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Keypoint - Functions and Graphs

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Keypoint - Functions and Graphs

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Syed Taimoor
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TOPIC 5. GCE 0 LEVEL Mathematics KEYsPOINTS FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS & 3 key areas GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS @ GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS @ GRAPHS IN PRACTICAL SITUATIONS * Graphs of exponential functions * Graphs of line: ‘aphs of quadratic functions * Graphs of reciprocal functions = Solving simultaneous equations graphically + Estimation of gradients of curves * Conversion graphs * ‘Travel graphs Mi ‘O' LEVEL - (eal No. 5 Functions ond Grophs ®* GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS Objective: Sketch the graphs of all functions and understand the nat @ Graphs of linear functions "A linear function | y=mx+c |, when represented graphically on a Cartesian (ey) plane, is a straight Jine, when expressedin this form yeme re | onthe x-y plane: the poweris tfor both x and y efor Re cesar, © cisthe y-intercept (when x=0) © Gradient mensures the steepness of slope when a line is not horizontal or vertical [If we know any two points (x11) and (2z,2) on a straight line: Gradient ofa straightline | m=22—91 gy 21-92 | y coordinates on top Papa" x= xp | of xcoortinates y-intercept. (when x x-intercept (when y = 0) For negative gradien\ | For positive gradients: 3 (with +ve or ~ve y-intercepts) (with 4ve or -ve y-intercepts) (Cee O LEVEL te.5 Functions ond Graphs (_Nathenaies KEY-PONTS STOP AND THINK ane {Q] Sketch the graphs of the following functions: (a) ys-2x+3 (b) 2x~4 SOLUTION 5 (a) y-intercep! when — y=0, > > 1 intercept = 14 prea (b) Qx-4y=1 = Ay=2x-1 > ye gradient = 3 (positive) sy-intereopt=-4 (negative) when -y=0, (an) . = o-1x-4 24 > os a4 . 1 sintoreept= 2 Graphs of quadratic functions re], where w0 and the A quadratic function is defined as highest power of x is 2. Graphically, quadratic functions take only two shapes, depending on ‘s' the coefficient of x”. Areurve has a maximum point. ee ‘maximum turning point whon coofficiont of © when coetficiontol or ® x! in nogative, Le, a<0 x4in positive, io, a>0 a a (GCE 'O' LEVEL ‘To find turning point of a quadratic curve, we may rewrite a quadratic function in factorised form or completed square form: Quadratic Function yrax?+bx-+¢ | use‘a'totind shape of curve {alter rewritten to) FactorisedForm yeale-aye~f) | tuming vont | [indy] } (alter rewritten to) Completed Square Form yea(x—h? +k | tumingpoint (a) In FACTORISED FORM | y=a(x~a)x~A) |, the line of symmetry occurs at the mid-point of the two roots aand f (the x-intercepts at y= 0). a>0 a =(x+1)(2x-7) = (x+1(2x-7)=0 ax X-7\-1% > x41=0 or 2x-7=0 z = 2(x-(-19 (x-2)| a ex _ 7541 keto xed = a(x-a)(x-A) 7 2 wat pal vs roots = Land J 2 a2, x-coordinate of turning point (mid-point) = ZF 3 To find y-coordinate of turning point, 5 into: y=(x41)(2x-7) © Gi) substitute x GCE 0 LEVEL No.8 Functions and Graphs \_ Mathematics KEY-POINTS @ COMPLETED SQUARE FORM: To complete the square for a quadratic function, follow these steps: yrax? +bx+0 vast beve €| step: extract'a, the coefficient of x? out remember and apply to complete the square: =| a| wb). by e ‘-_| step @: divide the coefficient of x by 2and 2a) “\2a) “a subtract the square of the result from the expression by ; -o(x+ 3) Gyre | stone: simply For any quadratic funetion expressed in the form [ y=a(x-h)’+k |, the turning point is (hy): = b eB ley 2 turning point =[-2, e- i Poi 3a’ °F aneasy way to remember x-coordinate: Turing Point InCompleted ‘Square Form STOP AND THINK [Q) Write 2x*-5x-7 in completed square form and find tu point. SOLUTION > Minimum turning point =( Cce O LeveL 1.8 aca rps ( Seats avrens ( 85) a | Sketching A Quadratic Curve | ® Determine the shape of curve, (Look at the coefficient of x?.) | @ Find turning point of curve, (By factorisation or completing the square.) | © Find the axial intercepts. (Let x=0, find y-intereept and let y =0, find | -intercepts.) 1 @ Find end-points, if domain of curve is given. STOP AND THINK [Ql (a) Sketch the curve y=-(x-1)?~-1 for -2sxs3. (b) Sketch the curve y=x(x-2) for -1 (a) y=-(x-1)?-1, domain: -20 a<0 y ia! lyeart yeas) ‘S-curve in = Oo | 2nd & ath | quadrants an ceo LeveL No. 5 Functions ond Graphs (_ Mathematics KEY-ponTS 7) @° Graphs of reciprocal functions © For the graphs of y=8] (known as reciprocal functions where a0 and the power of x is -1): a>0 a<0 = ee ¥ <2 s wy x Cewe |, feare intst& 3rd ad oO} | In2nd& 4th auectenis (— auacrerts | ah, i 1 For the graphs of (known as reciprocal functions where a +0 and the power of x is ~£ nf ae fi Care ; Ei care inist&2nd | 0 0 €| in3rd & 4th Guadrans \ a anne i a {@ Note that both x and y cannot be 0 for the curve to be defined, x=0 and y=0 are known as asymptotes of the curve. @ Graphs of exponential functions @ For the graphs of { y=a* | (known as exponential functions where a is a positive integer and x is the power of a): a>0 Pad ee yea" — ye0is the ot | asymptote of the curve an “ace O LEVEL @ For the graphs of 2nd y=0isthe <| asymptote of the curve ao STOP AND THINK [Q] Sketch the graphs of y=ax" for (i) n=0, a=5, (il) n=2, a=-3, (iv) n=-1, a=4. (i) n=3, a=-2, @ ne Ohe=s “@ n=8, a=-2 => ysbx? = y=-2x9 =5 yenoe ¥ _— 4 ead Ol = 2 (Ans) (Ans) (iii) (iv) ne=-l, a4 _" ox ya Bx? (ans) (Ans) ( Soe (9) No.5 Functions and Grophs (_Hatenatesnev-ronns ( 98 ) + GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS Odjectves: Solve oqualions approximately by graphical methods and estimate gradients of curves by drawing tan gents, @> Solving simultaneous equations graphically To solve simultaneous equations graphically, we look atthe intersections of the graphs of the two given equations, ic EXAWLES © To solve y=x*-3x+2 and 2y=x%+2, we can plot the two graphs and look at where these two graphs intersect. Po l © So if we want to solve the equation, say 2% =5, then we simply look at the x-coordinate of the point of intersection between the graphs y = 2" ond y=5. @ Estimation of gradients of curves @ Acurve is not a linear equation. Hence, every point on the curve has its own gradient value. @ Gradient at any point on a curve can be obtained by drawing a tangent line (a straight line) to the curve and find its gradient. @ | Gradient Of | @ Draw a tangent line to the curve at the particular point. ACurve @ Find the gradient of this tangent, tangont at B= 228 y na —_ tangent at A = 22-21 on (on) (GcE ‘0 LeveL No.5 Furetions and Grophe (_Nathnals KEY-PONTS _STOP AND THINK . 5 [Q] The table below shows the values of a curve y= x -3 | 2] -1 J-o5] 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 8 y -2 | 3 | 6 [4876/3 | 0 [oa75] 3 | 18 (a) (b) © @ @ © G 190) L x3-4x+a, where a is a constant, Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit for the horizontal x-axis and 2em to 4 units for the vertical y-axis, draw the curve of y=x*-4x+a by plotting the points from the above table of values. Describe, if any, the line of symmetry of the graph of yexd deta. Use your graph to find the value(s) of x when y= 2. Use your graph to find the value of a. By drawing a tangent, find the gradient of the curve at’x=2. By drawing a suitable straight line, solve =2 8a @ x8-5e+ Gi) x?-4 (a) (See next page) (b) The graph has no line of symmetry. (© Aty=2 (@ a=3 (Ans) 2.1, 0,25 or 1.85 (Ans) 8-4) (@) At x=2, gradient => 5 i 74 (8 sf) (Ans) © @ x) -6r+a=2 = Sadrtaex+2 Find intersecting points for y=x°-4x-+a and y= 2.29, 0.2 or 2.12 (Ans) Gi) = B-dee se xtedxt Find intersecting points for y#a*~dxia and y= 8, x=248 (Ans) sat hates os erate ( Sean (02) STOP AND THINK [Ql] The variables x and y are connected by the equation yates Some values of x and corresponding values of y are given in the table below. 1[ul[2ts{ss 6 | 8 nu fes{e ji | b | -4 | -85 (i) Calculate the values of a and b. (ii) Using a scale of 2em to represent 1 unit on the horizontal axis and 2cm to 12 represent 2 units on the vertical axis, draw the graph of y=", —* for values of x in the range 1 (e) G@ Retardation during the first 4 seconds ~ hnge in speed © 14 nvs* (Ans) (ii) At t= 3, the gradient is BO—u “ 3 > BO-v—d2 v= 36 mvs oye “Gce cae ~ No. 8 Functions and Graphs ( Distance travelled in the fourth second = (distance from 3" to 4" second) x(88+24) x1 1 =fx62 =31m (Ans) (iii) Total distance travelled in 10 seconds ~ (gt ad) (x24) = 2084144 = 352m 152 Average speed in tho 10 seconds = 202 =365.2m/s (Ans) (b) (i) Total distance travelled in 4 seconds is 208 m. The speed is decreasing. Total distance travelled in 15 seconds =102-+(82524,.5) = 3524260 =612m From t= 10. to t= 165, the speed is increasing, Distance (m) ‘Time (#) in seconds (Ans) ‘STOP AND THINK Q) Distance (m) ‘Timo (¢) in seconds ‘The diagram above shows the distanco-time graph of a car which starts from rest and accelerated uniformly for the first 20 seconds, CALI | j " ( GCE O' LevEL No. Functions and Graphs \_ Mathematics KEY-POINTS: (a) Find the distance travelled by the car in the first 20 seconds, (b) On the axes in the diagram below, complete the speed-time graph for the same journey.-The car decelerated uniformly to rest for the last part of the journey. Speed (m/s) ‘Time (¢) in seconds (c) Find the’ value of k as the car decelerated uniformly to rest after 30 seconds. « (a) Distance travelled in the first 20 =100m. (Ans) 200-160 (b) Uniform speed from t= 20s to t= 30s Speed (m/s) ‘Time (¢) in seconds (©) Total distance travelled = 280m 280 =(<20%10) (10x10) +(} -90)=20) = 280=100+100+5(k-80) = 280= 200+ 5(k- 30) 4 = 5(k-30)=80 . > k-30=16 2. k=46 (Ans). 1 2 3. 4. GCE ‘0 LEVEL CHALLENGING QUESTIONS | Sketch the graph of (i) x42) i) (ii) 1. Draw the lines of symmetry of the graph. Each of the graphs below can be represented by an equation y= kx" +c where k,n and <¢ are constants. .@ y Gi) : ii) q ; i NC AY x x 7 (a) For graph (i), state the value of n and of c and a possible value for &. (b) For graph (ii), state a possible value for & and c. (©) For graph (iii), state the value of n and a possible value for k and c. (Answer the whole of this question on a single sheet of graph paper). Mr. Ang intends to rent a car from a rental company at an initial administrative charge of $40. Any additional charge will be based on the distance (D km) travelled by him while driving. $C represents the total amount Mr Ang needs to pay. He noted that if he drove 25 km, he had to pay a total of $70. (a) Taking 1em to represent 10km on the horizontal axis and 1cm to represent $10 on the vertical axis, draw the graph of $C against Dkm for the range 0< D<60 (b) From your graph, find, to the nearest integer, (i) the amount that Mr Ang needs to pay if he travelled 42 km, (ii) the distance he drove if he paid $105, (©) If the graph can be represented by the equation C= pD+q, where p and q are constants, state the value of p and of q. “GCE ‘0 LEVEL, No.5 Functions and Grophs (— @) 5, Sketch each of the following curves on separate diagrams (a) y=x?-5x () y=(e-2Mx+3) (©) y=(4-2X-D (@) y=4-8x-x? 6. Water is being added into a container at a constant rate from @ taP. At time t seconds Water te apis turned on, the height of the water in the container is d centimetres. Jnitially the container is empty. If the container is a bottle as shown below, sketch the . graph of d against t. d(cm) £68) 7. ‘The diagram below shows the speed-time graph of vehicle in the first T seconds. Given that the total distance travelled is 4 km and that the initial deceleration is 4 m/s*, find (a) the value of V, (b) the speed when t= 6, (c) the average speed for the first 20 seconds of the journey, (a) the value of 7: Spoed in m/s . re Timo (4) in soconds: By 16 2 Time (in seconds 0 fu 16 The figure above shows the speed-time graph of a moving particle. AB is an arc of a quadrant while BC and CD are line segments. (a) State the acceleration of the particle at t= 14s. (b) Calculate the retardation during the last 5 seconds. (©) Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. (Take = 9. Speed in m/s 8 4 cyclist 2 Jogger Time (¢) in seconds 0 20 40° 60 80 The diagram shows the speed-time graphs of a cyclist and a jogger during a period of 80 seconds. (a) Calculate (i) the distance travelled by the jogger during the 80 seconds, ) the distance travelled by the cyclist during the 80 seconds, 1 (iii) the acceleration of the cyclist after it resumes its journey. (b) The jogger and the cyclist start from the same point at the same time ahd travel in the same direction. At t= 20, the jogger covers the same distance as the cyclist. At T seconds, the jogger covers 19.6m more than the cyclist who is travelling at @ speed of 1.2 m/s, Find the value of T where 20<7<40. 10. uw ce © LEVEL (118) No.5 Functions and Graphs \_ Mathomatcs KEYoeowts: \1 (Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper). ‘The variables x and y are related by the equation y=? +22-8, Some of the correspond- ing values of x and y are given in the table below. x |os | 1 | 15] 2] 3 | 4 y |i22e] 3 | a [| 1 | 483 | 105 (a) Calculate the value of a, correct to two decimal places. (b) Using a seale of 2cm to 1 unit on the z-axis and 1em to represent 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of y=x"+/2-8 for 05sxs4. (©) Find, by drawing a tangent, the gradient of the graph at the point x= 1. (@) By drawing a suitable straight line, use your graph to solve the inequality at+Weso-z. (Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper). ‘The table below gives the values of y=Z(x—a*+x9) for some values of x. x 3 [ 2 | = 0 Qa 1 y |Z] 4 7 (a) Calculate the value of a and value of 5; (b) Using a scale of 2em to represent 1 unit on the x-axis, and a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y= 5(e-x" +29) for values of -85 x4 (@ From your graph, draw suitable line to find the values of x which satisfies @ Ho-xtes4)=10 Gi) 10+x-x? +28 = (a) Draw the line y = 6x. Using this line, find two points for which the gradient of the tangent to the curve is 6. Write down the range of values of x for which the gradient is more than 5. No.5 Functions ond Graphs WORKED SOLUTIONS EEE? 0 (Ans) () ya nn? 2 (a maximum curve) lety=0 => -x?+2=0 a2 xeiv2 Maximum point is at (0, 2). © (Ans) 2, Linas of symmetry: y=x and y=-x. (Ans) 3. (8) m=2, ¢=0, possibie value of k= 2. (Ans) (b) Possible value of k » 2, possibio valu of c= 3 (ans) (©) = 1, possiblo value of c» 1, possibia value of kn-2 (Ans) "GCE ‘0’ LEVEL aaa (cate veoms (118) 70-40 B | Cost for 60km:; 40+ (1.2060) = $112 4, (a) Cost for each km: $1.20 D(km) (©) () $90 (Ans) () 54km (Ans) 112-40 (0) p=gredien (i Minimum point is: yn, x? 8y=0 > x(x-5)=0 = XnO x28 (ans) (bo) y=(x-2)0x9) Roots are x=2,x=-3, yintorcept is. -6 Midpoint of roots = 25% © No.8 Functions and Graphs (Ans) ye (6 ax-9) Roots ere x=1.x=4, jitercept is -4 wig fate = Ht Masrum po i (28,2) GCE ‘o LEVEL ( fronenaiesnevrowns (116) yeG-E-D Gag 3x2? x +3x-4) {ed -{e3} 0h Maximum point is ( Ax=0, y=4 Aty=0, 4-3x-x' ale x)(t- @ (ans) (Ans) (( Sce 0" teveL No.5 Funetions and Graphs (_tisihenatcsney.ronrs (117 ) ‘The speed is 76 m/s. (Ans) (6) Total aistance travelled for the first 20's (os 400m 208 =70m/s (Ans) Average speod = (8) Distance travelled trom (= 208 to t= T's 1 Z 325.420 1 5238 (Ans) (@) At (= 148, acceleration =0 mis? (Ans) (0) Retardation during last 5 8 tetardalion from t= 16 to 1= 255 9-0 oO Amis? (Ans) (6) Total distance travelled “(feo so075 (2.9) 2 77 569,248 ny tre = 160563, 223m - 223m 255 sem (Ans) ‘Average speed 8 10. (@) Atx=15, (8) (I) Distance travelled by jogger =2xB0m, =160m (Ans) (i) Distance travelled by cyclist -($o420)s(etve) 2009 = 40+ 80+ 60 200m (Ans) Amis (W) Acceleration = me =0.1 mis? (Ans) (0) At t=208: Cyclist covers = 420 4 2 =40m AtteTs: Jogger covers 27m. sorta 2)(T~20) 59.6+067-12 478 348 (Ans) 27-196. > or. = ur 192 (2 dp) (Ans) (©) (see next page) x [ol ifefeflala« y [1225] 3 [os | 1 | aaa | ios 68-0 05-14 3a “3 “756 (3) (Ans) (©) At x=1, gradient (0) Draw the tine =x. From the graph, the values of x for 4 9go-n: anens32s (am) oe 0 LEVEL No.5 Functions ond Grophs | Mainenais KEY-POITS (118) al 2 He 4 i 3.25 G40 iu HH o 0.5 1 15 2 5 3 3.5 40x 11. (@) Atxe-2, a23(-2-ca? +2") AL x=2, b= w [oe] Tt eS] 4] (000 nant page 1 i y of} fs [me] | (6) Gradient =5, x=-1.4 or x=22 (Ans) © 0 punte)= ©) W 3b ete Gradient > 5, x>22 or x<-14 (Ane) Draw y=10 and both graphs Intersect at x 295 (Ans) Wy) 100K a0O pee PAO 2 fete 6 Draw y=-6 and both graphs intersoct at «173 (Ana) i g 2 {8 B z : 5 2 i 2 Ha i t 1 2 14 t He i Att

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