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TOPIC 5.
GCE 0 LEVEL
Mathematics KEYsPOINTS
FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC
FUNCTIONS
AND GRAPHS
& 3 key areas
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
@ GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF
EQUATIONS
@ GRAPHS IN PRACTICAL
SITUATIONS
* Graphs of exponential functions
* Graphs of line:
‘aphs of quadratic functions
* Graphs of reciprocal functions
= Solving simultaneous equations
graphically
+ Estimation of gradients of curves
* Conversion graphs
* ‘Travel graphs Mi
‘O' LEVEL -
(eal
No. 5 Functions ond Grophs
®* GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Objective: Sketch the graphs of all functions and understand the nat
@ Graphs of linear functions
"A linear function | y=mx+c |, when represented graphically on a Cartesian
(ey) plane, is a straight Jine,
when expressedin this form
yeme re | onthe x-y plane:
the poweris tfor both x and y efor Re cesar,
© cisthe y-intercept (when x=0)
© Gradient mensures the steepness of slope when a line is not horizontal or
vertical
[If we know any two points (x11) and (2z,2) on a straight line:
Gradient ofa straightline | m=22—91 gy 21-92 | y coordinates on top
Papa" x= xp | of xcoortinates
y-intercept.
(when x
x-intercept
(when y = 0)
For negative gradien\
| For positive gradients: 3
(with +ve or ~ve y-intercepts)
(with 4ve or -ve y-intercepts) (Cee O LEVEL
te.5 Functions ond Graphs (_Nathenaies KEY-PONTS
STOP AND THINK ane
{Q] Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
(a) ys-2x+3
(b) 2x~4
SOLUTION 5
(a)
y-intercep!
when — y=0,
>
>
1
intercept = 14
prea
(b) Qx-4y=1
= Ay=2x-1
> ye
gradient = 3 (positive)
sy-intereopt=-4 (negative)
when -y=0, (an)
.
= o-1x-4
24
> os
a4
. 1
sintoreept= 2
Graphs of quadratic functions
re], where w0 and the
A quadratic function is defined as
highest power of x is 2.
Graphically, quadratic functions take only two shapes, depending on ‘s' the
coefficient of x”.
Areurve has a maximum point.
ee
‘maximum
turning
point
whon coofficiont of
© when coetficiontol or ®
x! in nogative, Le, a<0
x4in positive, io, a>0 a
a
(GCE 'O' LEVEL
‘To find turning point of a quadratic curve, we may rewrite a quadratic function
in factorised form or completed square form:
Quadratic Function yrax?+bx-+¢ | use‘a'totind shape of curve
{alter rewritten to)
FactorisedForm
yeale-aye~f) | tuming vont |
[indy] }
(alter rewritten to)
Completed Square Form
yea(x—h? +k | tumingpoint
(a)
In FACTORISED FORM | y=a(x~a)x~A) |, the line of symmetry occurs at
the mid-point of the two roots aand f (the x-intercepts at y= 0).
a>0 a =(x+1)(2x-7) = (x+1(2x-7)=0
ax X-7\-1% > x41=0 or 2x-7=0
z = 2(x-(-19 (x-2)| a
ex _ 7541 keto xed
= a(x-a)(x-A) 7 2
wat pal vs roots = Land J
2
a2,
x-coordinate of turning point (mid-point) = ZF 3
To find y-coordinate of turning point,
5 into: y=(x41)(2x-7)
© Gi)
substitute x GCE 0 LEVEL
No.8 Functions and Graphs \_ Mathematics KEY-POINTS
@ COMPLETED SQUARE FORM: To complete the square for a quadratic function,
follow these steps:
yrax? +bx+0
vast beve €| step: extract'a, the coefficient of x? out
remember and apply to complete the square:
=| a| wb). by e ‘-_| step @: divide the coefficient of x by 2and
2a) “\2a) “a subtract the square of the result
from the expression
by ;
-o(x+ 3) Gyre | stone: simply
For any quadratic funetion expressed in the form [ y=a(x-h)’+k |, the
turning point is (hy):
= b eB
ley 2
turning point =[-2, e-
i Poi 3a’ °F
aneasy way to
remember x-coordinate:
Turing Point
InCompleted
‘Square Form
STOP AND THINK
[Q) Write 2x*-5x-7 in completed square form and find tu
point.
SOLUTION >
Minimum turning point =( Cce O LeveL
1.8 aca rps ( Seats avrens ( 85)
a | Sketching A Quadratic Curve
| ® Determine the shape of curve, (Look at the coefficient of x?.)
| @ Find turning point of curve, (By factorisation or completing the square.)
| © Find the axial intercepts. (Let x=0, find y-intereept and let y =0, find
| -intercepts.)
1 @ Find end-points, if domain of curve is given.
STOP AND THINK
[Ql (a) Sketch the curve y=-(x-1)?~-1 for -2sxs3.
(b) Sketch the curve y=x(x-2) for -1
(a) y=-(x-1)?-1, domain: -20 a<0
y ia! lyeart
yeas)
‘S-curve in
= Oo | 2nd & ath
| quadrants
an ceo LeveL
No. 5 Functions ond Graphs (_ Mathematics KEY-ponTS 7)
@° Graphs of reciprocal functions
© For the graphs of y=8] (known as reciprocal functions where a0 and
the power of x is -1):
a>0 a<0
= ee ¥
<2 s
wy x
Cewe |, feare
intst& 3rd ad oO} | In2nd& 4th
auectenis (— auacrerts |
ah, i
1 For the graphs of (known as reciprocal functions where a +0 and
the power of x is ~£
nf
ae fi
Care ; Ei care
inist&2nd | 0 0 €| in3rd & 4th
Guadrans \ a anne
i a
{@ Note that both x and y cannot be 0 for the curve to be defined, x=0 and y=0
are known as asymptotes of the curve.
@ Graphs of exponential functions
@ For the graphs of { y=a* | (known as exponential functions where a is a
positive integer and x is the power of a):
a>0
Pad ee
yea" —
ye0is the
ot | asymptote
of the curve
an “ace O LEVEL
@ For the graphs of
2nd
y=0isthe
<| asymptote
of the curve
ao
STOP AND THINK
[Q] Sketch the graphs of y=ax" for
(i) n=0, a=5, (il) n=2, a=-3,
(iv) n=-1, a=4.
(i) n=3, a=-2,
@ ne Ohe=s “@ n=8, a=-2
=> ysbx? = y=-2x9
=5
yenoe ¥
_— 4
ead Ol =
2 (Ans)
(Ans)
(iii) (iv) ne=-l, a4
_"
ox
ya Bx?
(ans)
(Ans) ( Soe (9)
No.5 Functions and Grophs (_Hatenatesnev-ronns ( 98 )
+ GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS
Odjectves: Solve oqualions approximately by graphical methods and estimate gradients of curves by drawing tan
gents,
@> Solving simultaneous equations graphically
To solve simultaneous equations graphically, we look atthe intersections of the
graphs of the two given equations,
ic EXAWLES
© To solve y=x*-3x+2 and 2y=x%+2, we can plot the two graphs and
look at where these two graphs intersect.
Po l
© So if we want to solve the equation, say 2% =5, then we simply look at
the x-coordinate of the point of intersection between the graphs y = 2"
ond y=5.
@ Estimation of gradients of curves
@ Acurve is not a linear equation. Hence, every point on the curve has its own
gradient value.
@ Gradient at any point on a curve can be obtained by drawing a tangent line
(a straight line) to the curve and find its gradient.
@ | Gradient Of | @ Draw a tangent line to the curve at the particular point.
ACurve @ Find the gradient of this tangent,
tangont at B= 228
y na —_
tangent at A = 22-21
on (on) (GcE ‘0 LeveL
No.5 Furetions and Grophe (_Nathnals KEY-PONTS
_STOP AND THINK . 5
[Q] The table below shows the values of a curve y=
x
-3 | 2] -1 J-o5] 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 8
y
-2 | 3 | 6 [4876/3 | 0 [oa75] 3 | 18
(a)
(b)
©
@
@
©
G 190)
L
x3-4x+a, where a is a constant,
Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit for the horizontal x-axis and 2em to 4 units
for the vertical y-axis, draw the curve of y=x*-4x+a by plotting the points
from the above table of values.
Describe, if any, the line of symmetry of the graph of yexd deta.
Use your graph to find the value(s) of x when y= 2.
Use your graph to find the value of a.
By drawing a tangent, find the gradient of the curve at’x=2.
By drawing a suitable straight line, solve
=2
8a
@ x8-5e+
Gi) x?-4
(a) (See next page)
(b) The graph has no line of symmetry.
(© Aty=2
(@ a=3 (Ans)
2.1, 0,25 or 1.85 (Ans)
8-4)
(@) At x=2, gradient => 5
i
74 (8 sf) (Ans)
© @ x) -6r+a=2
= Sadrtaex+2
Find intersecting points for y=x°-4x-+a and y=
2.29, 0.2 or 2.12 (Ans)
Gi)
= B-dee
se xtedxt
Find intersecting points for y#a*~dxia and y= 8,
x=248 (Ans) sat hates os erate ( Sean (02)
STOP AND THINK
[Ql] The variables x and y are connected by the equation yates Some values of x
and corresponding values of y are given in the table below.
1[ul[2ts{ss 6 | 8
nu fes{e ji | b | -4 | -85
(i) Calculate the values of a and b.
(ii) Using a scale of 2em to represent 1 unit on the horizontal axis and 2cm to
12
represent 2 units on the vertical axis, draw the graph of y=", —* for values
of x in the range 1
(e) G@ Retardation during the first 4 seconds ~ hnge in speed
© 14 nvs* (Ans)
(ii) At t= 3, the gradient is
BO—u
“
3
> BO-v—d2
v= 36 mvs oye
“Gce
cae ~
No. 8 Functions and Graphs (
Distance travelled in the fourth second =
(distance from 3" to 4" second)
x(88+24) x1
1
=fx62
=31m (Ans)
(iii) Total distance travelled in 10 seconds ~ (gt ad) (x24)
= 2084144
= 352m
152
Average speed in tho 10 seconds = 202
=365.2m/s (Ans)
(b) (i) Total distance travelled in 4 seconds is 208 m. The speed is decreasing.
Total distance travelled in 15 seconds =102-+(82524,.5)
= 3524260
=612m
From t= 10. to t= 165, the speed is increasing,
Distance (m)
‘Time (#) in seconds (Ans)
‘STOP AND THINK
Q) Distance (m)
‘Timo (¢) in seconds
‘The diagram above shows the distanco-time graph of a car which starts from rest
and accelerated uniformly for the first 20 seconds,
CALI |
j " ( GCE O' LevEL
No. Functions and Graphs \_ Mathematics KEY-POINTS:
(a) Find the distance travelled by the car in the first 20 seconds,
(b) On the axes in the diagram below, complete the speed-time graph for the same
journey.-The car decelerated uniformly to rest for the last part of the journey.
Speed (m/s)
‘Time (¢) in seconds
(c) Find the’ value of k as the car decelerated uniformly to rest after 30 seconds.
«
(a) Distance travelled in the first 20
=100m. (Ans)
200-160
(b) Uniform speed from t= 20s to t= 30s
Speed (m/s)
‘Time (¢) in seconds
(©) Total distance travelled = 280m
280 =(<20%10) (10x10) +(} -90)=20)
= 280=100+100+5(k-80)
= 280= 200+ 5(k- 30) 4
= 5(k-30)=80 .
> k-30=16
2. k=46 (Ans). 1
2
3.
4.
GCE ‘0 LEVEL
CHALLENGING QUESTIONS |
Sketch the graph of
(i) x42)
i)
(ii)
1. Draw the lines of symmetry of the graph.
Each of the graphs below can be represented by an equation y= kx" +c where k,n and
<¢ are constants.
.@ y
Gi) : ii) q
; i NC
AY x
x
7
(a) For graph (i), state the value of n and of c and a possible value for &.
(b) For graph (ii), state a possible value for & and c.
(©) For graph (iii), state the value of n and a possible value for k and c.
(Answer the whole of this question on a single sheet of graph paper).
Mr. Ang intends to rent a car from a rental company at an initial administrative charge
of $40. Any additional charge will be based on the distance (D km) travelled by him while
driving. $C represents the total amount Mr Ang needs to pay.
He noted that if he drove 25 km, he had to pay a total of $70.
(a) Taking 1em to represent 10km on the horizontal axis and 1cm to represent $10
on the vertical axis, draw the graph of $C against Dkm for the range 0< D<60
(b) From your graph, find, to the nearest integer,
(i) the amount that Mr Ang needs to pay if he travelled 42 km,
(ii) the distance he drove if he paid $105,
(©) If the graph can be represented by the equation C= pD+q, where p and q are
constants, state the value of p and of q. “GCE ‘0 LEVEL,
No.5 Functions and Grophs (— @)
5, Sketch each of the following curves on separate diagrams
(a) y=x?-5x
() y=(e-2Mx+3)
(©) y=(4-2X-D
(@) y=4-8x-x?
6. Water is being added into a container at a constant rate from @ taP. At time t seconds
Water te apis turned on, the height of the water in the container is d centimetres.
Jnitially the container is empty. If the container is a bottle as shown below, sketch the .
graph of d against t.
d(cm)
£68)
7. ‘The diagram below shows the speed-time graph of vehicle in the first T seconds.
Given that the total distance travelled is 4 km and that the initial deceleration is 4 m/s*,
find
(a) the value of V,
(b) the speed when t= 6,
(c) the average speed for the first 20 seconds of the journey,
(a) the value of 7:
Spoed in m/s .
re Timo (4) in soconds: By
16
2 Time (in seconds
0 fu 16
The figure above shows the speed-time graph of a moving particle. AB is an arc of a
quadrant while BC and CD are line segments.
(a) State the acceleration of the particle at t= 14s.
(b) Calculate the retardation during the last 5 seconds.
(©) Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. (Take =
9. Speed in m/s 8
4 cyclist
2 Jogger
Time (¢) in seconds
0 20 40° 60 80
The diagram shows the speed-time graphs of a cyclist and a jogger during a period of
80 seconds.
(a) Calculate
(i) the distance travelled by the jogger during the 80 seconds,
) the distance travelled by the cyclist during the 80 seconds, 1
(iii) the acceleration of the cyclist after it resumes its journey.
(b) The jogger and the cyclist start from the same point at the same time ahd travel
in the same direction.
At t= 20, the jogger covers the same distance as the cyclist.
At T seconds, the jogger covers 19.6m more than the cyclist who is travelling at
@ speed of 1.2 m/s,
Find the value of T where 20<7<40. 10.
uw
ce © LEVEL (118)
No.5 Functions and Graphs \_ Mathomatcs KEYoeowts: \1
(Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper).
‘The variables x and y are related by the equation y=? +22-8, Some of the correspond-
ing values of x and y are given in the table below.
x |os | 1 | 15] 2] 3 | 4
y |i22e] 3 | a [| 1 | 483 | 105
(a) Calculate the value of a, correct to two decimal places.
(b) Using a seale of 2cm to 1 unit on the z-axis and 1em to represent 1 unit on the
y-axis, draw the graph of y=x"+/2-8 for 05sxs4.
(©) Find, by drawing a tangent, the gradient of the graph at the point x= 1.
(@) By drawing a suitable straight line, use your graph to solve the inequality
at+Weso-z.
(Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper).
‘The table below gives the values of y=Z(x—a*+x9) for some values of x.
x 3 [ 2 | = 0
Qa
1
y |Z] 4 7
(a) Calculate the value of a and value of 5;
(b) Using a scale of 2em to represent 1 unit on the x-axis, and a scale of 2 cm to represent
5 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y= 5(e-x" +29) for values of -85 x4
(@ From your graph, draw suitable line to find the values of x which satisfies
@ Ho-xtes4)=10
Gi) 10+x-x? +28 =
(a) Draw the line y = 6x. Using this line, find two points for which the gradient of the
tangent to the curve is 6. Write down the range of values of x for which the gradient
is more than 5. No.5 Functions ond Graphs
WORKED SOLUTIONS
EEE?
0
(Ans)
() ya nn? 2
(a maximum curve)
lety=0 => -x?+2=0
a2
xeiv2
Maximum point is at (0, 2).
©
(Ans)
2, Linas of symmetry: y=x and y=-x.
(Ans)
3. (8) m=2, ¢=0, possibie value of k= 2. (Ans)
(b) Possible value of k » 2, possibio valu of c= 3
(ans)
(©) = 1, possiblo value of c» 1, possibia value of
kn-2 (Ans)
"GCE ‘0’ LEVEL aaa
(cate veoms (118)
70-40
B
| Cost for 60km:; 40+ (1.2060) = $112
4, (a) Cost for each km: $1.20
D(km)
(©) () $90 (Ans)
() 54km (Ans)
112-40
(0) p=gredien
(i
Minimum point is:
yn, x? 8y=0
> x(x-5)=0
= XnO x28 (ans)
(bo) y=(x-2)0x9)
Roots are x=2,x=-3, yintorcept is. -6
Midpoint of roots = 25%
©
No.8 Functions and Graphs
(Ans)
ye (6 ax-9)
Roots ere x=1.x=4, jitercept is -4
wig fate = Ht
Masrum po i (28,2)
GCE ‘o LEVEL (
fronenaiesnevrowns (116)
yeG-E-D Gag
3x2?
x +3x-4)
{ed
-{e3} 0h
Maximum point is (
Ax=0, y=4
Aty=0, 4-3x-x'
ale x)(t-
@
(ans)
(Ans) (( Sce 0" teveL
No.5 Funetions and Graphs (_tisihenatcsney.ronrs (117 )
‘The speed is 76 m/s. (Ans)
(6) Total aistance travelled for the first 20's
(os
400m
208
=70m/s (Ans)
Average speod =
(8) Distance travelled trom (= 208 to t= T's
1
Z 325.420
1
5238 (Ans)
(@) At (= 148, acceleration =0 mis? (Ans)
(0) Retardation during last 5 8
tetardalion from t= 16 to 1= 255
9-0
oO
Amis? (Ans)
(6) Total distance travelled
“(feo so075 (2.9)
2
77 569,248
ny tre
= 160563,
223m
- 223m
255
sem (Ans)
‘Average speed
8
10. (@) Atx=15,
(8) (I) Distance travelled by jogger
=2xB0m,
=160m (Ans)
(i) Distance travelled by cyclist
-($o420)s(etve) 2009
= 40+ 80+ 60
200m (Ans)
Amis
(W) Acceleration = me
=0.1 mis? (Ans)
(0) At t=208:
Cyclist covers = 420
4
2
=40m
AtteTs:
Jogger covers 27m.
sorta 2)(T~20)
59.6+067-12
478
348 (Ans)
27-196.
> or.
= ur
192 (2 dp) (Ans)
(©) (see next page)
x [ol ifefeflala«
y [1225] 3 [os | 1 | aaa | ios
68-0
05-14
3a
“3
“756 (3) (Ans)
(©) At x=1, gradient
(0) Draw the tine
=x.
From the graph, the values of x for
4 9go-n: anens32s (am) oe 0 LEVEL
No.5 Functions ond Grophs | Mainenais KEY-POITS (118)
al
2
He
4 i 3.25
G40 iu HH
o 0.5 1 15 2 5 3 3.5 40x
11. (@) Atxe-2, a23(-2-ca? +2") AL x=2, b=
w [oe] Tt eS] 4] (000 nant page
1 i
y of} fs [me] |
(6) Gradient =5, x=-1.4 or x=22 (Ans)
© 0 punte)=
©) W 3b ete Gradient > 5, x>22 or x<-14 (Ane)
Draw y=10 and both graphs Intersect at
x 295 (Ans)
Wy) 100K a0O
pee PAO
2 fete 6
Draw y=-6 and both graphs intersoct at
«173 (Ana) i
g
2
{8
B
z
:
5
2
i
2
Ha
i
t
1
2
14 t
He
i
Att
