EC8701 ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

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UNIT I

INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS

Microwave frequency bands, Physical concept of radiation, Near- and far-field regions, Fields and
Power Radiated by an Antenna, Antenna Pattern Characteristics, Antenna Gain and Efficiency,
Aperture Efficiency and Effective Area, Antenna Noise Temperature and G/T, Impedance matching,
Friis transmission equation, Link budget and link margin, Noise Characterization of a microwave
receiver.

PART A

1. An antenna has a filed pattern given by E( 𝜽 )= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝜽) for 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟗𝟎° .Find
HPBW.(N/D’20) (N/D’17)
E(𝜃) at half power =0.707
0.707=𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)
cos 𝜃=√0.707 = 0.8408
𝜃 = cos−1 (0.84) = 32.7 70
𝜃 = 330
Half power beam width =2 𝜃=2(330 )= 660

2. What is meant by link budget ? Mention a simple link budget equation. (N/D’20)
Link budget is a way of quantifying the link performance. One of the terms in a link budget
is the path loss, accounting for the free-space reduction in signal strength with distance
between the transmitter and receiver.
Path loss is defined (in dB) as

𝟒𝝅𝑹
𝑳𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎 log ( )>𝟎
𝝀

3. Define radiation intensity.(A/M’19)

The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U
(watts per steradian or per square degree). The radiation intensity is independent of
distance.

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4. An omnidirectional antenna has uniform radiation in 𝜽=𝟗𝟎° (horizontal)plane and
fall to zero outside that plane .the pattern is constant in the 𝝋 = 𝟎 (vertical plane )in
the range 𝟔𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟏𝟐𝟎° .find directivity.(A/M’19)
41253
Directivity D= 0 𝜑0
𝜃𝐻𝑃 𝐻𝑃

41253
=
900 00
D=458

5. If the noise figure of the antenna at room temperature is 2 dB ,what is the effective
noise temperature.(A/M’18)
𝑇𝑂 = Room temperature =290K
F(in dB)=2 dB
By formula
F=10log10 𝐹
2=10log10 𝐹
2
F=antilog10 (10)=1.584

Effective noise temperature is given by

𝑇𝑒 = (𝐹 − 1)𝑇0=(1.584-1)(290)=16.96K

6. Write firss transmission formula and define the parameters in it.(N/D’18)

𝑃𝑇 𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑅 𝜆2
𝑃𝑟 = (4𝜋𝑅)2

• The transmit power is 𝑃𝑡 ,

• The transmit antenna gain is 𝐺𝑡 ,
• The receive antenna gain is 𝐺𝑟 ,
• The received power (delivered to a matched load) is 𝑃𝑟 .
• The transmit and receive antennas are separated by the distance R.

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7. Differentiate radian and streradian.(N/D’17)
Radian. A unit of measure for angles. One radian is the angle made at the center of a circle
by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. Steradian is unit used for
measuring solid angles, i.e 3D angles

8. Define radiation resistance.(M/J’16)

The radiation resistance is a fictitious resistance such that when it is connected in series
with antenna and dissipates same power as the antenna actually radiates.
Which radiates power into free space in the form of EM waves. Hence the power
dissipation from antenna is given by 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑟

9. What is meant by retarded potential?(N/D’16)

In electrodynamics, the retarded potentials are the electromagnetic potentials for the
electromagnetic field generated by time-varying electric current or charge distributions in
the past.

10. The voltage induced by the application of an electric filed of strength 2 v/m is
0.7.calculate the effective length of the element. (N/D’16)
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ℎ
Electric field=𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = ℎ
𝑒

E=2V/m
V=0.7
𝑉 0.7
ℎ𝑒 = = = 0.35𝑀
𝐸 2
Effective length =0.35m

11. Write the frequency range for following IEEE microwave bands?
(a) L band
(b) S band
(c) C band
(d) 𝐗 band
(a) L band: 1-2 GHZ
(b) S band : 2-4 GHZ
(c) C band : 4-8 GHZ
(d) X band : 8-12.4 GHZ

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12. Why antenna measurements are usually done in fraunhofer zone? (M/J’16)
• The filed components are transverse to the radial direction from the antenna.
• All the power flow is directed radially outward
• The shape of files pattern is “independent of the distance”

13. The radiation resistance of antenna is 72Ω and the loss resistance is 8Ω.what is the
directivity (in dB),if the power gain is 15? (N/D’18) (M/J’16)
Radiation resistance 𝑅𝑟 =72Ω
Loss resistance 𝑅𝑙 = 8Ω
𝑅𝑟 72
Antenna efficiency (𝜂)= = =0.9
𝑅𝑟 +𝑅𝑙 72+8

The relationship between power gain and directivity is given by

𝐺 15
D= 𝜂𝑃 =0.9=16.6

The directivity in dB is given by

D(dB)=10log10 16.6=15.67dB

14. Define gain of antenna .Bring out a relationship between gain and aperture of an
antenna.(A/M’17) (M/J’16) (A/M’11,N/D’11)
The ratio of maximum radiation intensity in given direction to the maximum radiation
intensity from a reference antenna produced in the same direction with same input power.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝐴𝑈𝑇)
G=𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

15. Define isotropic radiator. Write expression for average power density of it.
(Dec – 14)
It is defined as a hypothetical element which radiates EM energy equally in all
directions. Its is called as isotropic source or omni directional radiator or simply
unipole. Example of an isotropic radiator is a point source. It is useful as a reference
antenna for determining directive properties antennas

16. Define Directivity. (M/J’12,A/M’11)

The directivity (D) of an antenna is the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity
U (θ,φ)max to its

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average radiation intensity U (θ,φ)avg

𝐔 (𝛉,𝛗)𝐦𝐚𝐱
Directivity from Pattern :D=
𝐔 (𝛉,𝛗)𝐚𝐯𝐠.

𝟒𝛑
Directivity from beam area : D =
𝛀𝐀.

17. Define effective aperture of an antenna. (M/J’12,N/D’11)

It is the area over which the power is extracted from the incident wave and delivered to the
load is called effective aperture (Ae).

18. What are the 2 types of radiation pattern? [Understand]

The 2 types of radiation pattern are (a) Field pattern and (b) power pattern
Field pattern: If the radiation from the antenna is expressed in terms of the field strength
(either E or H), then the radiation pattern is called as field pattern.
Power pattern: If the radiation pattern from the antenna is expressed in terms of power
per unit area, then the resultant pattern is called power pattern.

19. Define microwave frequency band.

The term microwave refers to alternating current signals with frequencies between 300
MHz (3108 Hz) and 30 GHz (31010 Hz), with a corresponding electrical wavelength
between 1 m and 1 cm
Three major bands:
1. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) – 0.3 GHz to 3 GHz
2. Super High Frequency (SHF) – 3 GHz to 30 GHz
3. Extra High Frequency (EHF) – 30 GHz to 300 G
20. Define link margin.
Referred to as fade margin
The received power level > the threshold level required for the minimum acceptable
quality of service (mini. CNR, or mini SNR).
This design allowance for received power is referred to as the link margin

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PART B

1. Obtain the expression for the field and power radiated by an oscillating dipole and
calculate the radiation resistance. (N/D’20)
2. i) What is impedance matching ? Explain about the techniques used to solve impedance
matching problems. (N/D’20)
3. ii) Using Friss transmission formula find the maximum power received at a distance of 1
Km over a free space a 100 MHz circuit consisting of a transmitting antenna of 30 dB gain
and receiving antenna with a 25 dB gain is used. The power input of transmitting antenna
is 150W. (N / D ‘20)
4. The radiation intensity of antenna is given by U(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90° , 0° ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 360°
Find Half power beam width (HPBW),First null beam width (FNBW)
(A/M’19)
5. A transmitting antenna has an effective height 2/𝜋 times the physical length .this carries a
current of 1600 Amps at the base and operating frequency of 20 KHZ. If the physical length
of the antenna is 200 meters and antenna efficiency is 10%.calculate
(A/M’19)
a) Electric field intensity at 350km
b) Radiation resistance
c) Power radiated
d) Power input in the antenna
e) The voltage induced in the receiving antenna of 100 meters effective height at a
distance of 350km.
6. Obtain the expressions for power radiated and the radiated resistance of a half wave
dipole.(A/M’18) (OR) Derive an expression for the power radiated by the current and
calculate the radiation resistance (A/M’17)
7. (i) Derive FRISS transmission formula. (A/M’18)
(ii) Calculate the directivity of an antenna the power pattern is given by
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋; 0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 𝜋
U(𝜃, 𝜑) = { }
0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋; 0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋

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8. Define the term “directivity gain”. Derive the relation between the gain of an antenna and
the antenna aperture.
(N/D’18)
9. Write short notes on (i) reciprocity theorem (ii) Beam solid angle (iii) front to back ratio
(iv) self impedance (v) half power beam width (vi) polarization (vii) directivity (viii)
principal patterns.(N/D’18)
10. Derive the expression for the far filed component of a half wave dipole of an
antenna.(A/M’17)
11. Derive the expression for the filed quantities radiated (E and H) for a small oscillation
current element.
(M/J’16)
12. Explain the principle of radiation from an oscillating electric dipole. Derive the near filed
and far filed expressions.
(N/D’16)

13. Explain following the term with respect to antenna

I. Radiation pattern (May-11,14, Dec-11, May-12)
II. Beam solid angle (Dex-11, May-14)
III. Radiation intensity
IV. Directivity (May-11, Dec-11, Dec-13, May-15)
V. Gain (Dec-12, 13)
VI. Bandwidth (Dec-11)
VII. Antenna impedance (May-14, Dec-13)
VIII. Effective aperture (May-11,15, Dec-12)
IX. Antenna temperature (May-11, Dec-13, May-12,14)
X. Polarization (May-11,12,14,15, Dec-11)
XI. Power gain
XII. Antenna efficiency
XIII. Beam width
XIV. Beam efficiency
XV. Effective length

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UNIT II
RADIATION MECHANISMS AND DESIGN ASPECTS

Radiation Mechanisms of Linear Wire and Loop antennas, Aperture antennas, Reflector antennas,
Microstrip antennas and Frequency independent antennas, Design considerations and applications.

PART A

1. Calculate the beam width between first nulls of a 2.5m paraboloid reflector used at
6GHz. (N/D’ 20)
300
𝜆=
𝑓(𝑀𝐻𝑧)
300
= 50 × 103 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
6 × 103
140𝜆 140×50×103
Hence BWFN = degrees =
𝐷 2.5
= 140 × 20 × 103
= 2800 × 103 =2.8 0
𝐷 2.5
𝐺𝑃 = 6( 𝜆 )2 = 6(50×103)2 =15000
𝐺𝑃 = 10 log10 15000 = 10 × 4.1761 = 41.761 𝑑𝑏

2. What is aperture blockage? Give one example.( N/D ‘ 20)

The effect of antenna parts lying the path of rays arriving at or departing from a
radiating elements or the aperture an antenna.
Example: The feeds, Sub reflectors.
3. Draw various types of horn antenna.(N/D’19)

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4. State Babinet’s principle.(N/D’19)(OR ) State Babinet’s principle applied to the slot
antenna.(N/D’18) (N/D’17) (OR) On what principle slot antenna works? Explain the
principle. (M/J’16)
When the field behind a screen with an operating is added to the filed on a complementary
structure, the sum is equal to the filed when there is no screen

5. Write any two difference between slot antenna and its complementary dipole
antenna.(A/M’19)
• The electric and magnetic fields are interchanged
• The direction of the lines of electric and magnetic force abruptly reverse from one
side of the metal sheet to the other. In the case of the dipole, the electric lines have
the same general direction while the magnetic lines form continuous closed loops.

6. List the different methods of feeding microstrip antenna.(A/M’19)

1. Contacting feeding: In this method the R.f power is fed directly to the radiating patch
which uses a connecting element such as micro strip or co-axial line.
2. Non contacting feeding: In this method ,electro magnetic coupling is done to transfer
the power from feed line to the radiating patch. The most commonly
used non-contacting feed method are aperture coupling and proximity
coupling.

7. What are the secondary antenna ?Give two examples. (N/D’17)

Antenna that are not radiators by themselves are called secondary antenna .
Example: Cassegrain ,Hyperbolic antenna

8. Define pitch angle of a helical antenna.(A/M’19)

Pitch angle (𝛼) is the angle between a line tangent to the helix wire and the plane normal to
the helix axis.
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
tan 𝛼 = 𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷 = tan−1 𝜋𝐷
9. State Huygen’s principle.(A/M’18)
Huygen;s principle states that ‘ each point on a primary wave front can be considered to be
a new source of a secondary spherical wave and that a secondary wave front can be
constructed as the envelope of these waves.

10. Draw the diagram representing rectangular microstrip antenna. List the substrates
used for microstrips antenna.(N/D’18)
• Dielectric substrate used

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11. Write any two differences between slot antenna and its complementary dipole
antenna.(A/M’18)
➢ Polarization are different ie. The electric fields associated with the slot antenna are
identical with the magnetic field of the complementary dipole antenna.
➢ The electric field be vertically polarized for the slot and horizontally polarized for
the dipole
➢ Radiation from the back side of the conducting plane of the slot antenna has
opposite polarity from that of complementary antenna

12. What are the different types of horn antenna?(A/M’17)

➢ Sectoral horn
➢ Pyramidal horn
➢ Conical horn
➢ Biconical horn antenna

13. Mention the four advantages of microstrip antenna.( A/M’17)

➢ The micro strip antenna are the low profile antennas. They are of smaller size, light
weight antennas which occupy very less volume.
➢ Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in larger quantities.
➢ It can be easily integrated with MICs
➢ It capable of dual and triple frequency operations

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14. Draw the radiation pattern for isotropic ,directional and omnidirectional
antenna.(A/M’17)

15. For a 20 turn helical antenna operating at 3 ghz with circumference C=10cm and the
spacing between the turns 0.3 𝝀.calculate the directivity and half power beam
width.(N/D’17)

Given

S = 0.3𝜆, f = 3GHz, C = 10 cm N = 20
𝑐 3 × 108
𝜆= = = 0.1 m
𝑓 3 × 109

Directivity,

15NSC2
D=
𝜆3

15 × 20 × .3𝑛 × (10 × 10−2 )2

𝐷 =
𝜆3
15 × 20 × .3 × (10 × 10−2 )2
=
(.1)2
𝐷= 90

52 𝜆3
Half power beam width, HPBW = √ degree
C NS

52 (0.1)3
HPBW = √
10 × 10−2 20 × 0.3 × 0.1
HPBW = 21.23

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16. What is a frequency independent antenna. (A/M’18) (N/D’17)
A frequency independent antenna is physically fixed size and operate on can instantaneous
basic over a wide bandwidth with relatively constant impedance, pattern ,polarization and
gain.

17. State Rumsey principle on frequency independence. or state Rumsey principle

(A/M’17) (M/J’16) (N/D’16)
Rumsey's principle suggests that the impedance and pattern properties of an antenna will
be frequency independent if the antenna shape is specified only in terms of angles. To
satisfy the equal-angle requirement, the antenna configuration needs to be infinite
in principle, but is usually truncated in size in practice.

18. Find the terminal resistance of complementary slot for a cylindrical dipole with
length to diameter ratio of 28 and length of 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝝀 having terminal impedance of
(𝟕𝟏𝟎 + 𝒋𝟎) ohms.
35,476 35,476
Since 𝑍𝑠 = 710+𝑗0 = ≃ 49.966 ≃ 50ohms
710
𝑍𝑠 ≈ 50 + 𝑗0ohms
𝐿
Since 𝐿 = 0.925𝜆 and 𝐷 = 28
𝐿 0.925𝜆
𝐷= = = 0.033𝜆
28 28
𝜔 = 2D = 2 × 0.033𝜆 = 0.066𝜆
19. Determine the gain of a cassegrain antenna of diameter 70 m at a frequency 8.45 GHz.
Assume as aperture efficiency of 𝟖𝟎%.
𝑓 = 8.45GHz, D = 70 m, K = 0.8
4𝜋A𝑂 4𝜋KA 4𝜋K 𝜋D2
Gain = 2 = = 2 ( )
𝜆 𝜆2 𝜆 4

𝑐 3 × 108
𝜆= = = 0.0355 m
𝑓 8.45 × 109
𝐷 2 70 2
Gain = 𝜋 2 𝐾 ( 𝜆 ) = (3.14)2 × 0.8 × (0.0355)
Jain = 30.66 × 106

20. Estimate the diameter of a paraboloidal reflector required to produce a beam of 𝟓𝟎

width at 𝟏. 𝟐 GHz. How would you make this reflector?
BWFN = 5∘
3×108 3 1
𝑓 = 1.2GHz; Then 𝜆 = 1.2×109 = 12 = 4
140𝜆 140×1
𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑁 = 5∘ = ;𝐷 = = 7 metres
𝐷 4×5

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PART B
1. Explain in detail about loop antenna. Derive the expression for fields at Far region.
(N/D’20)
2. Explain how a loop antenna is utilized for determining the direction of incoming radio
signal. (N/D’20)
3. With neat necessary diagrams, explain the parabolic antenna and its different types of
feeding systems. (N/D’20)
4. Briefly explain about frequency independent planar log spiral antenna. (N/D’20)
5. Compare uniform and tapered aperture antennas. Give examples.(N/D’19)
6. With neat diagram ,explain parabolic reflector antenna and its cassegrain feeding
systems.(N/D’19)
7. Explain the radiation mechanism of microstrip antenna (N/D’19)
8. Write short notes on slot antenna.(N/D’19)
9. Discuss the principle working of parabolic reflectors. Explain the various feed techniques
their relative merits and demerits. Discuss the role of f/d ratio in the parabolic reflectors(f-
focal length,D-diameter of reflector). (A/M’19) (M/J’16)
10.Explain the principle operation of horn antenna and discuss the various forms of horn
antenna .obtain the design equations of horn antenna.(A/M’19) (A/M’18)
11.With suitable diagram, explain the construction and principle operation of log periodic
antenna.(A/M’19)
12.Explain the radiation mechanism of a microstrip antenna with suitable illustrations. With
suitable figure explain the various feed techniques.(A/M’18)
13.Design a 50 to 200MHz log periodic dipole antenna for gain corresponds to scale factor 0.8
and space factor 0.15.assume the gap spacing at the smallest dipole is 3.6mm.(A/M’18)
(N/D’17)
14.Explain in detail about radiation mechanism of slot antenna and derive the impedance of a
infinitesimally thin 𝜆/2 slot antenna. What are the difference between slot and its
complementary antenna.(N/D’18)
15.(i) Write short notes on microstrip antenna .list the advantages and disadvantages of
microstrip antenna .
Discuss the ways to improve the bandwidth of microstrip antenna.
(ii) Explain the different feeding techniques for microstrip antenna. (N/D’18)
16. (i) Explain the principle of reflector antenna and the different types of feed used in a
reflector
antenna. (N/D’16)
(ii) Explain the working principle of microstrip patch antenna. (A/M’17)
17.A pyramidal horn antenna with the aperture length of 10𝜆 cm is fed by a rectangular
waveguide in 𝑇𝐸10 mode .determine the design parameters of the antenna operating at
2.5GHz. (A/M’17)

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18.(i) Explain the principle of parabolic reflector antenna and the different types of feed used
in a reflector
antenna.
(ii) The diameter of a parabolic reflector is 2cm .for operation at 6GHz ,find the beam width
between first null and the gain. (N/D’17)
19.Write short notes on:
(i) Slot antenna
(ii) Microstrip antenna (N/D’17)
20.Explain in detail the radiation from a slot antenna and their feed systems.(N/D’16)
21.Explain the operation and design of a helical antenna. (N/D’16)
22.Explain in detail about log periodic antenna. What is the need for feeding from end with
shorter dipoles and the need for transposing the line ?also discuss the effect of decreasing
𝛼 (N/D’16)

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UNIT III

ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS

Two-element array, Array factor, Pattern multiplication, Uniformly spaced arrays with uniform
and non-uniform excitation amplitudes, Smart antennas.

PART A

1. What is pattern multiplication.(N/D’20)

(OR) State pattern multiplication.( (A/M’18) (N/D’17)

The principle of pattern multiplication states that, ‘The total field pattern of an array of non
isotropic but similar point sources is the multiplication of the individual source patterns and the
pattern of an array of isotropic point sources, each located at the phase center of individual source
and having the same relative amplitude and phase while the total phase pattern is the addition of
the phase pattern of the individual sources and the array of isotropic point sources’

2. What is reconfigurable antenna? (N/D’20)

A reconfigurable antenna is an antenna capable of modifying its frequency and radiation properties.

3. What is binomial array? (N/D’19) What are the disadvantages of binominal array?(N/D’18)
It is an array in which the amplitudes of the antenna elements in the array are arranged according
to the coefficients of the binomial series.
Disadvantages:
1.HPBW increases and hence the directivity decreases
2.For the design of large array ,the larger amplitude ratio of source is required

4. Find the minimum element spacing of a 10 element linear uniform broadside array of
isotropic radiators achieve 7Db directivity. (N/D’19)
(𝐷)𝑑𝐵 = 9 𝑑𝐵 , 𝑛 = 10
(𝐷)𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 𝐷
9 = 10 log10 𝐷.
D=7.94
Directivity of a broadside array is given by ;
2𝐿 2𝑛𝑑
D= =
𝜆 𝜆
2×10 ×𝑑
7.94 = 𝜆
7.94𝜆
d= 𝜆
d=0.397 𝜆
5. What is meant by uniform linear array?(N/D’18)
An uniform linear array is one in which the elements are fed with a current of equal magnitude with
uniform phase shift along a line.

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6. How we can eliminate minor lobes?(N/D’16)
By using Uniform arrays we get the desired radiation pattern by changing the phase,
but we get the side lobes due to equal amplitudes. Where as in case of Binomial arrays, we
can reduce or eliminate minor lobes by giving non uniform amplitudes to radiating sources
but it leads to cost of directivity.

7. What is tapering of arrays? (N/D’17)

Tapering is simple the manipulation of the amplitude contribution of an individual element to the
overall antenna response.

8. Using pattern multiplication find the radiation pattern for the broadside array of 4 elements
𝝀
,spacing between each element is (A/M’17)
𝟐
𝜆
N=4 ,d=
2
𝜆
L=(n-1)d =(4-1)
2
3𝜆
L= 2 =1.5𝜆
2𝐿 2𝑥 1.5𝜆
Directivity D = 𝜆
= 𝜆
D=3

9. A linear broadside array consists of four culwidth. 𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝒅 = 𝝀/𝟑 spacing .Find the diectivity
and beam width .
𝜆
→ Total length of the array 𝐿 = (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = (4 − 1)
3

3𝜆
𝐿= =𝜆
3
2 L 2𝜆
→ Directivity D = = =2
𝜆 𝜆
114.6 114.6
→ BWFN = = = 114.6∘
L/𝜆 𝜆/𝜆
BWFN 114.6∘
→ HPBW = = = 57.3∘
2 2

10. Calculate the directivity of a given linear broadside, uniform array of 10 isotropic elements
with a separation of 𝝀/𝟒 between the elements.
Ans:
𝑛 = 10, 𝑑 = 𝜆/4

𝐿 = 𝑛𝑑 if 𝑛 is large
{ 𝜆
𝐿 = 10 ( )
4
2L 10𝜆 1
→ Directivity D = = 2( )( ) =5
𝜆 4 𝜆
= (D)𝑑 B = 10log10 D = 10log10 5 = 10 × 0.6990 = 6.99 dB

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11. Define beam width of major lobe?
It is defined the angle between the first nulls (or) it is defined as twice the angle between the first
hull and the major lobe maximum direction.
12. What is point source?
It is a fictitious volume less emitter source located at the center of an observation circle

13. Differentiate broadside and end fire array.

Broad side array End fire array
Array elements are fed with the currents of Array elements are fed with
equal amplitude and in phase. the currents of equal
amplitude and out
Maximum radiation is perpendicular to the Maximum radiation is directed
direction of array axis. along the array axis

14. Give the expression of directivity for broadside array and end fire array.
L
For broadside array, 2 (𝜆‾)
L
For end fire array, 4 ( )
𝜆
Where 𝐿 = nd, 𝑛 = number of antennas and 𝑑 is the spacing between the element

15. A uniform linear array contains 50 isotropic radiators with an inter element spacing of 𝝀/𝟐.
Find the directivity of broadside forms of array. 𝐀𝐔: 𝑴[𝒂} − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑
The directivity of broadside array is given by:
𝑛𝑑 50(𝜆, 12)
𝐷 = 𝐺1𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 2 ( ) = 2 [ ] = 50
𝜆 𝜆

16. What is Hansen-Woodyard Array?

Hansen-Woodyard array is nothing but an end fire array with increased directivity obtained fy
applying certain conditions on the phase shift between closely spaced radiators without affecting
other characteristics of array.

17. What is the need for the Binomial Array?

The need for a binomial array is :
(i) In uniform linear array ns the array length is increased to increase the directivity, the secondary
lobes also occurs.
(ii) For certain applications, it is highly desirable that secondary lobes should be eliminated
completely or reduced to minimum desirable level compared to main lobes
18. Compare directivities of broadside, end fire and Hansen-Woodyard array.
Broadside Array Endfire Array Hansen-woodyard Array
L L L
Directivity D = 2 ( ) D = 4 ( ) D = 1.789 [4 ( )]
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆

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19. Calculate the distance between the elements of a broadside array whose beamwidth
between first Null is found to be 𝟒𝟓𝟎 at a frequency of 10Mhz .There are 8 elements in the
array.
𝑛=8
𝑛=8
𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑁 = 45∘ , 𝑓 = 10MH𝑧 = 10 × 108 Hz.
𝑐 3 × 108
→𝜆= = = 30 m
𝑓 10 × 105
→ 𝐿 = 𝑛𝑑 = 8 × 𝑑 = 8𝑑
114,6 114.6
→ 𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑁 = ⇒ = 45
𝐿 8𝑑
( ) (30 )
𝜆
(114.6)(30)
𝑑= = 9.55 m
45 × 8
20. A broadside array operating at 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐦 wavelength consists of four half wave dipses spaced
𝟎 𝐜𝐦. Each element curries radio frequency carrent in the samc phuse and maguitude 𝟎. 𝟓
amps calculate. (i) Radiated power, (ii) Half power beamwidth of the major lobe.

𝑑 = 50 cm = 0.5 m, 𝜆 = 100 cm = 1 m
𝑛 = 4, I = 0.5 amps, R 𝑟 = 73 ohms (Half wavedipole)

→ Radiated power Pn = 𝑛I 2 R,
= 4 × (0.5)2 × 73
Pm = 73Watts
→ Length of the array = 𝑛𝑑 = 4 × 0.5 = 2 m.
2𝜆 2 × 1
→ 𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑁 = = =∣ radian = 57.3∘
𝐿 2
𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑁 1
→ 𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊 = 2 = 2 = 0.5 radian
HPBW = 0.5 × 57.34 = 28.65∘

21. Calculate the directivity of an end fire array of 10 elements with a separations of WA
between the elements,

𝑛 = 10, 𝑑 = 𝜆/4

4L 𝜆 1
Directivity D = = 4 × 10 × × = 10
𝜆 4 𝜆

→ (𝐷)𝑑𝐵 = 10log10 𝐷 = 10log15 10 = 10 dB

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PART B

1. i) What is broad side array? Deduce the expression for the radiation pattern of a broadside array
with n-vertical dipoles
ii) Design a 4 element broadside array 𝜆 /2 spacing between elements. (N/D ’20)

2. i) What is non -uniform excitation amplitudes? Draw the pattern of 10 elements binomial
array with spacing’s between the elements of 𝜆/2.

ii) Write short note about active antenna. (N/D’20)

3. (i) What are broadside and end fire array (N/D’19)
(ii) Derive the expression for field pattern and array factor of n isotropic point sources of broad side
array.
4. Briefly explain the following antenna arrays. (N/D’19)
i) Phased arrays.
ii) Adaptive arrays.
5. (i) Arrive the array factor of a two-element array. For this array ,find the nulls of the total field
when
d=𝜆/4 and the cases 𝛽 = 0, 𝛽 = 90° , 𝛽 = −90°
(ii) Define uniform linear array and grating lobes. (A/M’19)
6. Explain pattern multiplication. Using the principles of pattern multiplication determine the
radiation
pattern for eight element linear array and speed 𝜆/2 apart with equal currents fed in-phase .specify
the
7. limitations of this method.(OR) Using pattern multiplication determine the radiation pattern for 8
𝜆
element array, separated by the distance (A/M’19) (M/J’16)
2
8. Derive the filed equations for array of two point source with spacing 𝜆/2 with equal amplitude and
phase. Also derive the array factor ,direction of maximum ,minimum and half power point
directions.Draw the radiation pattern.(OR) Derive the expression for the array factor of a linear
𝜆
array of four isotropic element spaced 2 apart fed with signals of equal amplitude and phase obtain
the direction of maxima and minima. (N/D’18) (N/D’17)
9. (i) Discuss the properties of linear broadside array
𝜆
(ii) A linear array consists of four equal isotropic inphase point sources with 3 b spacing (overall
length of the array = 𝜆) calculate the directivity,BWFN,HPBE. (N/D’18)
10. Discuss about modern antennas and their applications.( N/D’18)
11. Derive and draw the radiation pattern of 4 isotropic sources of equal amplitude and same
phase.(OR) Derive and plot the radiation from a broadside array of 4 point
sources.(N/D’17)(N/D’16)
12. Obtain the expression for the filed and the radiation pattern produced by a N element array of
𝜆
infinitesimal with distance of separation 2 and current of unequal magnitude and phase shift 180
degree. (M/J’16)

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UNIT IV

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES

Microwave Passive components: Directional Coupler, Power Divider, Magic Tee, attenuator,
resonator, Principles of Microwave Semiconductor Devices: Gunn Diodes, IMPATT
diodes Schottky Barrier diodes, PIN diodes, Microwave tubes: Klystron, TWT, Magnetron.

PART A

1 Give two examples for reciprocal microwave passive device. (N/D’20)

Examples of reciprocal networks include cables and standard transmission lines,

attenuators.
2 A Reflex Klystron is operated at 10GHz with a dc beam voltage of 600V for 134 mode,
repeller space length of 1mm and dc beam current of 12mA. The beam coupling co-
efficient is assumed to be 1. Calculate the repeller voltage. (N/D’20)
√600
|𝑉𝑅 | = 6.74 × 10−6 × 1 × 10−3 × 9 × 109 × − 600
13/4
= 249 V.
0.398 V0 I0 0.398 × 600 × 10 × 10−3
PxFmar = =
N 13/4
= 0.2274 × 600 × 10 × 10−3
= 1.3644 watts.
X𝑗𝑖 (X) 0.398 0.398
𝜂max = = = 3/4 = 22.74%
𝜋N N 1

3 What is meant by impedance matching? List the different impedance matching

techniques.(N/D’19)

Impedance matching is designing source and load impedances to minimize signal

reflection or maximize power transfer
TYPES:
• Reflection-less matching.
• Maximum power transfer matching.

4 Give the significance of E – plane and H – plane bends?(N/D’19)

• Bends are used to change the direction in a waveguide run.
• They are classified as E & H bends. A bend whose plane is parallel to the plane of the
magnetic vector is called H bend while whose plane is parallel to the plane of the
electric vector is called E bend.
5 What are the different modes of operation realizable with gunn diode? (N/D’19)

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• Gunn Oscillation Mode.
• Stable Amplification Mode.
• LSA Oscillation Mode.
• Bias Circuit Oscillation Mode.
6 State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler ? Define them. (A/M’18)
COUPLING FACTOR :
The coupling factor of a directional copuler is defined as the ratio os rer to the forward
power, 𝑃𝑓 measured in dB.
P𝑓
Coupling factor (db) = 10log10
P𝑓

DIRCTIVITY :
a) The directivity of a directional coupler is defined as the ratio of forward power, P,to the
back power, 𝑃𝑏 expressed in 𝑑𝐵.
P𝑓
D(dB) = 10log10
P𝑏

(b) It is a measure of how directional coupler distinguishes between forward and reverse
travelling powers.

7 What is the purpose of slow wave structures in TWT ? Name them.(A/M’18)

Slow wave structures are special circuits that are used in microwave tubes to reduce wave
velocity in a certain direction so that the electron beam and the signal wave can interact.
8 List the applications of magic-Tee. (A/M’17) (N/D’15)
• Magic Tee junction is used to measure the impedance.
• Magic Tee is used as a duplexer
• Magic Tee is used as a Mixer
• Magic Tee junction is also used as Microwave Bridge, Microwave discriminator etc

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9. Compare TWT anti Klystron (A/M’17)
TWT Klystron Amplifier

The interaction of electron beam and RF The interaction in Klystron amplifier

beam in the TWT is continuous over the occurs only in the gaps of few resonant
entire length of the circuit. cavities.

The wave in TWT is propagating wave. In Klystron amplifier, it is not a

propagating wave.

In coupled cavity TWT, there is coupling Here each cavity in the Klystron operates
effect between the cavities. independently.

Wide band device. Narrow band device.

10. Draw the equivalent circuit of a Gunn diode.(N/D’18)

(a) Schematic diagram of Gunn diode; (b) Parallel equivalent circuit; (c) Series equivalent circuit.

11. Compare PIN and PN diode. (N/D’16)

PIN DIODE PN

PIN diode is a heavily doped n- PN Diode Doping is normal in both P

region separated by a layer and of high resistivity n sides.

Preferred semiconductors is
Preferred semiconductors are
silicon

because of its power handling

germanium and silicon.
capacity.

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12. List the radio frequency bands available in microwave and radio frequency ranges.
(N/D’16)

Electromagnetic wave
Frequency band Wavelength
spectrum

Very high frequency (VHF) (30–

Radio waves 10–1 m
300 MHz)

Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) (300– (100–10

3000 MHz) cm)
Microwaves
P band (230 MHz–1 GHz) 130–30 cm

L band (1–2 GHz) 30–15 cm

13. What is magnetron? (N/D’16)

A magnetron is a device that generates high power electromagnetic wave. It is basically
considered as a self-excited microwave oscillator.
14. What is tetrodes and pentodes?

Tetrodes contains cathode, two grids and an anode. Pentodes contain 5 elements, (i.e.)
cathode, 3 grids and anodes.
15. A reflex Klystron is operated at 5 GHz with de beam voltage 𝟓𝟎 𝐕, repeller spacing
𝟎. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 for 𝐍 = 𝟑𝟑/𝟒 mode. Calculate bandwidth over 𝐕𝐑 = 𝟏 𝐕.
15
N = 33 /4 =
4
√V𝑜
ΔVQ = 6.7438 × 10 − − × Lul × Δ𝑓H𝑥
N
−5
1 = 6.74 × 10 × 0.5/100 × Δ𝑓11𝑧 × √300 × 4/15
Δ𝑓 = 5.948MHz.

16. In a two cavity Klystron operates at 𝟏𝟎𝐆𝐇𝐳 with 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐦𝐀, 𝐕𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝐊𝐕. The drift
space length is 𝐜𝐦, the output cavity total shunt conductance is 𝐆𝐚𝐤 = 𝟐𝟎𝐮 mho and
beam-coupling coefficient 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐. Find the maximum voltage and power gain.
𝐵2 𝜃0 𝐼0 𝐽1 (𝑋)max
Ans: Maximum voltage gain 𝐴 = XV0 𝐺𝑠ℎ
DC bcam velocity

𝑢0 = 0.593 × 105 √V0 = 0.593 × 105 √10 × 103 = 0.593 × 104 m/s

Transit angle in drift space

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𝜔𝐿 2𝜋 × 10 × 106 × 2 × 10−2
𝜃0 = =
𝜇0 0.593 × 108
= 21.19rad.
0.92 × 0.92 × 21.19 × 36 × 0.582
Amax =
1.841 × 10 × 103 × 20 × 10−6
= 102.1

17. What is directional coupler?

(a) Directional coupler are transmission line device that couple together two circuits in one
direction, while providing a great degree of isolation in the opposite direction.
(b) It is used to measure incident reflected power, SWR values, provide a signal path is a
receiver or to perform a desirable operations.
18. What do you mean by isolation?
' expressed
• Isolation is definod as the ratio of the incident power, ′ P1′ to the back power ' Pb dB.
P𝑆
• Isolation (dB) = 10log10 P𝑏
19. What is circulator?
A circulator is a multi-port junction in which the wave can travel from one port to next
immediate port in one direction only
20. A reflex Klystron is to be operated at frequency of 𝟏𝟎𝐆𝐇𝐳, with de beam voltage 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐕,
repeller space 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐜𝐦 for 𝟏𝟑/𝟒 mode. Calculate 𝑷𝐮𝐯𝐦𝐞𝐱 and corresponding repeller
voltage for bean current of 𝟎 𝐦𝐀 .

0.398 V0 I0 0.398 × 300 × 20 × 10−3

𝑃𝑍𝐹
̅̅̅̅= = =
N 13/4
= 1.365 wat
√V𝑜
|Vk | = 6.74 × 10−6 𝑓kZ L(𝑚)
N − Vo
𝐿(𝑚) = 0.1 × 10−2 m
= 10−3 m
N = 13/4
= 1.75
√300
|VR | = 6.74 × 10−6 × 10 × 109 × 10−1 ×
1.75 − 300
|𝑉R | = −367.08 volts.

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PART B
1. Write short notes on the following microwave passive devices along with S parameters.
Directional couplers and attenuators. (N/D’20)
2. i) With the help of two valley theory, explain how negative resistance is created in gunn
diodes.
ii) Describe the construction and operation of a basic magnetron.(N/D’20)

3. Describe with the neat sketch the construction details and principle of operation of
klystron amplifier and derive the expression for its optimum bunching distance lopt.
(N/D’20)
4. Discuss the operation of reflex klystron microwave oscillator with diagrams.(N/D’19)
5. What is an IMPATT diode? Discuss the operation of an IMPATT diode with neat diagram?
Mention the applications of an IMPATT diode? (N/D’19)
6. With neat sketch explain how a travelling wave tube operates? Specify the role of slow wave
structures in it. (N/D’19)
7. Derive the S matrix for a directional coupler and also verifying the properties of it. (A/M’18)
8. i) Derive the S matrix H plane TEE.
ii) Explain the mode of oscillation of gunn diode. (A/M’18)
9. Draw the experimental set-up for S-parameter measurement of Magic Tee and explain. (A/M’18)
10. i) Explain the construction of Magic Tee and derive its S- matrix. (N/D’18)
ii) Derive the S matrix for a directional coupler. (N/D’18)
11. i) Draw the schematic of two cavity klystron amplifier and explain the process
of velocity modulation and bunching. Also derive the equation of velocity
modulation. (N/D’18)
ii) With neat diagram, explain how amplification of RF wave is accomplished
in Helix type TWT. (N/D’18)
(b) i) Draw the cross sectional view of Magnetron tube and explain the process
of bunching. Derive the expression for Hull cut off voltage. (N/D’18)
ii) Compare TWT and klystron. (N/D’18)

12. A two cavity klystron amplifier has the following parametres, (15)
Vo = 1000 V, Ro = 35 KΩ, Io = 20 mA, f= 3 GHz, Gap spacing in either cavity, d= 1mm,
spacing between the two cavities, L= 4 cm, Effective shunt impedance excluding beam
loading, Rsh = 30 KΩ
1. Find the input gap voltage to give maximum voltage V2.
2. Find the voltage gain, neglecting the beam loading in the output cavity.
3. Find the efficiency of the amplifier, neglecting beam loading. (N/D’18)
13. a) Explain the working principle and operation of multi-cavity Klystron amplifier and derive
the expressions for its output power. (N/D’16)
(b) A travelling wave tube (TWT) operates under the following parameter (N/D’16)
Benm Voltage 𝑉0 = 3kV

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Bean Current 𝐼0 = 30 mA
Characteristic impedance of helix = 𝑍0 = 10Ω
Circuit length = 𝑁 ∗ = 50 m
Frequency 𝑓 = 10GHz
Determine :
(i) Gain parameters 𝐶,
(ii) Output power gain 𝐴𝑝 in decibels.
(iii) All four propagation constants.
14. Explain the working principle of E plane Tee and derive its S parameters. (N/D’15)
15. Explain the working principle and operation of Gunn diode oscillator and its
modes. (N/D’15)
16. Explain the working principle of IMPATT diode with neat diagram. (N/D’15)
17. Explain the working principle of Travelling wave Tube (TWTA). (N/D’15)
18. Explain the working principle of reflex klystron oscillator and derive the
expression for power and efficiency. (N/D’15)
19. Draw the physical structure and droping profile of IMPATT diode and explain in detail
(M/J’16)

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UNIT V

MICROWAVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Impedance transformation, Impedance Matching, Microwave Filter Design, RF and Microwave

Amplifier Design, Microwave Power amplifier Design, Low Noise Amplifier Design, Microwave
Mixer Design, Microwave Oscillator Design

PART A

1. VSWR circle has a radius of 0.667 and a impedance is 0.25 – j0.5. Calculate the
reflection co-efficient graphically.(N/D’20)

Reflection co-efficient is 0.667 ∟ -124o

2. Define maximum available gain and noise figure (N/D’20)

The noise figure of a microwave amplifier is defined as the ratio of the total available
noise power at the output of the amplifier to the available noise power at the output
due b thermal noise coming from input resistor at the standard room temperature T =
290∘ K
The transducer gain, GT which quantifies the gain of the amplifier placed between
source id load
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿
𝐺𝑇 = =
Atailable power from the source 𝑃𝐴

3. Mention the sensors used for microwave power measurement. (A/M’19)

Conventional microwave power sensors include three methods of diode, thermistor,

and thermocouple

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4. Mention a few techniques used for measurement of an impedance at microwave
frequency? (A/M’19)

Bolometric technique

Calorimeter technique

Calorimeter Watt meter

5. What is the need of Rollet factor K? Write its expressions. (A/M’18)

Rollet factor is a stability factor is used check whether the transistor amplifier is
unconditional stable or not and it can be expressed as
1 − |𝑆11 |2 − |𝑆22 |2 + |Δ|2
𝐾= >1
2|𝑆12 ||𝑆21 |

Where,Δ = 𝑆11 𝑆22 − 𝑆12 𝑆21

If 𝐾 < 1 and |Δ| < 1 the transistor amplifier is unconditional stuble.
6. Define Transducer gain (Apr/May 17) (Nov/Dec 13)

The transducer gain, GT which quantifies the gain of the amplifier placed between
source id load
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿
𝐺𝑇 = =
Atailable power from the source 𝑃𝐴
7. Define unconditional stability with regard to microwave transistor amplifier
(N/D’ 17 )

The network is unconditionally stable if ∣ Γin 𝑘1 and |Γout | < 1 for all. Passive source
and load impedance (ie.) |Γ𝑠 | < 1 and ∣ 𝐼𝐿 𝑘1

8. Define noise figure (N/D’16)

The noise figure of a microwave amplifier is defined as the ratio of the total available
noise power at the output of the amplifier to the available noise power at the output
due b thermal noise coming from input resistor at the standard room temperature T =
290∘ K

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9. Calculate the VSWR of an amplifier if the amplifier has reflection coefficient
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟑 (N/D’16)

1+|Γ𝐿 | 1+0.2538
= 1−0.2533 = 1.6785
1−|Γ𝐿 |

10. Distinguish between conditional and unconditional stabilities of an amplifier. (A/M

‘16) & (A/M’12)

Unconditional Stability:
The network is unconditionally stable if ∣ Γin 𝑘1 a 1IΓout k1 for all passive source and load
impedance (ie.) |Γ𝑎 | < 1 and |Γ𝐿 | < 1
Conditional stability: The network is conditionally stable ∣ Γin 𝐾i and ∣𝐼ou ' 1 a certain
range of passive source and load impedances. This case is also referred the instable
11. Define maximum available gain. (A/M 15) & (N/D’ 15)
The available gain for load side matching,

Power available from amplifier

𝐺𝐴 =
Pouer auailable from sourer
|𝑆21 |2 (1 − |Γ𝑆 |2 )
𝐺𝐴 =
(1 − |Γout |2 (1 − 𝑆11 |Γ𝑆 |2 )

12. Define unilateral power gain (N/D’14)

The transducer power gain which neglects the feedback effect of the amplifier (S27 − 0) is
dled unilateral power gain, GnJ It is given by
2
(1 − |Γ|2 )|𝑆21 |2 (1 − |Γ𝑔 |
𝐺𝑇𝑈 = 2
(1 − Γ𝐿 𝑆22 ∣

13. Define stability. (A/M’14 )

It is the ability of an amplifier to maintain effectiveness in its nominal operating

characteristics inspite of large changes in the environment such as physical
temperature, signal frequency, source or load conduction, etc.
14. State the significance of microstrip matching networks? (N/D’14)
(1) Distributed microstrip lines and lumped capacitors
(2) Less susceptible to Parasitic
(3) Easy to tune
(4) Efficient PCB implementation
(5) Small size for high frequency

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15. Define unilateral power gain (N/D’14)

The transducer power gain which neglects the feedback effect of the amplifier (S27 = 0) is
called unilateral power gain, GTU It is given by
2
(1 − |Γ|2 )|𝑆21 |2 (1 − |Γ𝑔 | )
𝐺𝑇𝑈 = 2
(1 − Γ𝐿 𝑆22 ∣

16. Define Power gain of amplifier in terms of S-parameters. (N/D’12)

Pouer delivered to the lood

Is: : 𝐺 = Power sup plied to the amplifer
(1 − |Γ𝐿 |2 |𝑆21 |2 )
𝐺=
(1 − |Γin |2 )(1 − 𝑆22 Γ𝐿 )2

17. Define Power loss ratio, 𝑷𝑳𝑹

𝑃𝐼𝑛𝐶 𝑃0
Ans: 𝑃𝐿𝑅 = =
𝑃lood 𝑃𝑐 [1−∣ Γ(𝜔)2 ]
𝑃𝐿𝑅 = [1 − |Γ(𝜔)|2 ]−1

18. What is power amplifier?

Power amplifiers are used in final stages of radar and radar transmitter to increase the
radiated Power Level.
19. Define mixer.

A mixer is a three port devices that used non-linear or time varying element to
achieve" frequency conversion. Output is proportional to the product of two input
signals.

20. State the steps for filter design

(1) Filter specifications
(2) Design a low pass prototype circuits

(3) Scale and conversion

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PART B

1. For a broadband amplifier, it is required to develop a Pi- Type network that transforms a
load impedance of Zl = (50 – j 100) into an input impedance Zin = 10 + j 20. The design
should involve the lowest possible nodal quality factor. Find the component values ,
assuming that matching should be achieved at a frequency of 2GHz. (N/D’20)
2. i) Write mathematical analysis of amplifier stability (N/D’20)
ii) Design a microwave amplifier for maximum transducer power gain.
3. Explain in detail about impedance matching networks
4. Design a Rf and microwave amplifier, explain in detail
5. What is microwave power amplifier? Write short notes on it.
6. Write short notes on designing a LNA
7. Explain in detail about design microwave oscillator and mixer.

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EC 8701 – ANTENNA & MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Adhi College of Engineering & Technology

Trust Office:
No.25, Munu Adhi Illam,
Patel Nagar, 2nd Street, Near ESI Hospital
Tambaram West, Chennai - 600 025
Phone: +91-44-6499 4035
Email: [email protected] Website: www.adhi.edu.in

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