotmakehi
m/hert
o
vomi
t.
Whyshouldwemak eavi cti
mwhohasswal lowedparaf
fin,
pet
rolorj
ikt
ovomit
?

176
  Itcaus esmor ed amaget othestomachandthegull
et
Pr
event
ionofpoi soni ng
 Keeppet rol,par affi
norj i
koutofchil
dren’
sreach
 Keepd r ugsoutofchi l
dren’
sreach
 Followt hed oct or ’
sprescri
pti
onwhent aki
ngdrugs
 Dis poseex piredd r
ugs
 Av oiddrugmi sus e
 Buyd r
ugsf r
omr ecommendedpharmaci
es

Fractur es
Whati saf ract ur e?
Af ractureisabr ok enorcr ackedboneinthebod
y.
Causesoff ract ures
 Pl ayi
ngr oughgames  Fal
li
ngfromatreeorat all
 Get tingi nv olvedi namot or bui
ldi
ng
accident  Fal
li
nginadit
chacci d
ental
ly
Signsofaf r act ure
 Thei nj uredpar ts wells
 Thebr ok enl imbappear scr ook
ed
Sympt omsofaf ract ur e
 Pai natt hei njur edpar t
 F ail
ur et omov et heaf fectedpart
Typesoff ract ur es
 Si mplef r actur es  Greenst
ickf
ractures
 Compoundf ract ur es
Whati sasi mpl ef ract ur e?
-Asimpl efract ur eisat y peoff ractur
ewherethebr
okenboneremainsinsi
dethe
fl
es h.
Ad i
agr amshowi ngasi mpl efracture

Whati
sacompoundf
ract
ure?

177
-Acompoundf
ract
urei
satypeoffract
urewher
ethebr
okenbonet
ear
sthef
les
h
andcomesoutoft
heski
n.
Adiagr
amshowingacompoundf
ractur
e

Whati sagr eenst ickf ract ur e?

-Agreens t
ickf racturei sat y peoff ractur
ewher ethebonej ustbendsbutdoesnot
completelybr eak .
Whyar egr eenst ickfr actur escommonamongy oungchildr
en?
 Youngchi ldrenhav eweakboneswi t
hl esscal
ciumandphos phorus
Whati sthef irstai dforf r act ur es?
 Ti es plintswi t
haband ageatt heaffectedpart
Howar espl int susef uli ngi vi ngf irstai
dtoacasual t
ywi thaf ract
ure?
 Spl intsk eept hebr ok enbonesi nonepos i
ti
on
Namet hei njur yt hatr equi rest heuseofspl intswhengi vi
ngf i
rstaid
 Af ract ur e
Disl
ocat i
ons
Whati sad islocat i
on?
-Adisl
ocat i
oni st hemov ementofabonef romi t
snormalpositi
on.
Whati sthef irstai dford islocat ions?
 Mas saget heaf fectedpar twi t
hlini
ment
Whichpar tsoft hebod yar eaf fectedbyd i
slocati
ons?
 Joi nts
Sprains
Whati saspr ain?
-Asprainisat wi stedort or nl igament
-Asprainisanov erstretchedl i
gament
Whati sal i
gament ?
-Ali
gamenti st is suet hatj oinsabonet oboneataj oi
nt.
Howar el i
gament susef ulint hebod y?
 L igament shol dbonest oget her

178
  Li
gament sjoinbonest oget her
Causesofspr ains
 Walk
ingd owns teps
 Alegs l
ippi ngintoad i
tchorahol eaccident
all
y
Si
gnsandsympt omsofspr ains
 Onefeel sal otofpai n  Di f
ficul
tyi
nmov
ingt
hej
oint
 Swell
ingatt heaf fectpar t
Fi
rstai
dforspr ains
 Keepthej ointinar es ti
ngpos iti
on
 Appl
yi ceatt hes prainedj oint
 Ti
ethej ointwi t
haband ageandk eepitmoti
onless

St
rains
Whatisastr
ain?
-
As t
raini
sanoverst
ret
chedortor
nmus
cle.
-
As t
raini
saninj
uryonthetend
on.

Whati
satend
on?
-
Atendoni
sati
ssuet
hatj
oinsabonet
oamus
cle

Howar et end onsusef ulint hebod y?

 Tend onshel pt oj oinbonest omus cles
Causesofst rains
 Hi tti
ngy ourf aceagai ns tahardobj ect
 Ov erwor kingofmus clese.g.play i
ngf ootball
,net
ball
, basketball
,et
c
Si
gnsandsy mpt omsofst r
ai ns
 Al otofpai nati nj uredpar t  Themus clemayappear
 Sud dens har ppai nint he swoll
en
mus cle
Fi
rstaidf orst rains
 Mas saget heaf fectedpar twithliniment
 Pl acebl ock sofi ceatt heaf fectedpar t
Howi saspr aind ifferentf romast rain?
-
As prainisat wi stedort ornl igamentwhi l
eas t
rainisanover st
retchedortorn
muscle.
Howi sthef unct i
onofal i
gamentd ifferentf romthatofat end oninthebod y
?
-
Al i
gamentj oinsabonet oabonewhi leat endonjoinsabonet oamus cl
eatthe
j
oint.

179
THEME:HUMANHEAL TH
TOPI C:SANI TATI ON
Whati ssani tat ion?
-Sanitat i
oni st hegener alcl eanli
nessoft hepl acewher ewes tayorlive.
-Sanitat i
oni st hek eepi ngofourenv i
ronment al cl
ean.
Element sofacl eanhome/ school
 L atrine/ toi l
et  Bat hroom
 Pl ates tand /rack  Ki tchen
 Dus tbin/ r ubbis hpi t
I
mpor tanceofeachoft heaboveel ement s
Latr i
ne
 F orpr operd ispos alofhumanex cr eta( faecesandur i
ne)
Rubbi shpi t/dust bin
 F orpr operd ispos alofr ubbi
s h
Kitchen
 Thi si swher ef oodi spr eparedf romands t
oredaf t
ercook i
ng.
Platest and /rack
 I ti swher eut ens il
sar eputt odryaf terwas hing.
 I tpr ev ent scont ami nat i
onofut ens il
saf terwas hing
Bat hroom
 Thi si sabat hingpl ace
Act i
vitiescar r iedoutt opr omot esanitationi nt heenvi ronment
 Dr ainings tagnantwat er  Smok ingl atri
nestopr event
 Sweepi ngr ubbi s hint he bads mel l
compoundandhous e  Di ggingr ubbi shpi
tsf orproper
 Sl ashingt allgr as s dispos alofr ubbi
sh
 Col lect ingandbur ni ngr ubbish  Scr ubbingandmoppi nghous es
 Cons tr uct inglat r i
nesf or andcl as srooms
pr operd ispos aloff aecesand  Pi ck i
ngr ubbishf r
omt he
ur ine compound
I
mpor tanceofpr opersani tat i
onint heenvi ronment
 I tcont rol st hes preadofd i
arrhoeal d iseases
 I tcont rol st hebr eed i
ngofd iseas ev ect ors
 I thel pst opr ev entf oodandwat ercont amination
 I thel pst ocont rolbads melli
ntheenv ironment
 I tal sohel pst or ed ucepol l
uti
oni nt heenv ir
onment
Diseasest hatmaybr eak outd uetopoorsani tat i
on
 Chol era  Ty phoi d  Dy sentery

180
  Poli
o  Mal
ari
a  El
ephant
ias
is
 Diar
rhea  Yel
lowfev
er

Latrines
Whati sal at rine?
-Alatrinei sapl acef orur inationandd efecat ion.
-I
tisapl aceus edf orpr operd ispos aloff aecesandur ine.
Whyar el at ri
nesconsi der edt obei mpor tantel ement sinourhomes?
 L at rinesar eus edf orpr operd ispos al ofur ineandf aeceswhi chlower st
he
spr eadofd iarrhoeald i
s eas es.
Typesofl at r
ines
 Pi tl atrines  Toi lets
 Ecos an  Pot ti
es
Pitlatrines
-Apitlat rinei sapi tdugi nt hegr oundf orpr operd is pos aloff aecesandur ine.
Qual i
tiesofagoodpi tlatr i
ne
 I ts houl dbebi genought ohol df aecesf oral ongt ime
 I ts houl dhav eas trongf l
oort oav oidacci dent s
 Thehol es houl dbebi genought oal lowf aecest hr oughbuts mallenought o
pr ev ents mal lchildrenf r omf alli
ngi nt oi t.
 I ts houl dhav ewal l
sandd oorsf orpr i
v acy
 I ts houl dbewel lroof ed
 I tsf loors houl dbes moot ht oal l
oweas ycl eani ng
 I ts houl dhav eal idont hes quathol et ok eepawaybads mellandhous efl
ies
Typesofpi tlatrines
 Vent il
atedi mpr ov edpi tlat r
ine( VIPl atrine)
 Or d i
nar ypi tlatrine( conv ecti
onalpi tl atrine)
VIPlatr i
ne
Whati sVI Pi nf ull?
 Vent il
atedi mpr ov edpi tlat r
ine
Whati saVI Pl atrine?
-AVI Plat rinei sat y peofl at ri
newi t
hav entpi peandas cr eenoni t
.
Char act eristicsofVI Plat ri
nes
 Theyhav ev entpi pest ol etoutbads mel lfromt hepi t
 Theyhav es creenst ot raphous efliesunt iltheyd ie
 Theyhav es piralwal lsf orpr ivacy
 Theyd on’thav el ids/cov er sont hes quathol est oal lowf r
eeai rcir
culati
on
int hepi ts.

181
WhyisaVIPlatr
inesaidtobevent il
ated?
 Ithasav entpipetod ri
veoutbads mell
WhyisaVIPlatr
inesaidtobei mpr oved ?
 Ithasas creentot raphous efl
iesunti
ltheyd
ie
Whyshoul
dn’toneputal idont hesquathol eofaVIPlat
rine?
 Toallowf r
eeai rcircul
ationint hepi
t
Astr
uctur
eofaVI Platr
ine

Functionsofeachpar t
Screen
 Tot raphous efli
esunt iltheyd i
e
Ventpi pe
 Tol etoutbads mellf romt hepi tl
atrine
Spiralwal ls
 Togi veanobs t
r uctionf orpr iv
acy
Howt omai ntainaVI Pl atrine
 Bys weeping/ moppi ng/ scrubbingitsf l
oor
 Nev erputacov eront hehol etoallowf r
eeai rci
rcul
ationi
nthelatr
ine
 Sl as hingbus hesar oundt hel atri
ne
 Pus hingf aecesandur inei ntothepi t
Advant agesofaVI Pl atrine
 I td oes n’tsmellbad lybecaus ei thasav entpipetoletoutbadsmell
 I thasnohous ef li
esbecaus ethes creentrapsandk i
ll
sthem
Disadvant ageofaVI Pl atrine
 I tisex pensivet ocons truct
Ordinar y/convect ionalpi tl atri
ne

182
Charact
eri
sti
csoford i
narypitlatri
nes
 Theyhavecoversorl i
dsont heholestokeepawaybadsmel
landhous
efl
ies
.
 Theyhavenov entpipes
 Theyhavenos creens
Whyshouldoneputacoveroral idonthehol eofanord
inar
ypitl
atri
ne?
 Topreventabads mellf
romt hepitlat
rine
Astruct
ureofanordinarypitlatr
ine

Fact
orsconsideredwhenchoosi ngasi t
ef orapitlat
rine
 Itshouldbedownhill(
loweralti
tude)thanawat ersourcetopreventwater
contaminati
on/wat
erpol l
uti
on
 Itshouldbe30met ersawayf romawat ersour
ce.Thisprevent
swat er
contaminati
on
 Itshouldbeatleas
t10met ersawayf romahous e,school
,hospi
tal,
market
andk i
tchentopreventbads mell
.
Recommendedd i
stanceofal at
rinefromawat ersourceandahouse

Dif
fer
encesbetweenVIPlatri
nesandordinarypitl
at ri
nes
 VI
Platr
ineshavespiral
wallswhi
leordinarypitlatr
ineshavedoorsfor
pr
ivacy
 VI
Platr
ineshaveventpipeswhil
eor d
inarypitlatr
ineshavenov entpi
pes
 VI
Platr
ineshavescreenswhil
eor d
inarypitl
atr i
neshavenoscr eens
Howtokeepapitlat
rinecl
ean

183
  Bysweeping,scr
ubbingormoppingthefloor
 Byregularsmoki
ngatavoidbadsmellandkil
lhous
efl
ies
 Cut
tingbrushesaroundthepitl
atri
ne
 Al
way spushthefaecesthroughthehole

Ecosanlatri
nes
ThefeaturesofanEcos anlat
rineincl
udethefoll
owing;
 Ithasas hal
lowpi t
.
 Thepi tismad eshall
owbecaus eafterdef
ecating,
amugofashispoured
intothepi t
.
 Thepi tiscons t
ructedi
ns uchawayt hatfaecesandur
inegotodi
ffer
ent
portions.
Whyisashputonf aecesinanEcosanl at
r i
ne?
 As hd r
iesupt hefaeces

AdvantagesofEcosanl atri
nes
 Theyd onotpr oduceanybads mell s
incethef aecesd rybythehelpofash
andarenotmi xedwit
hanyl i
quid
 Thef aecesar eusedasmanur ewhi chisgoodf orplantgrowt h
 Ur i
neiscollectedandusedbot hasani nsecti
cideandf ert
il
izer
Maint
enanceofanEcosanl atri
ne
 As hmus tbeus edtocoverthef aecesafterdef ecati
ng
 Keept hef l
oorcleanbyav oi
dingd i
rtyi
ngitwithas h
 Whent hepitisful
l,i
tshouldbecl osedforsixmont hswhichf aecesar
e
removedandus edasferti
li
zersormanur eincropf arms

Toilets/watercloset
-Atoi l
etisaty peofl atr i
newhichus eswatertoflushhumanfaecesanduri
neint
o
as eptictank.
-I
tisal socall
edawat erbor netoil
et.
-Theyar efoundi nf oundi nmanyr esid
enti
alhouses,houses
,school
s,shops,
hos pit
alsandbank s .
-Theyar ecalledflusht oil
etsbecausetheyusewat ertocarryawayfaecesand
urine.
Whyd owef lushat oiletafteruse?
 Tok eepi tcleans othatitdoesnotatt
ractfli
es
Par tsofat oil
et

184
Funct
ionsofeachpar t
Watertank/ci
ster
n
 Tohol dwaterf
orflus
hingwastesi
ntot
hes
ept
ict
ank
.
Handl
e
 Itispull
edorpushedtofl
ush.

Bowl
 Thi si
sacont ai
nerwherehumanwas tesaredeposited.
Seat
 Thi si
swher eapersonsitsduri
nguri
nationordefecati
on.
Pi
pe
 Itleadsfaecesanduri
net othesept
ictank
Septi
ct ank
 Tohol d/
storefaecesbeforeempti
edbytheempt i
erv ehi
cle
Adiagramshowi ngacesspoolemptier

185
Whati
sthei
mport
anceofacesspoolempt
ierinacommunit
y?
 Iti
susedi
nemptyi
ngsewagefromsepti
ctanksint
hecommuni
ty.
 Iti
susedf
oremptyi
ngfaecesfromsept
ictank
s.

Pr
operuseofat
oil
et

 Alway ssitors quatd uringur inationord efecat i

on
 Alway sflushaf terus e
 Usetoi l
etpaperwhi chi ss oftt ocleany our selfafterus e
 Avoidus i
nghar dmat erialsli
kes t
onesorpol y thenepaper swhichcanbl ock
thepipes
 Al way splacebackt hel i
d /
cov eraf terus e
 Scr ubt hef l
oorwi thaf loorbr ushandt hebowlbr us h
 Was hthebowl ,seatandr imwi thcl eanwat erandd is
inf ectants
 Al way sbr us
ht hecor nersoft her oom
Menti
onanyt womat erial
susedi ncleani ngour selvesaf tervi si
tingal at
rineor
toi
let
 Wat er  Soap
Whyshoul dwewashourhand saf t
ervi si ti
ngal atrineort oilet?
 Towas hawayger ms
 Tor emov eger ms
Whyshoul dwewashhand swi thsoapaf t ervisit
ingt helatrineort oi
let?
 Tok illgerms
Namet wod isinfectantsusedi nt oi
let stok il
lgerms
 Ji k  Vi m

186
Wr ited ownanyt hr eead vant agesofusi ngt oiletsorl at ri
nei nthecommuni t
y
 I tpr omot ess ani tation
 I tpr omot esd ev elopmenti nacommuni ty
 I tcont rolsoutbr eakofd i
ar rhoeal d i
seas e
Nameanyf ourd i
seaseswhi chspr eadt hr oughf aeces
 Chol er a  Dy s enter y
 Di ar rhoea  Ty phoi d
I
d ent ifyanyt wopr obl emf acedbyur bant oilets
 L ackofwat erf orf l
us hing
 L ackoft oiletpaper s
Thepot ties
Whati sapot t y?
-Apot tyi sas mal lpor tabl elat rinef orbabi es .
-Apot tyi sas mal lcont ainers hapedi nf or mofas eatofat oilet.
-I
ti sus ual lyus edbyt od dlerswhoar ebei ngt rainedt ous et oilet
sorlatri
nes.
-Pot ti
ess houl dbecl eaneds oonaf t
erus eandk eptwel l
.
-I
ns omecas es , pot tiesar eus edbyv er ys ickpeopl e.
THEME:THEHUMANBODY
TOPI C:THEREPRODUCTI VESYSTEM
Gr owt h, devel opmentandr epr od uct i
on
Whati sgr owt h?
-Gr owt hi si ncr eas ei ns izeofanor gani sm.
Whati sd evel opment ?
-Dev elopmenti si ncr eas ei nmat ur it
yofanor ganis m.
Whati sr epr od uct ion?
-Repr od uct i
oni st hepr oces sbywhi chl i
v i
ngt hingspr od ucey oungoness i
mil
arto
thems elv es .
-Repr od uct i
oni st heabi l
ityofl ivingt hi ngst opr od uceandi ncr easeinnumber.
Ty pesofr epr od uct i
on
 Sex ualr epr od uct ion  As ex ualr eproduct
ion
Whati sasex ualr epr od uct ion?
-As exualr epr od uct ioni st het ypeofr epr od uct i
onwhi chd oesnoti nvol
ve
repr od uct ivecel l
s( gamet es).
Ex ampl esofasex ualr epr od uct i
on
 Bi nar yf issioni nbact er i
aandamoeba
 Spor ef or mat i
oni nf ungiands omenonf lower ingpl ant s
 Bud d i
ngi ny eas tandcoel enter at es
 Veget at i
v er epr od uct ione. g.st emcut tings ,
bud ding,gr afti
ngandus eof
s uck er s

187
Whati ssex ualr eprod ucti
on?
-
Sex ualr epr oductioni sthetypeofreproduct
ionwhichinvol
vesreproducti
vecel
ls
(gametes ).
-
Thisi sthet ypeofr eproducti
onwheret hemaleandfemalegametesunitetofor
m
az ygote.
Whatar egamet es?
-
Gamet esar erepr oductivecell
soforganisms
.
Namet hemal egamet esofplants
 Pol lengr ains
Namet hemal egamet esofani mal
s
 Sper ms
Ment i
ont hef emalegamet esofplants
 Ov ules
Ment i
ont hef emalegamet esofanimals
 Ov a
Whati sagonad ?
-
Agonadi sas pecial partofananimalwherereprod
uctivecel
lsareproduced.
Namet hemal egonad sinanimals
 Tes tes
Statet hef emal egonadi nanimals
 Ov ary /
ov aries

Whichpar tofabeanf l
owerpl aysthesamer ol
east estesofaman?
 Ant her
Whatar eher maphr odi
tes?
-Hermaphr od itesar eorganismswhichhav eboththemal eandfemalerepr
oducti
ve
organs .
Exampl esofher maphrod i
tes
 Ear thwor ms  Snai ls
 Tapewor ms  Sl ugs
Sex ualr epr od uctioninman
Adol escenceandpuber ty
Whati sad olescence?
-Adoles cencei sat r
ansiti
onalstagebetweenchil
dhoodandad ult
hood .
Whoi sanad olescent ?
-Anad ol escenti saper sonbetweenchildhoodandadulthood.
NB:
-I
ngi rls,adol es cencebeginsat12y ear
sandend sat21y earswhileinboys,
it
startsat15y ear sandend sat21y ears.

188
Whati spuber ty?
-Puber tyisas tageofs exualmat ur i
tyinani nd i
vidual.
-Pubert yisaper iodd ur ingad oles cencewhenaper sonbecomess exuallymat ure.
Typesofchangest hatoccurd ur i
ngad ol
escence
 Pr i
mar ys exchar act eristics/bas i
cs exchanges
 Second ar ys exchar act eristics/phy si
cals exchanges
 Ps ychol ogi cal changes /emot ionalchanges
 Outs tepad oles centchanges
Primar ysexchar act er isti
cs
-Thesear echangest hatt ak epl acei ns exorganst opr epar ethemf ort hei r
functioni nr epr od uct ion.
-Theyar eal socal ledbasi csexchanges.
Primar ysexchangesi nboy s
 Enl argementoft hepeni sand  Tes t esbegi npr oduci ngs perms
tes tes  Wetd reamsar enot i
ced
Primar ysexchangesi ngi r l
s
 Dev elopmentofov ar i
esand  Ov ul at i
onbegi ns
uter us  Mens trualperiodsbegi n
Whati sovul at i
on?
-Ovulationi st her eleas eofamat ureov umbyt heov aryi nt otheov iduct.
-Ovulationi st hepr oces sbywhi cht heov aryreleas esamat ureovumi nt ot he
oviduct.
Whati smens truat i
on?
-Menstr uat i
oni st hemont hlyoutf lowofbl oodf romt heut er usthrought hev agi
na.
-Menstr uat i
oni st hemont hlys hed dingofbl oodbyt heut er uswal l
swhen
ferti
li
z ationd oesnotoccur .
Second arysexchar act eristics
-Second ar ys exchar act eristicsar echangesr elatedt ophy s i
calfeaturest hat
dist
ingui shagr ownupmal ef romagr ownupf emal e.
Second arysexchar act eristicsi nboy s
 Sweatgl and sbecomemor e  Thev oicebr eaksandd eepens
act ive  Gr owt hofhai ront hef aceas
 Hai rgr owsi nt hear mpits bear ds
 Gr owt hofpubi chai rar ound  Gener almus culars truct ure
thepeni s s howi ngmas culinef eat ures
Second arysexchar act eristicsi ngi rl
s
 Sweatgl and sbecomemor e  Gr owt hofhai ri nthear mpits
act ive  Enl ar gementofbr eas t
s
 Gr owt hofpubi chai r

189
  Wideningandroundi
ngofhi
ps
 Thegi r
l’sf
acebecomessmoothandgoodl
ook
ing
 Thev oicebecomessof
tandattr
acti
ve
 Pimpl
esmayappearont heface

Second ar ychar act er isticscommonamongad ol escentboy sandgi r

ls
 Sweatgl and sbecomemor e  Gr owt hofpubichai r
activ e  Hai rgrowthint hear mpi
ts
Psychol ogical /emot i
onalchangesi nad ol escent
-Thesear echangest hatt ak epl acei nt hemi ndsbutt heyar enots eenandmaynot
ber ealiz
edbyt head ol es cent .
Exampl esofpsy chol ogicalchangesamongad ol escent s
 Ad ol escent sbecomei nt er estedinmember soft heoppos i
tesex
 Theyal way smov ei npeergr oups
 Theyal way swantt ober ecogni zedasmat ure
 Theywantal otoff reed om
 Theyr eactqui cklyt od iff erents ituat i
ons
 Theybecomeangr yandd isappoint edqui ck l
y
 Theyr ejectr ul esandor d ersf romel ders
Outst epad olescentchanges
-Thesear echangeswhi choccurd ifferent lytod iffer enti ndi
vid
ualsint hesameage
group.
Exampl esofoutst epad olescentchanges
 Sud deni ncr eas einwei ght  Sud d
enincreasei nheight
Problemsf acedbyad olescent s
 Theyd ev elopant i s ocial behav i
our s
 Sex ualconf lict swant ingt oex per iencet hef or bidden
 Conf l
ictsbet weenad oles cent sandcul tur e/rel i
gion
 Theybegi nf or nicat iond uet os ex ual matur i
ty
 Theyar enev ers at isfiedwi thd emand smad eont hem
 Conf l
ictsbet weenad oles cent sandpar ent s/ teacher s
Termsusedi nr epr od uct ion
Copul ati
on
 Thi si stheactofpl ayings exi nhumanbei ngs .
Ejaculation
 Thi si stheactofr eleas ingofs per msi ntot hev aginathrought hepenis.
Fertil
ization
 Thi si sthef us ionoft hemal eandf emalegamet est oformaz y gote.

190
Concept
ion
 Thisi
stheprocessbywhicht
hef
ert
il
iz
edov
aryd
ivi
desandi
mpl
ant
sit
sel
f
onthewall
soft heut
erus
.

I
mplant ation
 Thi sist heproces sbywhi chaf oetusgetsat tachedontheuter
uswalls.
Foetus
 F oetusi sad evelopingbabybet ween8week sandbef or
ebirt
h.
Zygote/embr yo
 Az ygot eisad evelopingbabyf romconcept iont o8weeks.
Gamet es
 Thes ear ereproduct i
v ecell
sofanor ganis
m.
Ova
 Thes ear efemaler epr oduct
ivecell
sofani mals .
Sperm/ sper mat ozoa
 Thes ear emaler eprod ucti
vecellsofanimals .
Hermaphr odites
 Her maphr odi
tesar eor ganismswithbot hthef emalemal
ereproduct
ive
or gani sm.
Ovulation
 Ov ulat i
oni sthepr oces sbywhicht heov aryreleasesamatureovuminto
theov iduct.
Thef emal er eproductivesy stemofawoman

Funct
ionsofeachpar
t
Ovary

191
  Topr oduceov a
 Topr oducehor monecal ledoes t
rogenwhi chcont rol
ssecondar
ysex
charact eris
ticsinf emales
Oviduct/f
allopiant ube
 Thi siswher efertil
izati
ont akesplace.
 Itallowspas sageoft heov umt otheuterus
Uterus/womb
 Itiswher econcept i
on/implantati
ontakesplace.
 Itpr ovidess uit
ablecond iti
onsf orthegr owthoft hebaby(foet
us)
Cervix
 Itclos est helowerendoft heuterusdur i
ngpr egnancy
Vagina
 Itiswher es permsar ed epositedduri
ngmat ing.
 Itals oact sast hebi rt
hcanal .
Vulva
 Itisanopeni ngt ot hevaginawhi chdirectsthepeni sdur
ingmati
ng.
Funneloft heovi duct
 Ithel pst odirecttheov umi ntotheov i
duct
Themal erepr oductivesy stemofaman

Functi
onofeachpar t
Scrotum
 Toprotectthetes t
esfromex t
ernali
njur
ies
 Toregulat
et emperatur
ear oundthetest
es
Testes
 Toproduces perms
 Toproduceahor monecal
ledtestost
erone

192
Howi stestost eronehor monei mpor tantinmal es?
 Itisr es ponsiblef ors econd arys exchar acteri
stics( l
ibido)
 Itincr eas ess exuald es ir
e
Epidi
dymis
 Tos toremanuf act ur eds perms
Spermd uct
 Itisapas sageofs per msf romt hetes tesorepi didymist otheurethr
a.
Seminalvesi cle
 Topr od uces ement hr oughwhi chs permsmov e
Urethra
 Itisapas sageofs per msf romt hes permd uct.
 Itisal soapas sageofur inef romthebl adder.
Penis
 Tod epos itspermsi nt othev aginadurings exualintercour se
Foreski
n
 Tocov erandpr otectt heheadoft hepeni sfromi nj
ur i
es
Prostategland s
 Topr od uceaf l
uidt hatcl os est heur i
nar ybladderdur ingsext oprev
ent
uri
nef rommi x i
ngwi ths perms
Ferti
li
zati
oni nhumans
-Fer
til
iz
ationi st heuni on/f us i
onoft hemal eandf emalegamet estof or
maz ygot
e.
Typesoff er ti
lizati
on
 Inter nalfer t
il
ization  Ex ternalf ert
ili
zati
on

Whatisinternalf ert
ili
zation?
-
Thisisthety peoff erti
liz
at i
onwhichtakesplacei nsid
et hefemale’
sbody.
Namef i
veex ampl esofani malswhichund er
goi nternalferti
li
zati
on
 Woman  Goat
 Cow  Ewe
 Monk ey  Hen
Whatisexter nalfertil
izat
ion?
-
Thisisthety peoff erti
liz
at i
onwhichoccursout sidethebod yofaf emal
e.
Li
stdownf ourex amplesofani mal
sthatund ergoex ternalfert
il
iz
ation
 Toad s  Sal amanders
 Newt s  F ish
 Frogs
Whatisthei mmed iat
er esultofferti
li
zati
on?
-
Az ygot
eisf or med/formationofaz y
gote.

193
Ast
ruct
ureofasper
mcel
l

Ast
ruct
ureofanovum

St
agesoff
ert
il
iz
ati
on

Gestat ionper i
od/pregnancy
-
Ges tationper i
odist het i
met akenfromconcept iontobir
th.
-
Theges tationper iodinmani s9mont hs/270d ays.
Format ionofababyboyandababygi r
l
Whatd eter mi nesthesexofachi ld
?
-
Thes exofachi l
disd eterminedbyt hesexchr omosomescontai
nedbyt he
reproduct i
vecel ls.
-
Allov acont ai nXXchr omos omesrepresent i
ngfemalesex.
-
Allsper mscont ainXYchr omos omesrepr esent
ingmalesex.
-
Dur i
ngf er ti
lizati
on,anov umcont r
ibutesonl yXchromosomesbutas permcel
l
whichcont ributeseitherXorYchr omos ome.
-
Itisthes per mcellwhi chd eter
minesthes exofachildbyei
thercont
r i
buti
ngXto
formXXf oragi rlorYt ofor mXYf oraboy .

194
Whatar echr omosomes?
-Chr omos omesar et inys ubs tancesf oundi nthenucleusofar eproduct
ivecel
l
whi chd eter mi nest hes exoft heof f
s pring.
Howi sababyboyf or med ?
-Ababyboyi sf ormedwhent heYchr omos omeofas per munit
eswi ththeX
chr omos omeofanov umt of or mXY.
Howi sababygi r
lf or med?
-Ababygi rlisf ormedwhent heXchr omos omeofas per munit
eswi thoneoftheX
chr omos omeofanov umt of or mXX.
Twi ns
-Twi nsar et wochi l
drenbor natt hes amet imebyt hesamemot her .
Ty pesoft wi ns
 I dent ical twins  Si amesetwi ns
 F r ater nalt wins
Ident icalt wi ns
-Thes ear et wi nsf or medwhenonef er t
il
izedov umspli
tsi nt
otwopar tsandeach
dev elopsi ntoani nd epend entbaby .
Char act erist i
csofi d enticaltwi ns
 Theyphy sicallylookal ike/theyr esembl eeachot her
 Theyar eoft hes ames ex
Frat er nalt wi ns
-Frat ernalt winsar et winsf ormedwhent woov af er
til
izedbytwod i
ffer
entsper
ms
andeachd evel opsi ntoani ndepend entbaby .

Characteri
sti
csoff r aternalt
wins
 Theyd on’tresembl eeachot her
 Theyar ealway snotoft hes ames ex
Si
ameset wins
-
Thes earetwinswhenonef ert
il
izedov umdivi
desbutfailstoseparatefull
y.
-
Theyar ebornwhenj oinedtogetherandmays haresomev it
albodyorgans.
Mul
tiplebi
rths
-
Thisiswhenmor ethant wochi l
drenar eproducedatthes amebirthbythes ame
mother.
-
Theyar eeit
hert ri
pletsormor echi l
drenatthes amebirt
h.
Si
gnsofpr egnancy
 Mens tr
uations tops hardens
 Thebr eastgrowbi gger  Mornings i
cknessinthefirs
t
 Theabd omenenl argesand threemont hs

195
  L ossofappet it
ef orcertai
n frequent lythannor mal
typeoff ood  Incr eas edappet i
tef ora
 F requents pitti
ngofs ali
va par ti
culart y
peoff ood
 Pas singoutur i
nemor e
Dangeroussi gnsofpr egnancy
 Vomi tingal otandof ten  Swel li
ngofl egs ,
hand sand
 Bl eed ingorcol ouredd i
scharge face
fromt hev agina  Sev erehead acheord if
ficul
ty
 Pr olongedanaemi a i
ns eeing
 Sev er etir
ed nessand  Sev erepai nfulabdomen
weak ness  Hear tburn
Teenagepr egnancy
-Thi
sispr egnancyacqui redbyagi rlbel
ow20yearsofage.
Whoi sat eenage?
-Ateenagei saper sonbet ween13y ear
sand19yearsofage.
Causesoft eenagepr egnancy
 Peerpr essur e things
 Def i
lement  F ailuret oprovideenough
 Rape bas icneed stoagi rlchil
d
 Des iref orluxuryormat eri
al  Dr ugabus e
Consequences/effectsofteenagepregnancy
 Lossofs chool ed
ucation  Attempttohaveanaborti
on
 Obs tr
uctedlabour  Rejecti
onbyparents
 Diffi
cultdeli
very  Lackoff i
nanci
alsuppor
t
Howtocar eforapr egnantwoman
Li
stdownt herequirementsofapr egnantwoman
 Antenatalcare  Appropri
ateclothi
ngli
ke
 Goodnut ri
tion materni
tydressesandbras
sier
 Adequater estandsleep  Properpersonalhygi
ene
 Phy sicalexerci
ses
Responsibil
iti
esoff amil
ymember stoapregnantmot her
 Rel i
ev eherofhous ewor k,far
mingetc
 Gi veherps ychol
ogicalsupportbyexpressingpride,unders
tandingand
sympat hyki
ndness
 Gi veheal t
hcarelik
ead viceandtakehert oantenatalcarecli
nics
Whati santenatalcare?
-Antenat
alcar eisthespecialcaregiventopregnantwomani nhospi
talsbefor
e
givi
ngbirth.

196
WriteANCi nf ull
 Ant enat alcar e
Servicespr ovi d edt opr egnantwomend uri
ngant enatalcar evi si
ts
 I mmuni zat i
onagai ns ttetanuswi thtetanust oxoidv acci ne( TTv accine)
 HI Vt es tsar ecar riedout
 Di agnos ingpr oblemsas sociatedwithpr egnancy
 Teachi ngt hemhowt omai ntaingoodheal thduringpr egnancy
 Sens itizingt hemaboutpr operf eedi
ng
 Teachi ngt hemhowt ocar ef orthenewl ybor nbabi es
 Theyar epr ov idedwi thhy gieni
candmod er ndeliverys er vi
ceswi thTr ai
ned
birt
hat tend ants( Tba)
Materialsneed edf ord eliver yandcar eoft hebaby
Forthebaby
 Cl eancl ot hing  Cot
 Bed d ing  St eril
izedd eli
veryequi pment
Forthemot her
 Mat  Clot hf ord el
ivery
 Towel  Moneyf ort ranspor t
Forthef ami ly
 Wat er  Med icalcar e
 F ood
Whyi sr epr od uct iveheal thi mpor tanttopeopl ei nthecommuni ty?
 I tpr ev ent sthes pr eadofs exuallyt
r ansmi t
teddiseas es
 I tpr omot est hepr operf unct i
oningofpeopl e’
sr epr od uct i
veor gans
Youngmot her s
Whoi say oungmot her?
-
Ay oungmot heri sagi rlwhogi v esbirthwhens heisbel owt heageof18y ears.
Problemsf acedbyy oungmot her s
 Obs truct edl abourd uet os mall  Dr oppi ngoutofs chool
pelvic  Inabi l
ityt ocar ef ort heir
 Mi scar r i
ages babi esandt hems elves
 Abor tion  Los sofr espectint heir
 Pr emat ur ebi rths fami li
esandpar ent allov e
 L owbi r t
hwei ght  For cedmar ri
ages
Problemsf acedbychi l
d renbor nbyy oungmot her s
 Theyl ackenoughbas i
cneed se.g.clothesandf ood
 Theygetmanyd iseas ess incey oungmot herslackt hek nowledgeof
prev ent ings uchi nf ecti
ons

197
  L ackofpar ent allove
 Theyar eaband onedasar esul
toflacki
ngbasi
cneeds
 Hi ghinf antmor tal
it
yr ate
Aborti
on
-
Abortionisthei ntend edremov alofthefoetusbef
oretheactualti
meofbi rth.
Reasonswhysomewomenabor t
 Tos t
ayi ns chool  Beingabandonedbyt hepeople
 Theyf earr es pons i
bil
iti
es responsi
bleforthepr egnancy
 F orcedpr egnancyd uet or ape  Fail
uretotel
ltherightowner
 Somef eart olos eparent al ofthepregnancy
l
ove
Ef
fect
sofabort
ion
 Itcaus
esmaternalanaemi
a ut
erus
 Itcanl
eadtodeath  I
tlead
stos
ter
il
it
y
 Itcanl
eadtolossofthe

Posi
ti
onoft
hef
oet
usd
uri
ngpr
egnancy

Functionsofeachpar t
Placenta
 I tattachest heembr yototheut er
us
 I tsuppl i
esthefoetuswi thfoodandox ygen
 I tprev entsthemixi
ngoft hemot her’sbl
oodwi t
ht hatofthefoet
us
 I tprotect st
hef oetusfromd angerouschemicals
 I tprev entsbursti
ngoft i
nybl oodvessel
sinthef oetus
 I tdi
ff useswas t
esf romthef oetusintothemother ’
sbloodst
reams
Umbili
calcor d
 Tot rans por
tfoodnut ri
entsandox ygenfromthepl acentat
othefoet
us

198
  Tocar rywas temat er i
alsf romt hef oet ust ot hepl acenta
Amni oticcavi ty /amni oticsac
 Tok eepamni oti
cf l
ui d
Amni oticf lui d
 Topr otectt hef oet usf r
oms hock /har m
 Tor ed ucef ricti
onbet weent hef oet usandut eruswal l
s
Fami l
ypl anni ngandchi ldspaci ng
Whati sf ami lypl anni ng?
-Familypl anni ngi st heus eofbi rthcont rolmet hod stopl anwhent ohav eandnott
o
hav eababyi naf ami ly.
Whati schi l
dspaci ng?
-Childs paci ngi st hepr ov i
s ionofr egulari nterv al
soft imebet weent hebirt
hsof
childreni naf ami ly.
Ad vantagesoff ami lypl anni ng
 I tcont rol sr api dpopul ationgr owt h
 I tenabl est hemot her ’
sbod ytor estandpr epar ef orthenextpregnancy
 I thel pst opr ev entmat ernalanaemi a
 I tenabl est hechi l
dr ent ogetpr opercar e
 I tenabl eschi ldrent ogetad equat el ovef r
ompar ent s
 I tpr ev ent st hepr od ucingofund erwei ghtbabi es
 I tr ed ucesi nf antmor tali
t yrate
 I tpr ev ent sunwant edpr egnanci es
 I tpr ev ent sf requentbi rths
Met hodsoff ami lypl anni ng
 Nat uralmet hod soff amilypl anning
 Ar tificialmet hod soff ami lyplanning
Nat uralmet hod soff ami lypl anni ng
-Thes ear emet hod soff ami lypl anningwhi chd on’ti nvolveus eofd rugsor
oper ati
on.
Exampl esofnat ur almet hod soff ami l
ypl anni ng
 Pr olongedbr eastf eed ing safed ays
 Abs ti
nence/ abs tainingf r om  Cer vicalmucusmet hod
s ex  Bas albod yt
emper atur
e
 Wi thd rawalmet hod met hod
 Ther hyt
hmmet hod /useof
Howisbreastfeed
inghel pfulduri
ngfami
lypl
anning?
 Br eastf
eedingd elaysov ul
ati
onaft
erpregnancyandgi
vi
ngbi
rth
Wit
hdrawalmethod
/ coitusi nt
errupts

199
-Thisiswher ethemanr emov est hepenisf romt hev agi
nad uri
ngsexass oonashe
not i
cest hatheisaboutt oejaculate.
Ther hy thm
-Thisinvolvesstudy i
ngthemens trualcycles exisonl yrestr
ict
edond ay
swhent he
ov umi sabsentintheov iduct.
Abst i
nence
-Thismet hodinvolvesav oidi
ngs excompl etelyfors ometime.
-I
ti sthebes tmethodf ors choolgoingpupi ls.
Cer vicalmucusmet hod
-Dur i
ngawoman’ smens trualcycle,therear echangesi nt heamountandthetype
ofmucust hatispr oducedbyt hecer vix
.
-Thechangesi nthemucuscor res pondwi t
hov ulation.Henceonecanus ethemt o
findoutwheni tiss afetohav es exandwheni tisnot .
-Womencanbet aughtt oidentif
yt hemandt hend ecidewhent heyshoul
dors houl
d
nothav esextoav oidpregnancy .

Basalbod ytemper at
ur emethod
-I
nthismethod ,athermometerisusedtomeasureawoman’sdai
lytemperat
ure
whens heisres ti
ng.
-Sheisrequir
edt oobs erv
et hechangesevery
day.
-Thetemperaturechangeswhenonei snotsi
ckarerel
atedtoovul
ation.
-Thi
sinformationisusedtod eci
dewhent ohaveornottohavesexsoasav oi
d
pregnancy.

Ad vantagesofnat uralf amilyplanni ngmethods

 Theyar echeapandeas yt ous e
 Theyhav enos ideef fects
Disad v
ant agesofnat ur alfamilyplanningmethod s
 Theyar eriskyandmaynotbev eryeffecti
ve
 Theyneedal otofcooper ationbetweenthemal eandf emal
epartnerwhi
ch
maynotbeav ail
abl e
 Theyd on’
tcont r olthes preadofSTDsex ceptabsti
nence
Art i
fi
cialmet hodsoff ami l
yplanni ng
-Thesear emet hodsoff amil
ypl anningwhichinvolvetheuseofd rugsorarti
fi
cial
mat eri
alstopr eventpr egnancy .
Exampl esofar ti
ficialf amilyplanni ngmethods
 Us eofbi rthcont rolpi
ll
s  Tuballigati
on
 Us eofbi rthcont roli
njections  Vas ect
omy

200
  Norpl
ant  Useofcond
oms
 Useoffoamsandj
ell
ies  Loopi
ngmethod
/coi
ls
/IUDsor
 Di
aphragm I
UCDs

Birthcont rolpil
ls(contraceptivepil
ls)
-Thesear es malltablet
scont ai
ningchemicalswhichpreventpr
egnancybynot
all
owingov ulati
ont otakeplace.
-Onet abletistakenperd ay
Birthcont rolinj
ect i
ons
-Thisiswhenhor moneswhi chpr eventpregnancyaregiv
ent hr
oughinj
ecti
onaft
er
as pecialper i
od.
Loopingmet hod(IUDsorI UCD)

Writei
nf ul
l
-
IUDs-Int
raUteri
neDevices
-
IUCDs- I
ntr
aUteri
neCont r
acepti
veDev i
ces
-
IUDs/I
UCDsar epl
asti
cormet al
li
cd ev
ices(coi
ls
)ins
ert
edi
ntot
heut
erusbyawel
l
tr
ainedhealt
hwor k
ertopreventpregnancy
.
Condomuse

Whati scondom?
-Acond omisathinrubberbag-
li
kemater
ialt
hatiswornonaman’
serectpeni
s
befor
es ex
ualinter
course.
-Condomsholds emenandpreventi
tfr
omgettingi
ntoawoman’
sbodyduri
ngsexual

201
i
ntercourse.
-
Today ,
therear ealsofemalecond omsk nownasf emidoms.
-
Awomanf itsitint
oherv aginabef or esexuali
ntercour se
-
Itholdsspermsandpr event sthemf romget ti
ngintoherut erus
Namet hecommonestar t
ificialmet hodoff ami
lyplanning
 Cond omus e
Foamsandj ell
ies(spermicides)
-
Thes earechemi cal
sputi nthev agi nabef orehavings extok il
lsperms.
-
Awomanhast oapplythechemi cal inthev agi
nabef ores exualinter
cours
e.
-
Thechemi calkil
lsthesper msandpr egnancycannott akepl ace.

Di
aphr
agm/
cap

-Ad i
aphr agmi sas hall
owcupmad eofs of trubberandf it
tedinsideawoman’ s
vaginabef orehav ings ex.
-Thed i
aphr agmmus tbef it
tedbyaheal thwor kerint hewoman’ svagina.
-Tobemor eef fecti
v e,somecont r
aceptivecr eams houldbes mear edoni t
.
-Thed ev i
cepr ev entss permsfr omr eachingtheut erus .
Ad vantagesofd i
aphr agmmet hodoff amilyplanni ng
 I tiseas yt ous e
 I tisv er yef fectivewhencons ist
ent l
yandcor r ectl
yus ed
Tuball igation
-Thisinv olvescut ti
ngandt yi
ngoft heov i
ducti nas i
mpl esurgicaloperati
onto
blockt hepas s ageofov afromt heovaries.
-Themet hodd oesnots topawomanf romget tinghermens tr
ual peri
od s.
-Thes ex uald es i
reandabi l
it
yr emains trongbuts hecannev erbearchi l
drenagai
n.
Diagramshowi ngt uball i
gati
on

202
Vasectomy
Thisisthecutt
ingofspermd uctsandtyi
ngthemt
hroughasi
mpl
esurgi
cal
operati
on.
I
tblocksthespermssucht hattheycannotcomet
othepeni
sdur
ingt
hes ex
ual
i
ntercourse.
Diagramshowingvasectomy

Namethetwoper manentmethodsoffami
lyplanning
 Tuball
igat
ion  Vasect
omy
Advant
agesofartif
ici
almethodsoffamil
yplanning
 Theyareveryeffect
ive
 Theyarecommonlyavail
able

Di
sad
vant agesofar t
ifi
cialmet hod soff amilyplanning
 Theyar eex pensi
vet omai nt ain
 Theycancaus eheal t
hpr oblemst othewoman’ sbod y
 Theys houldbeus edund ert hes uper vi
s i
onofaheal thworker
My
thsandmi sconcept i
onsaboutf ami l
ypl anning
 Womencangr owf atwhent heyt ak epills
 Youngboy sbelow12y ear scannotmak eagi rl
pr egnant
 Agi rlcannotgetpr egnantt hef irsttimes hehass exualint
ercour
se
 Ifagi rlorwomanwas heswi t hcocoacol a,shecannotbecomepr egnant
 Ifagi rlj
umpsupandd ownaf terhav ings ex ,
shecannotbecomepr egnant
 Ifagi rlhass exwhi les tand ingup, s
hecannotgetpr egnant
 Cont inuedt aki
ngoff ami l
ypl anningpi llsal s
oaf fectt hemen’sabi
li
tyto
erect
 Us ingbi rthcont r
olpi llsori nj ectioncancaus ecancer
 F ami l
ypl anningincr eas esf or nicat i
onandad ulteryamongpeopl e
 Vas ectomyi scas t
r ationofmen

203
Reasonswhypeopl eproducever ymanychil
d r
en
 Ignoranceaboutf ami l
yplanni
ng.Ther
ei snowanorgani
zat
ioncal
ledt
he
Famil
yPl anni
ngAss ociat
ionofUganda(FPAU)whi
chhasmad ei
tpossi
blef
or
mostpeopl et
olearnaboutandhav et
of amil
ypl
anni
ng.
 Themy thofmales t
r engt
h
 Hi ghinfantmort
alit
yr ate
 Des ir
ef oracertains exofchil
dren
 Rel i
giousbeli
efthatchi l
drenareagiftfromGod

Danger sofhavi ngmanychi l

dreni naf ami ly
 L ackofenoughf oodi nt hef ami ly
 Chi ldrencannothav epr operd res sing
 L ackofpr opermed icalcar e
 Chi ldrend on’tgetad equat elov eandat tent i
onf rompar ents
 Chi ldrenmaynotgetpr opered ucat ion
Danger soff r equentbi rths
 I tlead st omat ernalanaemi a  Itleadst oprematurebi r
th
 I tres ul tst ound er wei ght  Itleadst omiscarri
ages
babi es  Themot her’sbodyisweak ened
 I tincr eas esi nfantmor tality andcanbeeas il
yattackedby
rat e di
seases
Whati sinf antmor t
alityr ate?
-
Thisist her at eatwhi chchi ldrend iebef or etheageof5y ears.
Howt or ed ucei nf antmor talit
yr ate
 Br eas tf eed i
ngchi ldrent horoughl y
 Us ingf ami lyplanni ngmet hod s
 I mmuni z ationofchi l
drenagai ns tk il
lerdis eases
 Tr eat ingandpr ev ent ingd ehy drat ion
Diseasesandd isor der soft her eprod uct ivesy st em
-
Thed iseas esoft her epr od uctiv esyst emar eSTDs .
Wr i
tethef ollowi ngi nf ull
 STD–Sex ual l
yTr ans mittedDi s eas e
 STI–Sex uallyTr ans mittedI nfect ion
 V. D–Vener ealDi seas e
Whatar eSTDs?
-
STDsar ed is eas ess preadt hroughhav ingunpr otecteds exwi t
hani nfectedperson.
-
Thes ear ed is eas ess preadf romoneper sont oanot hert hroughunpr otected
sexualinter cour sewi thi nfect edone.

204
Ex
ampl
esofSTDs /d
iseasesoft
her
epr
oduct
ivesy
stem
 HIV/AIDS  Genit
alherpes
 Gonor rhea  Cancerofthecer
vix
 Syphili
s  Peni
scancer
 Cand i
diasi
s/t
hrush  Genit
alwarts
 Trichomoniosi
s  Chancroi
d

HIV/AIDS
Wr i
teinfull
-HI
V-HumanI mmunod ef i
ciencyVi rus
-AI
DS-Acqui redI mmuneDef i
ciencySy ndrome
WhatcausesAI DS?
 AI DSi scaus edbyHumanI mmunod efi
ciencyVi rus(HIV).
Howi sHIV/AI DSspr ead ?
 Thr oughunpr otect eds exwi thani nfectedper son
 Bys har ings har puns terilizedpi erci
ngobj ectswi thinfect edpeopl
e
 Thr ought rans fusionofuns creenedbl ood
 F romt hemot hert oherbabyatbi r
ththr oughbl oodcont act
Socialpract icest hati ncr easet her isksofcont ract
ingHI V/ AIDS
 Ci rcumci s i
on  Def il
ement
 Ad ulter y  Rape
 F ornicat ion  I nheriti
ngwi dows
 Pol ygamy  Dr ugabus e
Practi
cest hr oughwhi chAI DScannotbespr ead
 Shar ingf oodwi thi nfect edpeopl e
 Shar ingahand shak einfect edpeopl e
 Huggi ngi nf ect edpeopl e
 Shar ingcombs ,bed ding, towel s,toil
etsorcupwi t
hani nf ectedperson
 HI Vcannotbes preadt hroughbi t
esofmos quitoes,bedbugsoranyot her
insectorani mal
Signsandsy mpt omsofHI V/AI DS
 Per sis tentf ev er  Her peszos ter/ki
sipi
 Per sis tent/ chr oniccough  L os sofhai ront hehead
 Pr olongedd iar rhoea  Whi tecoatingi nthemouth
 Sud denl os sofwei ght  Ment aldi
s t
ur bance
 Sk inr as h
EffectsofHI V/AI DSonani ndividual .
 I tl
ead st ol os sofi mmuni ty

205
  Itleadstolos sofweight.
 Itmak esaper sonloseincomesi
ncehe/shei
sweakandunabl et
owor k.
 Itleadstowor r
ies
 Itleadstod eath
Eff
ectsofHI V/AIDSt oaf amil
y
 Itleadstolos soffamil
ymembers.
 Itleadstolos sofincomeonmedicat
ion.
 Itleadstos orrowinaf amily
.
Categori
esofpeopl eatar i
skofcontr
acti
ngHIV/AIDS
 Yout hinvolvedinforni
cation daddi
esands ugarmummies
 Sexwor ker
s /pros
tit
utes  Doctorstr
eatingAIDSpati
ent
s
 Barmai ds  Unbornbabiesinwombsof
 Peopl eraped AIDSpati
ents
 Yout hswhor unforsugar  Longdist
ancet r
aveler
s
Caref orHI V/AI DSpat i
ent s
Givethepat i
ent sf oodr i
chi nabal ancedd i
et
Theys houldbegi vent reat mentf ort hes econdaryi nfecti
ons
Theirwound ss houl dbed res sed
Theirbedd i
ngss houl dbek eptcl ean
Waysofcont rolli
ngt hespr eadofHI V/ AIDS
 Abs tainingf r oms exunt ilmar ri
age
 Bef aithf ultoy ours ex ualpar tner
 Pr operus eofcond omsd ur i
ngs exual i
ntercour se
 Av oids haringuns ter i
lizeds harppi erci
ngobj ectswi t
hinfect
edpeopl
e
 Bl oodus edf ort rans fusions houldbewel l
s creened
 Pr egnantwomenwhoar eHI Vpos itiveshouldgof orant
enatalcar
einor
der
toav oidi nfect i
ngt hei runbor nbabi es.
WriteABCi nf ullasusedi npr ot ectionagai nstHIV/ AIDS
A–Abs tainf roms ex
B–Bef ai t
hf ultoy ours ex ualpar tner
C–Cond omus ed ur ings ex ual int ercours e

Gonor
rhoea
-
Gonorrhoeaiscausedbybact eri
acall
ednei
seri
agonorrhoeae(
gonococcus
).
Howisgonorrhoeaspr ead?
 Thr oughunprotectedsexwithaninf
ectedper
son
Si
gnsandsy mptomsofgonor rhoea
I
nmen/males
 Pai nduri
ngurination  Pas
singouturi
newithpusor

206
 bloodstai
ns orur
ethr
a
 Pusd i
schargefr
omthepeni
s
I
nfemales/women
 Pai ninthelowerabd
omen  Pai
ndur
ingmenst
ruat
ion
 Pas singoutsmell
yuri
newit
h  I
tchi
ngi
nthevagi
na
pus

Si
gnsofgonor rhoeai nbabi es
 Pusd is chargef romey es  Swol l
eneyesofnewl
yborn
 Blind nes sofnewl ybor nbabies babies
Ef
fect
sofgonor rhoea
 Painf ul j
ointsinbot hmenandwomen
 Block ageofur ethrainbot hmenandwomen
 Block ageofov i
ductsinwomen
 Paini nt hel owerabd omen
 Bar rennes sd uet oblockedov i
d ucts
 Blind nes s( steri
li
ty)andpusi ney esofnewl ybornbabies
 Ster ili
tyi nmend uebl ockedsper md ucts
Waysofcont rolli
ngt hespr eadofgonor rhoea
 Abs tai ningf roms ex
 Properus eofcond omsd uri
ngs exual i
ntercourse
 Bef aithf ultoy oursex ualpartner
 Bot ht hehus bandandwi feshouldgett reatmenttoget
herinord
ertoav
oid
r
e-inf ect i
oni ncaseonet est
spos i
ti
v e.

Syphil
is
-Syphi
lisisabact eri
aldiseas ecausedbyt reponemapal l
idum
Howi ssy philisspr ead?
 Thr oughunpr otecteds exwithani nfectedperson
 Thr ought ransfusi
onofuns creenedbl ood
Signsandsy mpt omsofsy phi l
is
 Apai nl es ssoreont hepenisorinsid
et hev agi
na
 I tchingbod yras h
 Sor esont heli
ps,fingers,anusormout h
 Mi l
df ev er
 Swel lingsons exual organswhichd i
s appearwithoutanytr
eat
ment
Effectsofunt reatedsyphi li
s
 I tlead st ohear tdi
s eases  Itcaus esmad
nes
s

207
Howt
opr otectour sel
vesfromcont r
act
ingsyphil
is
 Abs t
ainingfr omsex
 Properus eofcondomsd uri
ngsex
ualinter
course
 Bef ait
hf ult
oy oursexualpart
ner
 Bl
oods houldbewellscreenedbefor
et r
ansfusi
on

Candidiasis
-
Cand id
iasisi sas exual l
yt rans mittedd i
s eas ecaus edbyaf ungus .
Howi scand i
d iasi sspr ead?
 Thr oughunpr ot ecteds exwi t hani nf ectedperson
 Thr oughd i
r tyt oiletsandur i
nal s
 Byhar ingk nick er swi thi nfect edpeopl e
Signsandsy mpt omsofcand i
diasis
 Smel lyd i
s char gef romv agina  Sor egenitalorgans
 Bur ningpai nd ur i
ngur ination  Itchi
ngofpeni sorv agi
na
Howt ocont rolandpr eventt hespr eadofcand i
di
asis
 Abs tainf r oms ex
 Bef aithf ult oy ours exualpar t ner
 Us econd omsd ur ings ex ualint er cour se
 Keepr epr od uct iv
eor ganscl ean
 F l
as ht hev agi nawi thwar mwat ermi xedwithlemonjuiceorv i
negar
 Keept oi let scl ean
Whichf ungalSTDcanbet ransmi ttedt owoment hroughd i
rtyt oi
lets?
 Cand i
dias is
Chancr oid
-
Thisiscaus edbybact er i
aandi tsi ncubat ionper i
odisabout10d ay s.
-
Itcaneas i
lybet reat edi fr ealizedear l
y .
Genitalwar t
sandgeni talher pes
-
Thiscanaf f
ectbot ht hemal eandt hef emal ereproducti
veor gans.
Signofgeni talwar t
s
 As mal l, har dbr owni shs k i
ngr owt hwi throughs urf
acesappearont hepeni
s,
s cr
ot um, v agi naorneart heanus
Signofgeni talher pes
 Smal lbutv erypai nf ulblister sont hepeni s,v
agina,orpubes , anusand
but tock s
Prevent i
on, cont r olandt reatment
 Keeps exor ganscl ean  Applys omeVas eli
nearound

208
 thewart wor
ker
 Gettr
eatmentf
romaheal
th

Trichomoni asi s
-ThisisacommonSTDcaus edbypr otozoaandcommoni nwomen.
Signsandsy mpt oms
 Smel lyd i
schar gefromt he  I
tchingi nthevagina
v agi na
Prevent i
on, contr olandtreatment
 Keepr eprod ucti
veor gans  Getear lytreat
ment
cl ean
Disor der soft her eproducti
vesy stem
 Ect opi cpr egnancy  Fi
br oids
 I mpot ence  Enlargementofpr ost
ategland
s
 F istul a  Ovar iantumours
 Bar r ennes s  I
nflammat ionoftheovid
ucts
 L ows permcount
Ectopi cpr egnancy
-Thisisacond i
tioni nwhicht hez ygot
ei mplantsit
sel
fint heov id
uctanddevel
ops
fromt her e.
-I
tcaus esal otofpai nandcanl eadtod eathiftheaff
ect edwomand oesnots eea
doct orear lyenough
-Ectopicpr egnancyi scorrectedwi ths urgery
Ad iagramshowi ngect opicpr egnancy

I
mpotence
-
Impotenceistheinabil
it
yofaman’ speni
stoer
ect
.
Causesofi mpotence
 Ex cessi
ved r
ink
ingofalcohol spi
nalcor
d
 Acci d
entsthataffectt
he  Somearebor
nimpot
ent

Howt
ocarereprod
ucti
veor gans
 Abst
aini
ngfromsexunt i
lmarri
age
 Keeprepr
oduct
iveorganscleanbyregul
arwas
hingandbat
hing

209
  Av oidal cohol ism
 Obs erv epr operper sonalhy gi ened ur i
ngmens truat
ion
 Av oidf orni cat ion
 Keepwat erbor net oi l
etscl ean
 Us eappr opr iat efami lypl anni ngmet hods
 Eat ingabal ancedd iet
 Hav ingr egul arphy sicalex er cises
PIASCYmessagesaboutad olescenceandr eproduction
WhatisPI ASCYi nf ul l
?
-Presi
denti
alI ni ti
at iveonAI DSSt rat egyf orCommuni cati
ontoYouth
PIASCYmessages
 Abs tainf roms exunt ilmar r i
age
 Ev er ybod yhasAI DSapar tf romme
 Vi rginityi sheal thyf orbot hboy sandgirls
 Don’ tacceptl i
f t
sandgi ftsf r oms trangers
 F orni cat ion/ pre-mat ur es exi sd angerous
 Ear lys exaf fectsr epr od uct i
v eor gans
 L etuss tar tanHI V/ AIDSs oci ety
 AI DSi sad eadlyd iseas ewhi chhasnocur e
 Bod ychangesar enotas ignt os tartsex
 Av oi dlonel yplaces
 St ayi ns choolandcompl et eatl eas tpri
mar yseven
I
mpor tanceofPI ASCYmessages
 Theypr ev entunwant edpr egnanci es
 Theypr ot ectchi ldrenf romSTDs
 Theypr ev ents choold ropout s
 Theypr ev entt eenagepr egnancy
 Theypr ev entear l
ymar riages
 Theyhel pt ok eepad oles cent sandt heirreproducti
veorganss
afe
Exerci
se
1.Wr i
tethef ollowi ngi nfull

a).HIV f)TASO
b).AIDS g)A.
I.
C
c).F.
P.A.
U h)ACP
d).STD i)WHO
e)STI j)PI
ASCY
2.Identi
fyanyt
hreer
olespl
ayedbyTASO

210
3.St
atethebestwayofpr otecti
ngyourselffromHIV/AI
DS
4.St
atetwoway smarr
iedpeoplecanpr otectthemsel
vesfromcont
ract
ingSTDs
5.Wri
tedownanytwos ignsofgonorrhoeai nnewlybornbabi
es
6.Whyisbadforaschool gi
rltogetpregnant?

COMPI
LEDBY;BONI
FACEMANYURU

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