Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discrete

Results of rolling a dice Discrete
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Categorical
Number of kids Discrete
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discrete
Number of times married Discrete
Gender (Male or Female) Categorical
Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Data Data Type
Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Ordinal
Celsius Temperature Interval
Weight Ratio
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Ordinal
Fahrenheit Temperature Interval
Height Ratio
Type of living accommodation Ordinal
Level of Agreement Ordinal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Interval
Sales Figures Ratio
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Interval
Time on a Clock with Hands Interval
Number of Children Ordinal
Religious Preference Nominal
Barometer Pressure Interval
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Ratio

Q3) Three Coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads and one tail are
obtained?
Ans: 3/8 = 0.375

If three coins are tossed,

Total number of possible combinations = 23 = 8

The combinations are HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT.

Number of combinations that have two heads and one tail = 3, i.e., HHT, HTH,
TTH

The probability of two heads and one tail when three coins are tossed
simultaneously are

P (Two heads and One tail) = Number of desired outcomes

= ⅜ or 0.375

Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than or equal to 4
c) Sum is divisible by 2 and 3

a) 0
The sum of the two dice cannot be equal to 1 since the lowest possible
sum is 2. Therefore, the probability of getting a sum of 1 is 0.
 b) 3/36 = 0.083 To get a sum of 4, the two dice must show either 1 and 3, 2 and
2, or 3 and 1. There are three ways to get a sum of 4 out of the 36 possible
outcomes, so the probability of getting a sum of 4 is 3/36 or 1/12.
c) 6/36 = 0.17 we have 6 of the 36 possible rolls that produce sums that are
divisible by both 2 and 3.
d) Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
Ans: 10/21 = 0.476
Total number of balls
= (2 + 3 + 2)
=7
Let S be the sample space
Then, n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 7
n(S)=7C2
n(S)=(7×6)(2×1)n(S)=21n(S)=7 2n(S)=(7×6)(2×1)n(S)=21

Let E = Event of 2 balls, none of which is blue

∴ n(E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (2 + 3) balls
n(E)=5C2
n(E)=(5×4)(2×1)n(E)=1
P(E)=n(E)n(S)=10/21

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children (ignoring the nature of
the child-Generalized view)
CHILD Candies count Probability
A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.005
E 6 0.01
F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.
Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20
Ans: 3.09
Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range &
comment about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset
- For Points,Score,Weigh>
Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
and also Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.
Use Q7.csv file
ANS:

MEAN MEDIAN MODE Variance Std. Dev Range

Points 2.08 3.69 3.92 0.29 0.53 2.17
Score 3.22 3.32 3.44 0.96 0.98 3.91
Weigh 17.85 17.71 17.02 3.19 1.79 8.40

Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below

a) The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are
108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected
Value of the Weight of that patient?
Ans: Total – 9 Patients
Probability of choosing 1 patient – 1/9
Expected value = 1/9 (108 + 110+ 123 + 134 + 135 + 145 + 167 + 187 + 199)
= 1/9 x 1308 = 145
Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
Cars speed and distance
Use Q9_a.csv
ANS:
Skewness Kurtosis
speed -0.11 -0.50
dist 0.78 0.40

Both Skewness & Kurtosis is negative for Speed

Both Skewness & Kurtosis positive for Distance

SP and Weight(WT)
Use Q9_b.csv
Skewness Kurtosis
SP 1.58 2.98
WT -0.60 0.95
Both Skewness & Kurtosis positive for SP

Skewness is negative & Kurtosis is positive for WT

Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram

Ans: The histogram is right skewed, 200 chicks is having weight from 50-100
Ans: Outlier is present and box plot is right skewed.

Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in

Mexico. We draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of
3,000,000 men and weigh them. We find that the average person in our
sample weighs 200 pounds, and the standard deviation of the sample is 30
pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96% confidence interval?

Ans: Sample size = 2000

Mean = 200

St devi = 30
94% 98% 96%
Upper 201.04 201.38 201.17
Lower 198.96 198.62 198.83

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
ANS:
Mean 41
Median 40.50
Variance 25.53
Std Deviation 5.05

2) What can we say about the student marks?

Ans: Here we can say 56 is an outlier.
Many students have got 41 marks.

Q13) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
Ans: Normal Distribution, Bell Curve we will get.
Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median ?
Ans: Positively skewed.
Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?
Ans: Negatively skewed.

Q16) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for a data ?

Ans: It means the distribution is thinner, Center of the distribution would be
thinner and tail would be vice-versa.
Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Ans: It means the distribution is thicker, Center of the distribution would be
thicker and tail would be vice-versa.
Q18) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.
What can we say about the distribution of the data?
Ans: Not normally distributed.
What is nature of skewness of the data?
Ans: Negatively skewed.
What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?
Ans: IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 18 – 10 = 8
Q19) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?

Ans: 1) The Max is around – 287.5

The Min is around – 237.5
The mean is – 262.5
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 275 – 250 = 25
No outlier is present.
2) The Max is around – 350
 The Min is around – 187.5
The mean is – 262.5
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 312.5 – 212.5 = 100
No outlier is present.

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect
Boxplot 2.
Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.
MPG <- Cars$MPG
a. P(MPG>38)
b. P(MPG<40)
c. P (20<MPG<50)
Ans: a. 34.8% Rcode pnorm (38,mean(MPG), sd (MPG, lower tail=F)
b. 72. 89% (Rcode pnorm (40, mean (MPG), sd (MPG))
c. 89.9% (Rcode pnorm (50,mean (MPG) – pnorm(20,mean (MPG), sd (MPG)
Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution
a) Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: Cars.csv
Ans: Mean – 34.42
Median – 35.12
Mode - 29.62
As Mean, median & mode are not equal so MPG of cars is followed the
Normal Distributions.

b) Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference(Waist)

from wc-at data set follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: wc-at.csv
Ans: Same here also the mean, median & mode are not equal so both of
them also not follow the normal distribution.
Waist AT
Mean 91.90183486 101.8940367
Median 90.8 96.54
Mode 94.5 121

Q 22) Calculate the Z scores of 90% confidence interval,94% confidence

interval, 60% confidence interval
Ans: A = (1 + CI)/2 where A is area under the normal distribution curve and
CL represents the confidence level
A = (1 + 0.9)/2 = 1.9/2 = 0.95
And by Z table it is 1.645
So the z score for 90% CI would be 1.645

Same for 94%

A = (1+ 0.94)/2 = 1.94/2 = 0.97 and by z table it is close to 1.88 & 1.89
So its average is (1.88 + 1.89)/2 = 1.885
So the z score for 94% CI would be 1.645
 Same for 60%
A = (1 + 0.6)/2 = 1.6/2 = 0.8 and by z table it is close to 0.84 & 0.85
So its average is (0.84 + 0.85)/2 = 0.845
So the z score for 60% CI would be 0.845

Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence

interval, 99% confidence interval for sample size of 25
Ans: If the sample size is 25 then degree of freedom = (n – 1) = (25 – 1) = 24
So for 95% CL, the significance value would be 1 - 0.95 = 0.05 the t score would be
1.711.
For 96% CL, the significance value would be 1 - 0.96 = 0.04 the t score would be
1.828.
For 99% CL, the significance value would be 1 - 0.99 = 0.01 the t score would be
2.492.

Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270
days. A researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs
last an average of 260 days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the
CEO's claim were true, what is the probability that 18 randomly selected
bulbs would have an average life of no more than 260 days

Hint:

rcode  pt(tscore,df)

df  degrees of freedom

Sol: mu =270
n=18
xbar=260
sigma=90
z=x-mu/sigma
=260-270/90
=-0.11
pnorm(-0.11)=0.4562
p=45%
T=x-mu/s/sqrt(n)
=260-270/90/sqrt(18)
=-0.4714
Pt-(0.4714, 17)
=0.3216
P=32%