Dr. N.G.P.

Institute of Technology -
Coimbatore-48
(An Autonomous Institution)

CS8791 & CLOUD COMPUTING

Unit- I - Introduction

Ms.P.Poovizhi,
Assistant Professor and
Department of IT
 Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9

Introduction to Cloud Computing – Definition of Cloud –

Evolution of Cloud Computing –Underlying Principles of Parallel

and Distributed Computing – Cloud Characteristics – Elasticity in

Cloud – On-demand Provisioning.

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 INTRODUCTION
EVOLUTION OF DISTRIBUTED
COMPUTING
Grids enable access to shared computing power and
storage capacity from your desktop.
Grids are an open source technology. Resource users
and providers alike can understand and contribute to
the management of their grid
Clouds are a proprietary technology. Only the
resource provider knows exactly how their cloud
manages data, job queues, security requirements
and so on.

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 SCALABLE COMPUTING OVER THE
INTERNET
The Age of Internet Computing
High-performance computing (HPC)
applications is no longer optimal for measuring
system performance
The emergence of computing clouds instead
demands high-throughput computing (HTC)
systems built with parallel and distributed
computing technologies
We have to upgrade data centers using fast
servers, storage systems, and high-bandwidth
networks.

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 The Platform Evolution
From 1950 to 1970, a handful of mainframes,
including the IBM 360 and CDC 6400
From 1960 to 1980, lower-cost minicomputers such
as the DEC PDP 11 and VAX Series
From 1970 to 1990, we saw widespread use of
personal computers built with VLSI microprocessors.
From 1980 to 2000, massive numbers of portable
computers and pervasive devices appeared in both
wired and wireless applications
Since 1990, the use of both HPC and HTC systems
hidden in clusters, grids, or Internet clouds has
proliferated

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• HPC: High-Performance Computing
• HTC: High-Throughput Computing
• P2P: Peer to Peer
• MPP: Massively Parallel Processors
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 Terms

Centralized computing
Parallel computing
Distributed computing
Cloud computing
Ubiquitous computing
Internet of Things

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System Models for Distributed and Cloud
Computing

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 Clusters of Cooperative Computers
Cluster Architecture
Cluster built around a low-latency, high bandwidth
interconnection network. This network can be as
simple as a SAN or a LAN (e.g., Ethernet).
• To build a larger cluster with more nodes, the
interconnection network can be built with multiple
levels of Gigabit Ethernet, or InfiniBand switches.
• Through hierarchical construction using a SAN, LAN,
or WAN one can build scalable clusters with an
increasing number of nodes. The cluster is
connected to the Internet via a virtual private
network (VPN) gateway.
• The gateway IP address locates the cluster.

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A Typical Cluster
Architecture

Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 10

 Single-System Image(SSI)
Ideal cluster should merge multiple system images into a
single-system image (SSI).
Cluster designers desire a cluster operating system or
some middleware to support SSI at various levels,
including the sharing of CPUs, memory, and I/O across all
cluster nodes.
An SSI is an illusion created by software or hardware that
presents a collection of resources as one integrated,
powerful resource.
SSI makes the cluster appear like a single machine to the
user.
A cluster with multiple system images is nothing but a
collection of independent computers.

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 Hardware, Software, and
Middleware Support
Clusters exploring massive parallelism are
commonly known as MPPs. Almost all HPC
clusters in the Top 500 list are also MPPs.
The building blocks are computer nodes
(PCs, workstations, servers, or SMP), special
communication software such as PVM, and
a network interface card in each computer
node.
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Computational or Data Grid

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A Typical
Computational Grid

Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 14

 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
A distributed system architecture
Each computer in the network can act as a client
or server for other network computers.
No centralized control
Typically many nodes, but unreliable and
heterogeneous
Nodes are symmetric in function
Take advantage of distributed, shared resources
(bandwidth, CPU, storage) on peer-nodes
Fault-tolerant, self-organizing
Operate in dynamic environment, frequent join
and leave is the norm

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 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network

Overlay network - computer network built on top of another

network.
Nodes in the overlay can be thought of as being connected by
virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path,
perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network.
For example, distributed systems such as cloud computing,
peer-to-peer networks, and client-server applications are overlay
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networks because their nodes run on top of the Internet.
Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 17
 The Cloud
Historical roots in today’s Internet apps
Search, email, social networks
File storage (Live Mesh, Mobile
Me, Flicker, …)
A cloud infrastructure provides a
framework to manage scalable, reliable,
on-demand access to applications
A cloud is the “invisible” backend to
many of our mobile applications
A model of computation and data
storage based on “pay as you go” access
to “unlimited” remote data center
capabilities

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 Puzzle
What has many keys but cannot open a single
lock?

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 Puzzle

• A piano

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 Basic Concept of Internet Clouds
Cloud computing
It is the use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are
delivered as a service over a network (typically the Internet).
The name comes from the use of a cloud-shaped symbol as an abstraction
for the complex infrastructure it contains in system diagrams.
Cloud computing entrusts remote services with a user's data, software and
computation.

Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 21

 The Next Revolution in IT
Cloud Computing
• Classical Computing • Cloud Computing
– Buy & Own – Subscribe
• Hardware, System – Use
Every 18 months?

Software, Applications
often to meet peak
needs.
– Install, Configure, Test, Verify,
Evaluate
– Manage
– ..
– Finally, use it – $ - pay for what you use, based on
QoS
– $$$$....$(High CapEx)

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 Cloud Service Models

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Most basic cloud service model
Cloud providers offer computers, as physical or more often as virtual
machines, and other resources.
Virtual machines are run as guests by a hypervisor, such as Xen or KVM.
Cloud users deploy their applications by then installing operating system
images on the machines as well as their application software.
Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis
that is cost will reflect the amount of resources allocated and consumed.
Examples of IaaS include: Amazon Cloud Formation (and underlying
services such as Amazon EC2), Rackspace Cloud, Terremark, and Google
Compute Engine.

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 Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Cloud providers deliver a computing platform typically
including operating system, programming language
execution environment, database and web server.
• Application developers develop and run their software on a
cloud platform without the cost and complexity of buying
and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
• Examples of PaaS include: Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Cloud
Foundry, Heroku, Force.com, EngineYard, Mendix, Google
App Engine, Microsoft Azure and OrangeScape.

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 Software as a service (SaaS)
• Cloud providers install and operate application software in
the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud
clients.
• The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly
or yearly flat fee per user, so price is scalable and adjustable
if users are added or removed at any point.
• Examples of SaaS include: Google Apps, innkeypos,
Quickbooks Online, Limelight Video Platform,
Salesforce.com, and Microsoft Office 365.

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Three cloud service models in a cloud landscape of
major providers

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 Reasons to adapt the cloud for
upgraded Internet applications and
web services
Desired location in areas with protected space and higher
energy efficiency
Sharing of peak-load capacity among a large pool of users,
improving overall utilization
Separation of infrastructure maintenance duties from
domain-specific application development
Significant reduction in cloud computing cost, compared with
traditional computing paradigms
Cloud computing programming and application development
Service and data discovery and content/service distribution
Privacy, security, copyright and reliability issues
Service agreements, business models and pricing policies

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• “The National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) defines cloud computing as a "pay-per-use
model for enabling available, convenient and
on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction."
Cloud Computing Architecture
Architecture consists of 3 tiers
Cloud Deployment Model
Cloud Service Model
Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing

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 Essential Characteristics
On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
Measured service

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 Cloud Service Models

Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS)

Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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Cloud Computing - Opportunities and
Challenges
• It enables services to be used without any
understanding of their infrastructure.
• Cloud computing works using economies of scale
• It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up
companies, as they would no longer need to buy their
own software or servers.
• Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
• Vendors and Service providers claim costs by
establishing an ongoing revenue stream.
• Data and services are stored remotely but accessible
from “anywhere”
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 Cloud Computing – Pros

• Lower computer costs

• Instant software updates
• Improved document format compatibility
• E-capacity

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 Cloud Computing – Cons

• Need of Internet
• Can be slow
• Disparate Protocols

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 MCQ 1
Google Apps is a suite of cloud computing ___ applications
that includes e-mail (Gmail), Organizer (Google Calendar),
Word Processing documents (Google Docs), and others.
A) IaaS
B) PaaS
C) SaaS
D) None of the Above

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 MCQ 1

Answer: C) SaaS

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 MCQ 2
Which of the following is among the primary uses of cloud
computing?
A) security
B) data storage
C) data privacy
D) operational cost

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 MCQ 2

Answer: B) Data storage

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 READING & DISCUSSION

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 MIND MAP

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 SUMMARY

Cloud Computing

Cloud model

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