SIMPLE STRESS

Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 1.

The inclined member as shown is subjected to

a compressive force of 600 lb. Determine the
average compressive stress along the smooth
areas of contact defined by AB and BC , and the
average shear stress along the horizontal plane
defined by DB .
FBD of the Inclined Member:
The average compressive stresses along the
horizontal and vertical planes of the
inclined member are:

The average shear stress acting on the

horizontal plane defined
by DB is
Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 2.
The homogeneous bar ABCD shown in the figure is supported by a cable that runs from A to B
around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface at D.
Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in each cable is
limited to 100 MPa. The area of the cable AB is 250 mm2 and that of the cable at C is 300 mm2
.

50°
Solution:
Cont.
STRAIN AND DEFORMATION
VI. BIAXIAL DEFORMATIONS

VII. TRIAXIAL DEFORMATIONS

Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 1.
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in the figure. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an
overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the
bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.
Solution:
Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 2.
An aluminum bar (E = 72 GPa, u = 0.33) of diameter 50 mm cannot exceed a diameter of
50.1 mm when compressed by axial force P. The maximum acceptable compressive load P is
approximate
Solution:
Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 3.
A prismatic bar with a circular cross section is loaded by tensile forces P=65 kN (see figure).
The bar has length L = 1.75 m and diameter d = 32 mm. It is made of aluminum alloy with
modulus of elasticity E = 75 GPa and Poisson’s ratio u = 1/3.
Find the increase in length of the bar and the percent decrease in its cross-sectional area.
Solution: Lateral Strain:

Initial area of cross section Final Area of cross-section:

Axial strain:
Percentage Decrease in Area:

Increase in Length:
TORSION
TORSION ON CIRCULAR SHAFTS:
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other end by a torque or
twisting moment T equivalent to F × d, which is applied perpendicular to the axis of the bar,
as shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.
TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS:
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional
shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft:

Where:
J = the polar moment of inertia of the section
r = the outer radius.
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA:
• FOR SOLID SHAFTS: • FOR HOLLOW SHAFT:

D
Angle of Twist
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the
torsional shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft:

Where:
T = torque in N·mm,
L = length of shaft in mm,
G = shear modulus of rigidity in MPa
Power Transmitted by the Shaft
A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω (in radians per second)
is being acted by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft
is

Where:
T = torque in N·mm,
f = frequency in rev. per second
P = power in watts (N-m/s), 1 hp = 746 watts
TORSIONAL SHEARING STRAIN:

Where:
g = shearing strain
r = distance from the center of shaft to fiber analyzed
for solid shaft : r = R (max, shear strain)
for hollow shaft, r = r (min. shear strain), R (max. shear strain)
L = Length of shaft
TORSIONAL STIFFNESS (K): TORSIONAL RIGIDITY
K = JG/L = T/q Tr = JG = TL/q

Where:
q = angle of twist in radians
L = Length of shaft
J = polar moment of inertia
T = torsional moment or torque
G = shear modulus of rigidity
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in. is subjected to a torque
of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the angle of
twist. Use G = 12 × 106 psi.
Solution
:
PROBLEM 2

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through
more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m? What
maximum shearing stress is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.

Solution
:
PROBLEM 3

A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft long is used to

transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12 × 106 psi, determine the maximum
shearing
Solution
stress.
Note: 1 hp = 33,000 ft·lb/min = 396,000 lb·in/min
:
PROBLEM 4

A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4°.
Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can be
transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?
Solution
:
PROBLEM 5

A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a

shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1° in a length of 26
diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa.
Solution
:
PROBLEM 5

Cont.
Based on maximum allowable angle of twist:

Use d = 352.08 mm
PROBLEM 6

Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular steel
shaft of 100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter without
exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83
GPa.
Solution
: Based on maximum allowable shearing stress:
PROBLEM 6

Based on maximum allowable angle of twist:

Use the smaller torque,

T = 4 198.28
N·m.
PROBLEM 7

A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an aluminum segment is

acted upon by two torques as shown in Fig. P-316. Determine the maximum
permissible value of T subject to the following conditions: τst ≤ 83 MPa, τal ≤
55 MPa, and the angle of rotation of the free end is limited to 6°. For steel, G =
83 GPa and for aluminum, G = 28 GPa.
 a-a
PROBLEM 7 Tal
Solution
:
a Tal =
T
Based on the shearing stress of aluminum = 55
MPa:

a
 b-b
PROBLEM 7 Tst
Solution
:
b Tst = 3T
Based on the shearing stress of steel = 83
MPa:

b
PROBLEM 7

Solution
:
Based on maximum angle of twist, θmax = 6°:
Tst = 3T Tal =
T

Use the smaller torque,

TORSION ON THIN-WALLED
TUBES
The torque applied to thin-walled tubes is expressed as

where T is the torque in N·mm, A is the area enclosed by the center

line of the tube (as shown in the stripe-filled portion) in mm2, and q is
the shear flow in N/mm.
The average shearing stress across any thickness t is

Thus, torque T can also be expressed as:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular

section shown in the figure. Determine the wall
thickness t so as not to exceed a shear stress of
80 MPa. What is the shear stress in the short
sides? Neglect stress concentration at the
corners.
SOLUTION:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown. Find the shearing stress caused by a
torque of 600 N·m.
SOLUTION:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

The tube is made of bronze and has a rectangular cross section as shown. If it is
subjected to the two torques, determine the average shear stress in the tube at
points A and B .
SOLUTION:

Resulting torque T = 60 - 25
tA = 35 000 / [(2)(1995)(5)]
T = 35 N-m
tA = 1.75 MPa
A = (40-5)(60-3) =1995 mm2
tB = 35 000 / [(2)(1995)(3)]

tB = 2.92 MPa
STRESSES IN BEAMS
Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 1.

A steel wire (E=200 GPa) of diameter d=1.25 mm is bent

around a pulley of radius R0=500 mm

a) What is the maximum stress smax in the wire?

(b) By what percent does the stress increase or decrease if
the radius of the pulley is increased by 25%
Solution:
Sample Problems:

PROBLEM 2.

A simply supported steel beam of length L 1.5 m and rectangular cross section
(h=75 mm, b =20 mm) carries a uniform load of q=48 kN/m, which includes its own
weight. The maximum transverse shear stress on the cross section at 0.25 m from the
left support is approximately:
Solution:
COMBINED STRESSES