University of Engineering & Technology

Peshawar, Pakistan

CE301: Structure Analysis II

Module 09:
Analysis of S.I Pin Jointed Frames (Trusses) Using
Stiffness method

By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar
 Topics to be Covered
• Introduction
• Prerequisites for using stiffness method for Trusses
• Kinematic Indeterminacy of trusses
• Stiffness method procedure for truss analysis
• Procedure of computing stiffness matrix in local and
global coordinates
• Analysis of trusses Problem 1
• Problem 2
• Problem 3
• Problem 4
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis

 Introduction:
Trusses are analyzed with stiffness method due to
• To solve the problem in matrix notation, which is more systematic
• To compute reactions at all the supports.
• To compute internal resisting axial force in any member of the indeterminate
Truss.
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
The basic method for the analysis of indeterminate truss by stiffness
method is similar to the indeterminate beam and rigid frame analysis
discussed in the previous lessons, However fixed end actions are not
taken in order to have simplicity in the structural model. Determine
the degree of kinematic indeterminacy of the structure and then
analyze the structure.
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis

 Prerequisites for Analysis with Stiffness method:

It is necessary that students must have strong background of
the following concepts before starting analysis with stiffness
or any other matrix method.
• Enough concept of Matrix Algebra
• Must be able to find the kinematical Indeterminacy of trusses
• Enough concept of trigonometry
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
 Kinematic Indeterminacy of Trusses:
• The truss is said to be kinematiclly indeterminate when the total
number of degrees of freedom at joints exceeds the no of
reactions forces.
• At each joint there are three degrees of freedom but joints where
supports are present , reduce the degree of freedom according to
their nature at that joint , Roller support can restrained only
perpendicular settlement to it & hinge support can restrained both.

K. I = 2 −
where j and r are number of joints and unknown reaction components
respectively.
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Example: Find the KI of the truss shown in fig.
E F

A D

B C

For the given truss , KI will be

r=4, j=6

K. I = 2 − = 2 ∗ 6 − 4 = 8 ∘
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Example: Find the KI of the truss shown in fig.

For the given truss , KI will be

r=4, j=4
K. I = 2 − = 2 ∗ 4 − 4 = 4 ∘
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
 Analysis procedure:
The basic method for the analysis of indeterminate truss by stiffness
method is similar to the indeterminate beam and rigid frame analysis
discussed in the previous lessons, However fixed end actions are not
taken in order to have simplicity in the structural model.
= + •

But in trusses fixed end actions are equal to zero so ADL = 0

= •

Similarly for member end actions

so = + •

= •
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
 Computation of stiffness matrix [S]:
The stiffness matrix computation in truss analysis is the key to
analysis . The stiffness matrix may be
• Stiffness matrix in local coordinate system
• Structural stiffness matrix in global coordinate system
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
 Computation of stiffness matrix [S]:
Lets we have a truss in global coordinate system as shown
Y
D4
10 k
D3

− 9 5 4
8 7 6

1 D2 j 2 3
D1
X
−
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S]:
Isolate the member 7
Y

y −
sin =
x
k
−
cos =
− L

j θ

X
−
x & y are member/local
coordinate system.
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S]:
Isolate the member 7

Y DM4
DM3
D4
k D3

DM2
j D2 11 12 13 14
DM1
= 21 22 23 24
D1
31 32 33 34
X 41 42 43 44
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in the member or in local
coordinate system:

y DM4

DM3

L
DM2

DM1

DM1, DM2, DM3 & DM4 are the degrees of freedom in local axes
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in the member or in local
coordinate system:
i. When DM1 =1
0= 41

= 31

L As we know that
0= 21 ∆= /
So when Δ=1 then
= /
And this P will be the stiffness
coefficient S.

= 11

11 = / 21 = 0 31 =− / 41 =0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in the member or in local
coordinate system:
ii. When DM2 =1
0= 42
0= 32

0= 22
As we know that
= /Δ
L So when P=0 then
=0
And P=0 because only axial action
will be present and no transverse
action
0= 12

12 = 0 22 = 0 32 =0 42 =0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in the member or in local
coordinate system:
iii. When DM3 =1
= 33

L
0= 43

= 13
0= 23

13 = − / 23 = 0 33 =− / 43 =0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in the member or in local
coordinate system:
iv. When DM4 = 1
0= 34

0= 44
L

0= 14 0= 24

14 = 0 24 = 0 34 =0 44 =0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in the member or in local
coordinate system:

11 = / 21 = 0 31 =− / 41 =0

12 = 0 22 = 0 32 =0 42 =0

13 = − / 23 = 0 33 =− / 43 =0

14 = 0 24 = 0 34 =0 44 =0

11 12 13 14 / 0 − / 0
21 22 23 24 0 0 23 0
= =
31 32 33 34 − / 0 / 0
41 42 43 44 0 0 43 0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:

D4
Y
k
D3

L
D2
X
j
D1

D1, D2, D3 & D4 are the degrees of freedom global axes

 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:
i. When D1 =1
31
41
k

j θ
Δ=1 11

21
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:
i. When D1 =1
From fig it is clear that cos = Δ /1
⇒ cos =∆
As ΔL = PL/AE

From this = Δ = θ

As we know that cos =

= = − = 71

So S11 , S21 , S31, S41 will be

 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:
i. When D1 =1 41 = − sin =− 3 − ( − )

=− θ=− − 2
31

θ
= θ= − 2
Δ=1 11

( − )
21 = sin = 2
−
= 2
− = 71
= − ( − )
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:
ii. When D2 =1 42 = − sin =− − 2

k
32 = − cos =− 3 − ( − )

Δ=1 θ

j 12 = cos = − ( − )
3

= sin = − 2
22
= 2
− = 72
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:
iii. When D3 =1
43 = − sin =− 3 − ( − )

= θ= − 2
33
Δ=1
k θ

=− θ=− − 2
13
j

23 = − sin =− 3 − ( − )
= 73 =− 2
−
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:
iv. When D4 =1
= sin = − 2
44

34 = cos = 3 − ( − )
k = = −
74 2

θ
Δ=1
L

14 = − cos
=− 3 − ( − )

= − sin =− − 2
24
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Computation of stiffness matrix [S] in global coordinate system:

11 12 13 14

= 21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44

− 2 − ( − ) − − 2 − − ( − )
− ( − ) − 2 − − ( − ) − − 2
= 2
3 − − − − ( − ) − ( − ) − ( − )
− − ( − ) − − 2 − 2 − 2

2 − 2 − −
2 2 sin =
− −
= 2 2
− −
2 2 −
− − cos =
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
Problem 01: Analyze the given pin jointed frame using stiffness
method.
A
3

18 ft

Take EA = constant 2 D
L1= 92 + 122 = 15 12 k
B
L2 = 12
L3 = 21.63 1 20 k
9 ft

12 ft
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 01: Identify the unknown joint displacements and compute
the values of [AD] matrix.
Chose one point as an
(0,-27) origin and assign
j
coordinates to each joint
A w.r.t the chosen origin.
3 Here point c is taken as
origin.

(0,-9) (12,-9)
j 2
D1
B D k
1 D2
Y
1 ?
2∗1= =
j 2 ?
C X
(0,0) 1 12
2∗1= =
2 20
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = 0
j
A

AMD11
j k
Δ=1
AMD21
B D
AMD31

j
C
Compute the values of AMD & then stiffness coefficients.
S11 will be the sum of all horizontal components & S21 will be the sum of all vertical
components of AMD .
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = 0

11 = 2
− = 12 − 0 = 0.0533
152

21 = 2
− = 12 − 0 = 0.0833
122

31 = 2
− = 12 − 0 = 0.0256
21.632

= − 2= 12 − 0 2 + 12 − 0 2 + 12 − 0 2
11 .
= 0.1402

21 = 3 − − = 12 − 0 −9 − 0 + 12 − 0 −9 − −9
153 123
+ 12 − 0 −9 − −27 = −0.0107
21.633
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = 0
j
A

AMD12
j k
AMD22
B D

Δ=1 AMD32

j
C

Compute the values of AMD & then stiffness coefficients.

S12 will be the sum of all horizontal components & S22 will be the sum of all vertical
components of AMD .
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = 0

12 = 2
− = −9 + 0 = −0.04
152

22 = 2
− = −9 − (−9) = 0
122

32 = 2
− = −9 − (−12 = 0.0385
21.632

12 = 3 − − = 12 − 0 −9 − 0 + 12 − 0 −9 − −9
153 123
+ 12 − 0 −9 − −27 = −0.0107
21.633

= − 2= −9 − 0 2 + −9 + 9 2 + −9 − 27 2
22 .
= 0.056
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
AMD matrix will be

11 = 0.0533 21 = 0.0833 31 = 0.0256

12 = −0.04 22 = 0 32 = 0.0385

0.0533 −0.04
AMD = EA 0.0833 0
0.0256 0.0385
Stiffness matrix will be

11 = 0.1402 21 = −0.0107 12 = −0.0107 22 = 0.056

11 12 0.1402 −0.0107
= S =
21 22 −0.0107 0.056
 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Step # 03: Apply equilibrium condition at the location of the
redundant joint displacement to write equilibrium
equations and solve for unknown joint displacement.

1 = 11 1 + 12 2

2 = 21 1 + 22 2

1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

2∗1 = 2∗2 • 2∗1

= •
Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

1
1 0.1402 −0.0107 12
=
2 −0.0107 0.056 20

1 115.065
=
2 380.83

1 11 12
= 1
2 21 22
2
3 31 32

1 0.0533 −0.04 −9.10

115.065
2 = EA 0.0833 0 = 9.58
380.83
3 0.0256 0.0385 17.61
Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
9.77k

14.65k 17.61k
18 ft

9.58k 9.58k D
12 k
B

20 k
9 ft 9.10k
5.46k
C

7.28k 12 ft

Final Analyzed structure

 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Problem 02: Analyze the given pin jointed frame using stiffness
method.
40 k

20 k
C

K.I = 2 degrees

Take EA = constant 12 ft 1
2 15 ft
L1= 162 + 122 = 20
L2 = 25

A
B

16 ft 20 ft
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 01: Identify the unknown joint displacements and compute
the values of [AD] matrix.
Chose one point as an
D2 origin and assign
coordinates to each joint
C D1 w.r.t the chosen origin.
(16,12)
k Here point c is taken as
origin.

1
2 1 20
2∗1= =
2 −40
Y ?
1
2∗1= =
j 2 ?
(0,0) X j
A B (36,-3)
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = 0

AMD21 AMD11

Δ=1
C
k

1
2

A B j
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = 0

11 = 2
− = 16 − 0 = 0.04
202

21 = 2
− = 16 − 36 = −0.032
252

= − 2= 16 − 0 2 + 16 − 36 2 = 0.0576
11

21 = 3 − − = 16 − 0 12 − 0 + 3 16 − 36 12 − −3
203 25
= 0.0048
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = 0

AMD22 AMD12

Δ=1
C
k

1 2

j
j
A B
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = 0

12 = 2
− = 12 + 0 = 0.03
202

22 = 2
− = 12 − (−3) = 0.024
252

12 = 3 − − = 16 − 0 12 − 0 + 3 16 − 36 12 − −3
203 25
= 0.0048

22 = − 2= 12 − 0 2 + 12 + 3 2 = 0.0324
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
AMD matrix will be

11 = 0.04 21 = −0.032
12 = 0.03 22 = 0.024

0.04 0.03
AMD = EA
−0.032 0.024
Stiffness matrix will be

11 = 0.0576 21 = 0.0048 12 = 0.0048 22 = 0.0324

0.0576 0.0048
= 11 12 S =
21 22
0.0048 0.0324
 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Step # 03: Apply equilibrium condition at the location of the
redundant joint displacement to write equilibrium
equations and solve for unknown joint displacement.

1 = 11 1 + 12 2

2 = 21 1 + 22 2

1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

2∗1 = 2∗2 • 2∗1

= •
Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

1
1 0.0576 0.0048 20
=
2 0.0048 0.0324 −40

1 455.73
=
2 −1302.10

1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

1 0.04 0.03 455.73 −20.84

= EA =
2 −0.032 0.024 −1302.10 −45.84
 Flexibility Method for Trusses Analysis
40 k

20 k
C

12 ft 1 20.84k 15 ft
45.84k 2

A
16.67k B 36.67k

12.5k
16 ft 20 ft 27.5k

Final Analyzed structure

 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
Problem 03: Analyze the given pin jointed frame using stiffness
method.
50 k
30 k
D

K.I= 2 degrees

Take EA = constant 80in

L1= 802 + 802 = 113.1 3 2 1

L2 = 80
L3 = 113.1
A B C

80 in 80 in
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 01: Identify the unknown joint displacements and compute
the values of [AD] matrix.
Chose one point as an
D2 origin and assign
coordinates to each joint
(80,80) D1 w.r.t the chosen origin.
k D Here point c is taken as
origin.

1 2 3
Y
j
1 ?
A (0,0)
j j 2∗1= =
C 2 ?
X B
(80,0) 1 30
2∗1= =
2 50
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = 0
AMD21 AMD11
AMD31

Δ=1
D
k

1
3
2

j
B j j
A C
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = 0

11 = 2
− = 80 − 0 = 0.00625
113.132

21 = 2
− = 80 − 80 = 0
802

31 = 2
− = 80 − 160 = −0.00625
113.132

= − 2= 80 − 0 2 + 80 − 80 2 + 80 − 160 2
11 . .
= 0.00884

21 = 3
− − = 80 − 0 80 − 0 + 80 − 80 80 − 0
113.133 803
+ 80 − 160 80 − 0 = 0
113.133
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
AMD22
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = 0
AMD32 AMD12

Δ=1
k
C

1
2 3

j j j
A B
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = 0

12 = 2
− = 80 − 0 = 0.00625
113.132

22 = 2
− = 80 − 0 = 0.125
802

32 = 2
− = 80 − 0 = 0.00625
113.132

21 = 3
− − = 80 − 0 80 − 0 + 80 − 80 80 − 0
113.133 803
+ 80 − 160 80 − 0 = 0
113.133

= − 2= 80 − 0 2 + 80 − 0 2 + 80 − 0 2
22 . .
= 0.0213
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
AMD matrix will be

11 = 0.00625 21 =0 31 = −0.00625
12 = 0.00625 22 = 0.0125 32 = 0.00625
0.00625 0.00625
AMD = EA 0 0.0125
−0.00625 −0.00625
Stiffness matrix will be

11 = 0.0084 21 =0 12 =0 22 = 0.0213

11 12 0.0084 0
= S =
21 22 0 0.0213
 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Step # 03: Apply equilibrium condition at the location of the
redundant joint displacement to write equilibrium
equations and solve for unknown joint displacement.

1 = 11 1 + 12 2

2 = 21 1 + 22 2

1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

2∗1 = 2∗2 • 2∗1

= •
Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
1 = 11 12 1
2 21 22 2

1
1 0.0084 0 30
=
2 0 0.0213 50

1 3387.30
=
2 2338.62

1 11 12
= 1
2 21 22
2
3 31 32

1 0.00625 0.00625 35.79

3387.30
2 = EA 0 0.0125 = 29.23
2338.62
3 −0.00625 −0.00625 −6.55
Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
50 k
30 k
D

35.79k 6.55k
29.23k

25.37k
A B C
4.63k

25.01k 29.23k 4.63k

Final Analyzed structure

 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
Problem 04: Analyze the given pin jointed frame using stiffness
method.
20k

2 D 10k
C
K.I= 3 degrees 5
6
Take EA = constant 3 15 ft
4
L5 = L6 = 202 + 152 = 25
L1 = L2 = 20 1
L3 = = 15 A B
4

20 ft
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 01: Identify the unknown joint displacements and compute
the values of [AD] matrix.
Chose one point as an
origin and assign
D2 coordinates to each joint
D3 w.r.t the chosen origin.
Here point c is taken as
2 (20,15)
(0,15) origin.
D1

5
6 1 ?
3
Y 4 3∗1 = 2 = ?
3 ?
1
(0,0) (20,0)
1 10
X
3∗1 = 2 = −20
3 0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = D3 = 0

AMD61

AMD21
j
k

j j
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
i. When D1 = 1 & D2 = D3 = 0

21 = 2
− = 20 − 0 = 0.05
202

61 = 2
− = 20 − 0 = 0.032
252

11 = 31 = 41 = 51 =0

= − 2= 20 − 0 2 + 80 − 80 2 = 0.00884
11

21 = 3
− − = 20 − 0 15 − 15 + 20 − 0 15 − 0 = 0.0192
203 253

31 =0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = D3 = 0
AMD42
AMD62

j
k

j
j
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
ii. When D2 = 1 & D1 = D3 = 0

42 = 2
− = 15 − 0 = 0.066
152

62 = 2
− = 15 − 0 = 0.024
252

12 = 22 = 32 = 52 =0

12 = 3
− − = 20 − 0 15 − 15 + 20 − 0 15 − 0 = 0.0192
203 253

= − 2= 15 − 0 2 + 15 − 0 2 = 0.0810
22

32 =0
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
iii. When D3 = 1 & D1 = D2 = 0
AMD53 AMD33

k
j

j
j
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
iii. When D3 = 1 & D1 = D2 = 0

33 = 2
− = 15 − 0 = 0.066
152

53 = 2
− = 15 − 0 = 0.024
252

13 = 23 = 43 = 63 =0

13 =0

23 =0

= − 2= 15 − 0 2 + 15 − 0 2 = 0.08106
33
 Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis
• Step # 02: Computation of AMD and stiffness matrices.
AMD matrix will be
0 0 0
0.05 0 0
0 0 0.066
AMD = EA
0 0.066 0
0 0 0.024
0.032 0.024 0

Stiffness matrix will be

11 12 13 0.0756 0.0192 0
= 21 22 23 = 0.0192 0.08106 0
31 32 33 0 0 0.08106
 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Step # 03: Apply equilibrium condition at the location of the
redundant joint displacement to write equilibrium
equations and solve for unknown joint displacement.

1 = 11 1 + 12 2 + 13 3

2 = 21 1 + 22 2 + 23 3

3 = 31 1 + 32 2 + 33 3

1 11 12 13 1
2 = 21 22 23 2
3 31 32 33 3

= •
 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
So the unknown joint displacement will be

1 11 12 13 1
2 = 21 22 23 2
3 31 32 33 3

1 1 0.0756 0.0192 0 10
2 = 0.0192 0.08106 0 −20
3 0 0 0.08106 0

1 207.41
2 = −295.86
3 0
 Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
The Member forces will be

1 11 12 13
2 21 22 23
1
3 = 31 32 33
2
4 41 42 43
3
5 51 52 53
6 61 62 63

1 0 0 0 0
2 0.05 0 0 10.37
207.41
3 0 0 0.066 0
= EA −295.86 =
4 0 0.066 0 −19.5
0
5 0 0 0.024 0
6 0.032 0.024 0 −0.46
Stiffness Method for Trusses Analysis

20k

C 10.37k 10k
D
10.37k 2
5
0k 6
3 4 19.5k
0.46k 0k

1
A B
0k
0.368k

0.276k 19.5k

Final Analyzed structure

 References

• Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler

• Matrix structural analysis by William Mc Guire

• Matrix analysis of frame structures by William Weaver

• Online Civil Engineering blogs