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Basic Calculus

The document defines the tangent line to the graph of a function f at a point P(x0, y0) as the limiting position of secant lines PQ as the point Q approaches P. It provides the formula for calculating the slope of the tangent line as the limit of the slopes of secant lines PQ as they approach P. The derivative of a function f at a point x0 is defined as the limit of the difference quotient (f(x0 + h) - f(x0))/h as h approaches 0, and represents the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (x0, f(x0)). Examples are given to illustrate computing derivatives of various functions at

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18 views29 pages

Basic Calculus

The document defines the tangent line to the graph of a function f at a point P(x0, y0) as the limiting position of secant lines PQ as the point Q approaches P. It provides the formula for calculating the slope of the tangent line as the limit of the slopes of secant lines PQ as they approach P. The derivative of a function f at a point x0 is defined as the limit of the difference quotient (f(x0 + h) - f(x0))/h as h approaches 0, and represents the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (x0, f(x0)). Examples are given to illustrate computing derivatives of various functions at

Uploaded by

OrVen's
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Most Essential Learning Competency

Illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point


𝑦
Let 𝐶 be the graph of a continuous function
𝑄
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and let 𝑃 be a point on 𝐶.
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

1. A secant line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through 𝑃 is


any line connecting 𝑃 and another point
𝑄 on 𝐶.

2. The tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃 is the 𝑃


limiting position of all secant lines 𝑃𝑄
as 𝑄 approaches to 𝑃.
𝑥
𝑦
Let 𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 be a point of the graph of
𝑄
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) be any other point on the
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
curve.

𝑥
Let 𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 be a point of the graph of 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) be any other point on the
𝑄
curve. The slope of the tangent line 𝑇𝐿 at the
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
point 𝑃 is the limit of the slopes of the secant
lines 𝑃𝑄 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑥0 . In symbols,
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎
𝒎𝑻𝑳 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎

Finally, since the tangent line passes through


𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , then its equation is given by
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒎𝑻𝑳 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 𝑥
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at 𝑥0 = 2.
2. Find the slope-intercept form of the tangent line to 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 at 𝑥0 = 4.
3. Show that the tangent line to 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 at point 2, −11 is
horizontal.
4. Verify that the tangent line to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 at 1,5 is the line itself.
The tangent line to graph of a function at a point 𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 does not exist if

1. The function is not continuous at 𝑥0 ; and


2. The function has a sharp corner/cusp at 𝑃.
Identify if the tangent line exists at the given point.

a. at 𝑥 = −2

b. at 𝑥 = −1

c. at 𝑥 =0

d. at 𝑥 = 4

e. at 𝑥 = 5
Most Essential Learning Competency

Apply the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number


Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝐼. The
derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is defined to be
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓′ 𝑥0 = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
If this limit exists.

The derivative of 𝒇 at 𝒙𝟎 is the slope of the tangent line at


𝒙𝟎 , 𝒇 𝒙𝟎 , if it exists.

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑓′ 𝑥 , 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑦,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 ; 𝑓 ′ 1
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 4 ; 𝑓 ′ 2
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

2𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑓′ 3
𝑥+1
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 8 ; 𝑓 ′ 4
𝑦
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open
interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝐼. The derivative 𝑄
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is defined to be

𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓′ 𝑥0 = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0

if this limit exists. 𝑃

𝑥
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝐼. The
derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is defined to be
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥0
𝑓′ 𝑥0 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
If this limit exists.
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1; 𝑓 ′ 1
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

𝑥+1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑓′ 2
𝑥−1
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1; 𝑓 ′ 3
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

′ 𝜋
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥; 𝑓
2
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥; 𝑓 ′ 2𝜋
Compute the derivative of the function at the given value of 𝑥0 .

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑓 ′ 1

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