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    Unit-I - Solvent Extraction

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    Vivo 2630
    Solvent extraction, or liquid-liquid extraction, is a method to separate components in a solution using two immiscible liquid phases. It involves contacting the feed mixture with a solvent, separating the phases, and removing the solvent from each new phase. The distribution or partition coefficient describes the equilibrium ratio of concentrations of a solute between the two phases. Extraction efficiency depends on the distribution ratio and relative volumes of the phases. Selectivity refers to the separation of multiple solutes and is expressed as a separation coefficient. Batch and continuous extraction are common methods that differ in equipment used.

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    Unit-I - Solvent Extraction

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    Vivo 2630
    125 views14 pages
    Solvent extraction, or liquid-liquid extraction, is a method to separate components in a solution using two immiscible liquid phases. It involves contacting the feed mixture with a solvent, separating the phases, and removing the solvent from each new phase. The distribution or partition coefficient describes the equilibrium ratio of concentrations of a solute between the two phases. Extraction efficiency depends on the distribution ratio and relative volumes of the phases. Selectivity refers to the separation of multiple solutes and is expressed as a separation coefficient. Batch and continuous extraction are common methods that differ in equipment used.

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    Original Title

    Unit-I_Solvent Extraction

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    Solvent extraction, or liquid-liquid extraction, is a method to separate components in a solution using two immiscible liquid phases. It involves contacting the feed mixture with a solvent, separating the phases, and removing the solvent from each new phase. The distribution or partition coefficient describes the equilibrium ratio of concentrations of a solute between the two phases. Extraction efficiency depends on the distribution ratio and relative volumes of the phases. Selectivity refers to the separation of multiple solutes and is expressed as a separation coefficient. Batch and continuous extraction are common methods that differ in equipment used.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    125 views14 pages

    Unit-I - Solvent Extraction

    Uploaded by

    Vivo 2630
    Solvent extraction, or liquid-liquid extraction, is a method to separate components in a solution using two immiscible liquid phases. It involves contacting the feed mixture with a solvent, separating the phases, and removing the solvent from each new phase. The distribution or partition coefficient describes the equilibrium ratio of concentrations of a solute between the two phases. Extraction efficiency depends on the distribution ratio and relative volumes of the phases. Selectivity refers to the separation of multiple solutes and is expressed as a separation coefficient. Batch and continuous extraction are common methods that differ in equipment used.

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    of 14

    28/08/2023

    mixture
    SEPARATION

    Dr. Nagappa L. Teradal


    M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Post-Doc.(Israel)
    Assistant Professor,
    Department of Chemistry,
    JSS Arts, Science and Commerce College,
    Gokak 591307, Karnataka, India

    CONTENTS:
    Solvent Extraction: Types – batch, continuous, efficiency,
    selectivity, distribution coefficient, factors affecting the partition,
    relationship between % extraction and volume fraction. Numerical
    problems on solvent extraction. Solvent extraction of iron and
    copper.

    Introduction:
    Immiscible liquids are ones that cannot get mixed up together
    and separate into layers when shaken together. These liquids are
    usually water and an organic solvent.

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    What is Solvent Extraction ?


    • Solvent Extraction or liquid – liquid extraction is process for
    separating components in solution by their distribution between
    two immiscible liquid phases. Such process is referred to as
    solvent extraction or liquid extraction.
    • Three stages are involved in the process:
    (i) bringing the feed mixture and the solvent into intimate contact
    (ii) separation of the resulting two phases and
    (iii) removal and recovery of the solvent from each phase

    Distribution or Partition Coefficient


    • The partition of a solute between two immiscible phases is an
    equilibrium process that is governed by the distribution law,
    known as Nernst Distribution Law.
    If the solute specie A is allowed to distribute itself water and
    organic phases, the distribution of solute is an equilibrium process,
    ie., Aaq ⇋ Aorg
    When equilibrium has established, the ratio of the activities of
    solute A in both phases at particular temperature will be constant
    and independent of the total quality of A. This constant is called
    distribution or partition coefficient, represented by the term Kd
    [A]org
    Kd =
    [A]aq

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    Distribution or Partition Coefficient


    • The distribution of solute (when there is interaction between
    solute and solvent) between two immiscible solvents can be
    described by the distribution coefficient, “Kd”:
    [A]1 organic phase
    Kd =
    [A]2
    [A]org association A
    Kd = dissociation
    [A]aq A
    aqueous phase

    Efficiency of Extraction or Percentage of Extraction


    The distribution of acetic acid between benzene and water may serve as
    an illustration of the effect of chemical interactions of the solute. The
    distribution of acetic acid itself may be described as follows
    (CH3COOH)aq (CH3COOH)org
    [CH3COOH]org
    Kd =
    [CH3COOH]aq
    However, acetic acid dissociate in
    And form a dimer in benzene
    aqueous phase
    CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ 2 CH3COOH (CH3COOH)2

    [CH3COO-][H+] [CH3COOH)2]org
    Ka = Kd =
    [CH3COOH] [CH3COOH]2aq

    The overall distribution of acetic is described by ‘D’, which is


    [CH3COOH]org [(CH3COOH)2]
    D= =
    [CH3COOH]aq [CH3COO-] + [CH3COOH]

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    Extraction Efficiency or Percentage of Extraction


    • The percentage of solute that moves from one phase to the other.
    Efficiency of extractions depends upon (i) Distribution ratio (D) &
    (ii) Relative volume of two liquids

    D
    E= x 100
    Vaq
    D+
    Vorg
    where,
    E = efficiency of extraction
    D = distribution ratio
    Vaq = volume of the aqueous phase
    Vorg = volume of the organic phase

    Selectivity in Solvent Extraction


    The selectivity depends upon separation factor. If the solution to be
    extracted consists of two solutes A and B, and we have to separate A
    from B, then we will use extracting solvent which will dissolve
    more quantity of A and very less quantity of B. This is called
    selectivity of extraction.
    Effectiveness of separation is expressed in terms of separation
    coefficient or separation factor (). It is the ratio of distribution
    coefficient of two solutes A and B.
    KdA
    E=
    KdB
     should be very high to separate two solutes by solvent extraction,
    otherwise clear separation will be difficult.

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    Uses of Solvent Extraction

    Terminology in Solvent Extraction

    • In the extraction process, the feed, which contains the first

    solvent (or the diluent) and the solute. Another solvent

    (commonly called the solvent) is also fed into the extractor,

    with the purpose to remove the solute from the diluent.

    • Normally, the diluent + the remaining solute is called the

    raffinate phase, the second solvent + the solute is called

    the extract phase.

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    Solvent Extraction Process

    Solvent Extraction Process

    6
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    Solvent Extraction Process

    Types or Methods of Solvent Extraction

     Batch Extraction

     Continuous Extraction

     Countercurrent Extraction

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    Batch Solvent Extraction


    This method is used for larger KD values.
    The apparatus used for solvent extraction
    is the separating funnel. Usually solute is
    extracted from an aqueous solution into
    an immiscible organic solvent. The
    aqueous solution containing the solute is
    shaken with the immiscible organic
    solvent for a few minutes and the phases
    are allowed to separate. The denser
    solvent occupies the bottom layer and is
    withdrawn by opening the stopcock.

    Continuous Solvent Extraction


    When the organic compound to be extracted has nearly the same
    solubility in water as well as in the organic solvent i.e., distribution
    coefficient between the organic solvent and water is very small.
    Large quality of organic solvent is employed to obtain even a moderately
    efficient extraction or multiple extraction is performed. But these will
    create a number of complications and also tedious job.
    This can be avoided by continuous extraction using the apparatus known
    as continuous extractor where relatively small volume of solvent is
    required.
    The organic substance can be extracted from an aqueous solution with a
    solvent which is
    (a) Heavier than water
    (b) Lighter than water

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    Continuous Extraction: (a) When extracting solvent is lighter than water

    The organic substance in aqueous phase is


    placed in the extraction vessel fitted with reflux
    condenser. A portion of extractant is placed in
    the heated tube reservoir and vaporized. The
    vapors are passed into the extraction vessel
    which go up to the condenser and condensed
    into liquid state. The liquid drops are passed
    downwards with the help of bubbler funnel but
    as it is lighter than water so it ascends through
    aqueous phase containing the organic solute
    and doing so they carry certain amount of
    solute. The causes the organic solvent to flow
    over into the reservoir. As the process continues, the organic solute
    concentration in aqueous phase is gradually depleted as it concentrates in
    reservoir. The organic solute is thus continuously extracted by the organic
    solvent and accumulates in the reservoir.

    Continuous Extraction: (b) When extracting solvent is heavier than water


    The organic substance in aqueous phase is
    placed in the extraction vessel fitted with reflux
    condenser. The extraction solvent (immiscible
    with water) is adjusted to the level of solvent
    return tube. A portion of extraction solvent is
    placed in the heated tube reservoir and
    vaporized. The vapors are passed into the
    Organic phase Aqueous phase

    extraction vessel which go up to the condenser


    and condensed into liquid state. The liquid drops
    are passed downwards through aqueous phase
    containing the organic solute and doing so they
    carry certain amount of solute. The causes the
    organic solvent to flow over into the reservoir.
    As the process continues, the solute
    concentration in aqueous phase is gradually
    depleted as it concentrates in reservoir. The
    solute is thus continuously extracted by organic
    solvent and accumulates in the reservoir.

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    Amount remain un-extracted


    • From equilibrium coefficient it is clear that some quantity
    of a compound will remain unextracted in aqueous
    phase.
    • In single extraction, quantitative separation of a
    compound from aqueous phase into organic phase is not
    possible.
    • Thus for quantitative extraction of a compound from
    aqueous phase into organic phase, aqueous phase must
    be extracted again or number of times.

    Amount remain un-extracted

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    Amount remain un-extracted

    11
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    Factors affecting solvent extraction

    12
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    Factors affecting solvent extraction

    Factors affecting solvent extraction

    13
    28/08/2023

    Solvent Extraction of Iron (Fe)

    Solvent Extraction of Copper (Cu)

    CuCl2 •2H2O

    14

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