Forth Edition

Louis Frenzel

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Introduction to Electronic Communication

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 1-1: Significance of Human Communication
 1-2: Communication Systems
 1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

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 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 1-6: Bandwidth
 1-7: A Survey of Communication Applications
 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication
Industry

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 Communication is the process of exchanging
information.
 Main barriers are language and distance.
 Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the
accumulation, packaging, and exchange of
information.

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 Methods of communication:
1. Face to face
2. Signals
3. Written word (letters)
4. Electrical innovations:
▪ Telegraph
▪ Telephone
▪ Radio
▪ Television
▪ Internet (computer)

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 Basic components:

▪ Transmitter
▪ Channel or medium
▪ Receiver

 Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted

information.

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Figure 1-2: A general model of all communication systems.
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Transmitter
▪ The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the
electrical signal into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given medium.

▪ Transmitters are made up of oscillators,

amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators,
frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and
other circuits.

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Communication Channel
▪ The communication channel is the medium by
which the electronic signal is sent from one place
to another.
▪ Types of media include
▪ Electrical conductors
▪ Optical media
▪ Free space
▪ System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).

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Receivers
▪ A receiver is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and
converts it back into a form understandable by
humans.
▪ Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers,
tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector that recovers the original intelligence
signal from the modulated carrier.

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Transceivers
▪ A transceiver is an electronic unit that
incorporates circuits that both send and receive
signals.
▪ Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems

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Attenuation
▪ Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all
media of wireless transmission. It is proportional
to the square of the distance between the
transmitter and receiver.

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Noise
▪ Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy
that enters the communication system via the
communicating medium and interferes with the
transmitted message.

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 Electronic communications are classified
according to whether they are
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or
half duplex) transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.

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Simplex
▪ The simplest method of electronic
communication is referred to as simplex.
▪ This type of communication is one-way. Examples
are:
▪ Radio
▪ TV broadcasting
▪ Beeper (personal receiver)

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Full Duplex
▪ Most electronic communication is two-way and is
referred to as duplex.
▪ When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it
is called full duplex. The telephone is an example
of this type of communication.

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Half Duplex
▪ The form of two-way communication in which
only one party transmits at a time is known as half
duplex. Examples are:
▪ Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
▪ Citizen band (CB)
▪ Family radio
▪ Amateur radio

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Analog Signals
▪ An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously
varying voltage or current. Examples are:
▪ Sine wave
▪ Voice
▪ Video (TV)

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Figure 1-5: Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
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Digital Signals
▪ Digital signals change in steps or in discrete
increments.
▪ Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Examples are:
▪ Telegraph (Morse code)
▪ Continuous wave (CW) code
▪ Serial binary code (used in computers)

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Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW)
code. (c) Serial binary code.
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Digital Signals
▪ Many transmissions are of signals that originate in
digital form but must be converted to analog form
to match the transmission medium.
▪ Digital data over the telephone network.
▪ Analog signals.
▪ They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D)
converter.
▪ The data can then be transmitted and processed by
computers and other digital circuits.

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 Modulation and multiplexing are electronic
techniques for transmitting information
efficiently from one place to another.
 Modulation makes the information signal
more compatible with the medium.
 Multiplexing allows more than one signal to
be transmitted concurrently over a single
medium.

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Baseband Transmission
▪ Baseband information can be sent directly and
unmodified over the medium or can be used to
modulate a carrier for transmission over the
medium.
▪ In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on
the wires and transmitted.
▪ In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied
directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.

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Broadband Transmission
▪ A carrier is a high frequency signal that is
modulated by audio, video, or data.
▪ A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an
electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long
distances through space.

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

ʋ = instantaneous value of sine wave voltage

Vp = peak value of sine wave
F = frequency
ω = angular velocity (same as 2πf)
t = time in seconds
ωt = 2πft = angle, rad (360° = 2π rad)
ɵ = phase angle

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Broadband Transmission
▪ A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier
signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the
antenna for transmission.
▪ The two most common methods of modulation are:
▪ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
▪ Frequency Modulation (FM)
▪ Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in
which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.

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Figure 1-7: Modulation at the transmitter.
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Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.
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Broadband Transmission
▪ Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when
data is converted to frequency-varying tones.

▪ Devices called modems (modulator-

demodulator) translate the data from digital to
analog and back again.

▪ Demodulation or detection takes place in the

receiver when the original baseband (e.g. audio)
signal is extracted.

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Multiplexing
▪ Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or
more signals to share the same medium or
channel.
▪ The three basic types of multiplexing are:
▪ Frequency division
▪ Time division
▪ Code division

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Figure 1-11: Multiplexing at the transmitter.
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 The range of electromagnetic signals
encompassing all frequencies is referred to as
the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Figure 1-13: The electromagnetic spectrum.
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Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency
▪ A signal is located on the frequency spectrum
according to its frequency and wavelength.
▪ Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive
wave that occur in a given period of time.
▪ A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals,
current reversals, or electromagnetic field
oscillations.
▪ Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
▪ The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

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Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
▪ Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle
of a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
▪ Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one
cycle.
▪ The wavelength of a signal is represented by the
Greek letter lambda (λ).

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Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.
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Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 × 108 / f
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)

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Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
▪ The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments:
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30–300 Hz.
Voice Frequencies (VF) 300–3000 Hz.
Very Low Frequencies (VLF) include the higher end of the
human hearing range up to
about 20 kHz.
Low Frequencies (LF) 30–300 kHz.

Medium Frequencies (MF) 300–3000 kHz

AM radio 535–1605 kHz.

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Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
High Frequencies (HF) 3–30 MHz
(short waves; VOA, BBC
broadcasts; government and
military two-way communication;
amateur radio, CB.
Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30–300 MHz
FM radio broadcasting (88–108
MHz), television channels 2–13.
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300–3000 MHz
TV channels 14–67, cellular
phones, military communication.

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Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
Microwaves and Super High 1–30 GHz
Frequencies (SHF)
Satellite communication, radar,
wireless LANs, microwave ovens

Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) 30–300 GHz

Satellite communication, computer
data, radar

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Optical Spectrum
▪ The optical spectrum exists directly above the
millimeter wave region.
▪ Three types of light waves are:
▪ Infrared
▪ Visible spectrum
▪ Ultraviolet

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Optical Spectrum: Infrared
▪ Infrared radiation is produced by any physical equipment that
generates heat, including our bodies.
▪ Infrared is used:
▪ In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the
universe,
▪ For guidance in weapons systems, where the heat radiated from
airplanes or missiles can be detected and used to guide missiles to
targets.
▪ In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded signals
are transmitted by an infrared LED to the TV receiver to change
channels, set the volume, and perform other functions.
▪ In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic
communication.

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Optical Spectrum: The Visible Spectrum
▪ Just above the infrared region is the visible
spectrum we refer to as light.
▪ Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light
▪ Violet is high-frequency or short-wavelength
light.
▪ Light waves’ very high frequency enables them to
handle a tremendous amount of information (the
bandwidth of the baseband signals can be very
wide).
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Optical Spectrum: Ultraviolet
▪ Ultraviolet is not used for communication
▪ Its primary use is medical.

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 Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a
signal.

 Channel bandwidth refers to the range of

frequencies required to transmit the desired
information.

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More Room at the Top
▪ Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum
between approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has
been spoken for.
▪ There is tremendous competition for these
frequencies, between companies, individuals, and
government services in individual carriers and
between the different nations of the world.
▪ The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most
precious natural resources.
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More Room at the Top
▪ Communication engineering is devoted to making
the best use of that finite spectrum.
▪ Great effort goes into developing communication
techniques that minimize the bandwidth required
to transmit given information and thus conserve
spectrum space.
▪ This provides more room for additional
communication channels and gives other services
or users an opportunity to take advantage of it.
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Spectrum Management and Standards
▪ Spectrum management is provided by agencies
set up by the United States and other countries to
control spectrum use.
▪ The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the
National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) are two agencies that deal in
spectrum management.
▪ Standards are specifications and guidelines
necessary to ensure compatibility between
transmitting and receiving equipment.

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 Simplex
▪ AM and FM ▪ Paging services
broadcasting ▪ Navigation and
▪ Digital radio direction-finding
▪ TV broadcasting services
▪ Digital television (DTV) ▪ Telemetry
▪ Cable television ▪ Radio astronomy
▪ Facsimile ▪ Surveillance
▪ Wireless remote control ▪ Music services
▪ Internet radio and
video
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 Duplex
▪ Family Radio service
▪ Telephones
▪ Two-way radio ▪ The Internet
▪ Radar ▪ Wide-area networks
▪ Sonar (WANs)
▪ Amateur radio ▪ Metropolitan-area
▪ Citizens radio networks (MANs)
▪ Local area networks
(LANs)

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 The electronics industry is roughly divided into
four major specializations:
1. Communications (largest in terms of people
employed and the dollar value of equipment
purchased)
2. Computers (second largest).
3. Industrial controls.
4. Instrumentation.

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Types of Jobs
▪ Engineers design communication equipment and
systems.

▪ Technicians install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate,

and maintain equipment.

▪ Engineering Technicians assist in equipment

design, testing, and assembly.

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Types of Jobs
▪ Technical sales representatives determine
customer needs and related specifications, write
proposals and sell equipment.

▪ Technical writers generate technical

documentation for equipment and systems.

▪ Trainers develop programs, generate training and

presentation materials, and conduct classroom
training.
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Major Employers
▪ The communication electronics industry is made
up of the following segments:

▪ Manufacturers

▪ Resellers

▪ Service Organizations

▪ End users

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Figure 1-18: Structure of the communication electronics industry.
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