Two phase flow and heat transfer

Dr. Arup Kumar Das

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture No.08
Annular Flow

Hello, welcome in the eighth lecture of the course Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer. In this
course we will be understanding annular flow models. Annular flow model is a typical flow
pattern in gas liquid Two Phase Flow where we will be finding out liquid film is adhered with
the pipe and in the core of the tube you will be finding out gaseous phase.

So in this lecture we will be stressing about the calculation of film velocity in both laminar and
turbulent regime. We will be evaluating film flow rate in the Two Phase Flow configuration,
annular Two Phase Flow configuration.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:58)

We will be assessing non-dimensional film thickness based on film Reynolds number. As well as
we will be defining 2 phase multiplier for gas or liquid portion only as a function of void
fraction. So first let us see that how annular flow configuration can be shown here in pictorial
view. Here I have shown you a pipe inside which annular flow is occurring. You see inside this,
we are having first film adhered with the wall and inside the core we are having gaseous phase
okay. Now here, you can see in the film we can consider a small element like this where this
small element will be getting shear stress Tau from the adjacent liquid layers.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:34)

And in the interface it will be getting the shear stress Tau i in the upward direction. Now near the
wall this shear stress Tau is being converted to Tau w which is nothing but the wall shear stress
okay. And if we think about this fluid element the fluid element is having pressure from the
bottom as P and from the top it is P plus dP okay.

This element length we have considered over here delta z. Now if we try to have a force valence
then we will be finding out that we are having over here the shear stress at the interface. The
shear stress at the outer layer of this of this fluid element as well as we are having some weight
of the fluid element acting in the downward direction.

Apart from that we will be having also the pressure forces P plus dP and P over here okay. So if
you write down the force balance equation over here, you can see the first term whatever I have
written this is nothing but 2 pi r into delta z that is the area whatever through which this Tau or
shear stress from the other liquid layer is being acted okay. So this is in the downward direction
because Tau is in the downward direction okay.
In a similar fashion here we have written the shear stress, what it is getting the liquid layer is
getting from the gaseous interface which is in the upward direction.
(Refer Slide Time: 2:44)

So that is why here we are having a plus sign the area will be once again 2 pi r into delta z and
the magnitude of shear interfacial shear stress is nothing but Tau i. So these two are coming from
the shear stresses and this is actually your interfacial shear stress. Now as I have told that we are
having over here some sort of weight of the fluid element. So the weight can be found out by
volume into density. So for the volume pi into (r square minus ri square) into delta z.

So this is the volume multiply by density of the liquid Rho f and the g which is acting in the
downward direction. So as a result we are having a minus sign right. And from the pressure
force you see here we have pressure P from the downward side and from the upward side P plus
delta P. So this will be P minus (P plus dP). Now this dP, if we consider for unit length delta z,
so we can write down P minus P minus dP by dz dz, into delta z so these delta z delta z cancel
out. But for facilitating this calculation of dP/dz, I have written like this.

This pressure is acting on the area pi into (r square minus r i square) which is the bottom area or
you can say the top area for the liquid film. So from here if you simplify this one and try to
calculate the value of the Tau then you will be getting the Tau. As Tau equals to Tau i into r i by
r minus (1/2 into Rho f plus g plus dP/ dz, dP / dz comes from here dP / dz comes from here
multiplied by r square minus r i square by r.

A simple calculation from these equations, if you try to figure out what is the value of this Tau,
you will be getting in this equation after cancellations. Now we are having different types of film
flows. So for film flow that I have showed this is the equation. In case of laminar film flow, we
can write down Tau equals to Mu f into du f by dy okay. So this further can be calculated by
some transformation, the transformations are like this okay.
(Refer Slide Time 5:30)

So let us try to see what happens in case of turbulent film flow. So in case of turbulent film flow,
we know that there are several layers we have to consider. First one is laminar sub layer then we
will be having buffer layer and we can also have turbulent layer. So I have given here the
example of 2 layers only, laminar sub layer and the extreme one turbulent layer. So we know
from fluid mechanics that in the laminar sub layer uf plus is equal to y plus where uf, is nothing
but uf plus, is nothing but uf by uTau and uTau can be written as shear stress by density of the
fluid to the power half.

And y plus is a characteristic length you can write down that one as y into uTau by Rho f into
Mu Rho f by Mu f right. So what you can do just in a similar fashion if you write down that what
is uf plus equals to y plus over here using this these equations inside this then you will be finding
out uf can be written in the form of Tau okay. And that comes as uf equals to d minus 2r by 2 Mu
f into Tau okay. Already we have expressed what is Tau over here for the film flow okay.

So we can replace the Tau over here and write down uf for the turbulent, laminar sub layer zone
D minus 2r by 2 Mu f into Tau i r i by r minus (half into Rho f into g plus dP /dz) multiplied by
(r square minus r i square by r) okay. Similar thing can be also done in case of turbulent layer.
For turbulent layer we know uf plus is equal to 5.5 plus 2.5 into ln of (y plus). This is typically
coming from fluid mechanics. So what we can do in a similar fashion as we have done in
laminar, laminar sub layer, we can also perform this one for turbulent layer.

We can find out that uf can be written as 5.5 Tau by Rho f to the power half plus 2 .5 ln (Tau by
Rho f to the power half) into ln (yTau by Mu f). So once again what we can do Tau, we can
replace from the previous equation what we have found out for the film flow and finally obtain
the film velocity in this fashion okay.

So for both the regimes laminar and turbulent we have shown how film velocity can be obtained.
This is very, very important for annular flow regime okay. Next as we have found out the flow
velocity, laminar film flow velocity, it will be very critical to find out what is the film flow rate.
So what we have done over here wfF which is the film flow rate we have found out by
integrating 0 to delta pi capital D small dy into uf into Rho f.

So this is basically pi D dy uf Rho f so the limit for y is from 0 to delta okay.

(Refer Slide Time: 8:01)
So you can write down this one for laminar domain that this uf will be will be written as yTau by
Mu f okay. And if you do this derivation of the integration from 0 to delta, you will be getting
the final expression for the laminar film flow is pi d Rho f Tau delta square b by 2 Mu f where
Tau, is the shear stress we have already derived. Similar thing can be done for turbulent flow.

In case of turbulent flow it will be pi D Rho f 0 to delta uf dy and here uf will be replaced by uf
plus okay and dy will be replaced by dy plus at the same time your limit will be transforming
from delta to delta plus okay. Already we have said what is the relationship between y and y
plus. Here delta plus will be delta into u Tau into Rho f by Mu f okay. So once you know the
expression for this uf plus depending on which layer you are in, you will be finding out the
integration value and you can get the film flow rate for the turbulent regime okay.

Next let us see some other extent if in the previous case we have shown the film was moving up
okay. So let us say in this case we are taking you are having falling film so the film is actually
falling down and the gas is moving up.
(Refer Slide Time: 9:59)
So in this case what we can do, we can typically find out similar figure okay whatever we have
shown in the last one only thing that this Tau w is in the upward direction because the film is
now falling down okay. Now let us try to see that what happens for the gaseous velocities. So if
we obtain if you consider that very low gas velocities then we can write down dP/dz equals to
minus Rho g into g okay. And in this case if you are having very low gas velocity, you can
assume that at the interface there is no shear stress okay. So Tau i is nearly equivalent to 0 okay.

So Tau i is nearly equivalent to 0 over here okay. So if you apply the previous equation whatever
we have derived over here for Tau i and make this Tau i is equal to 0, you will be getting
something like this Tau is equal to minus half into Rho f minus Rho g into g into r square minus
r i square by r okay. Now let us try to convert this one in easier forms. So what will be doing, we
will be taking assumption that film thickness is very small compare to the pipe diameter.

So delta is less less than D. Under this assumption, we can write down r plus ri. So r was the
arbitrary cross sectional radius and ri was the interfacial radius that will be more or less
equivalent to 2r because delta is very small. So under this we can write down if you see over here
(r square minus ri square) so that will be r plus ri multiplied by (r minus ri). So r plus ri we can
write down as 2r so that r and this r will be canceling out. Finally, we will be getting minus (Rho
f minus Rho g) into g into (r minus ri) okay.
Once again we can write down (r minus ri) is nearly equivalent to (delta minus y) remember y is
being calculated from the wall so (r minus ri) will be (delta minus y). So what we can do (r
minus ri) we can replace in terms of (delta minus y) and final expression for the falling film will
be coming as Tau is equal to minus (Rho f minus Rho g) into g into (delta minus y) right. So this
is the shear stress expression for falling film flow. Next let us try to understand if this is laminar
flow then what happens.

In a typical fashion, if we if we replace this Tau as Mu into del uf by del y and once again
integrate with respect to y then will be getting uf is equal to minus g by Mu f into (Rho f minus
Rho g) and integration of this term (delta minus y), we will be giving you delta y minus y square
by 2 okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:28)

So if you go further and try to find out the the mass flow rate per unit width, so gamma can be
written as minus Rho f 0 to delta uf into dy okay. So this is the mass flow rate per unit width. So
you can write down this uf as this function and once again integrate from 0 to delta. You will be
finding out the final expression as Rho f g into (Rho f minus Rho g) by Mu f into delta cube by
3. So you see the mass flow rate per unit width is actually dependent on the delta cube okay.

Going in this fashion what we can do, we can define a typical non-dimensional number which is
called film Reynolds number. So here we are defining film Reynolds number as Re gamma okay.
So Re gamma will be dependent on the film thickness. So the length scale will be typically the
film thickness. So what we have done, we have define the film Reynolds number as 4 delta uf
Rho f by Mu f okay.

So once you get the expression for this mass flow rate per unit width and you know uf already
we have seen over here so if we plug both this uf and gamma over here. We can write down this
film Reynolds number as a function of gamma and uf only okay. So we find out film Reynolds
number will be nothing but 4 gamma by Mu f where gamma, is the mass flow rate per unit width
okay.

Then we tried to find out what is the dimensionless film thickness or non-dimension film
thickness. So that will be delta star. We can write down delta star as delta into g to the power 1
by 3 (Rho f minus Rho g) to the power 1 by 3 into Rho f to the power 1 by 3 by Mu f to the
power 2 by 3 okay. Okay with this definition what we can find out, we will be getting
relationship between these delta star and Re gamma which is nothing but film Reynolds number
and little bit of derivation between these two can be proving you that gamma delta star is
becoming 3 by 4 Re gamma to the power 1 by 3.

Please try to practice this one; this is not very difficult task only replacement of one term in the
another one will be giving you the correct expression. So we can find out the delta star for
laminar film flow comes out to be 3 by 4 Re gamma to the power 1 by 3. So if you do 3 by 4 to
the power 1 by 3 so delta star typically becomes .909 Re gamma to the power 1 by 3.

Follow the same procedure for turbulent layer. We will be getting some another expression. The
expression comes out to be delta star is equal to .115 Re gamma to the power .6 okay. Please
practice this turbulent one. It will be you will be getting the same expression.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:35)
Okay, next let us try to find out what happens for the friction factors. So if you see Two Phase
multiplier for fluid portion only okay so here. phi f square we know that fTP Two Phase friction
factor by ff fluid portion, friction factor multiplied by uf square by jf square, this we have
defined in the drift flux chapter and then we know that jf can be written as (1 minus alpha) into
uf.

So I can replace this jf and uf in terms of (1 minus alpha). So here you will be getting phi f
square becomes (1 minus alpha) whole square using this equation over here. So we will be
getting phi f square is (1 minus alpha) whole square fTP by ff okay. Now if we assume that delta
is very thin, so the film thickness is very small compared to the pipe diameter then I can write
down that the volume for the film is pi D delta into uf.

On the other hand if you try to compare the superficial velocity of the film the volume comes out
to be pi by 4 D square into jf. So if you equate this two then we will be getting a relationship
between uf and jf in this fashion 4 delta uf is equal to D jf right. Little bit of multiplication and
division it will be giving you 4 delta uf Rho f by Mu f is equals to D jf Rho f by Mu f. Now
these are nothing but your Reynolds number expression. This is for Two Phase and this is for
fluid portion only.
So you find out Reynolds number for Two Phase and Reynolds number for fluid portion only
they are same. Assuming delta is very small than D okay. So if Reynolds number are same
obviously friction factors will be the same, so we can write down phi f square is equal to 1 by (1
minus alpha) whole square. From this equation if we cancel both these terms considering the
delta less less than D okay.
(Refer Slide Time 17:32)

Now let us try to see the gas portion only. So for the Two Phase you can write down across the
interface minus dP/dz friction factor is equal to 4 Taui by D minus 2 delta okay. And Tau i can
be written as this. We have already explained earlier half fi Rho g into ug minus ul square and
for gas portion only dP/dz friction factor for gas is nothing but 4 Taug by D and Tau g will be
half of (fg into Rho g into jg square). Now if we plug all these things that means this dP/dz Two
Phase friction factor dP/dz gas only fraction factor, gas portion friction factor in the Two Phase
multiplier phi g square then we will be finding out we are getting Tau i by Tau g root over of pi
by 4 D square by pi by 4 (D minus 2 delta whole square).

Now this gives me 1 by root alpha and Taui by Taug comes over here. So we find out that Two
Phase gas portion only friction factor is multiplier is actually Tau i by Tau g multiplied by 1 by
root alpha.
(Refer Slide Time : 18:43)
Now let us try to find out how root alpha can be calculated. So if we see if we give this ug is
equal to jg by alpha. Then we can write down this Taui by Tauj from here. Okay over here like
this considering no liquid velocity. So in this expression you see here we are having ul. So if you
cancel this one then we are getting half fi Rhog u g square and this one is half, f g Rho g jg
square.

So you will be finding out relationship between ug and jg in this fashion. So if we put all this
Taui and Taug in this expression okay with assumption of no liquid velocity, we will be finally
leading to fi by fg into 1 by alpha to the power 5 by 2. Now there are several options for this
ratio of the friction factors. So if we first assume that both the friction factors are same interfacial
friction factor and gas only friction factor then we will be getting that gas portion multiplier is
nothing but 1 by alpha to the power 5 by 2 okay.
Now Wallis, he has given another opinion in place of this equal friction factor he has given that
at for the wavy interface fi by fg is equal to 1 plus75 into (1 minus alpha). If you hook into this
fi by fg in this equation then you will be getting phi g square is equal to 1 plus 75 into (1 minus
alpha) by alpha to the power of 5 by 2 right.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:13)
So let us summarize this lecture. So in this lecture we have derived the expression for shear
stress inside a liquid film in the annular flow okay. We have formulated the film velocity for
both laminar and turbulent regime okay.

Using falling film analysis we have expressed the non-dimensional film thickness as a function
of the film Reynolds number and at the end we have calculated the friction factors okay or Two
Phase multipliers for gas portion and liquid portion only as a function of your void fraction okay
for consideration of the annular flow. Right, so these we have summarized in this lecture let us
find out some questions to test our understanding.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:55)
So we are having 3 questions over here first one. Mention assumption for falling film theory. So
we are having 4 options over here Taui nearly equals to 0, delta less less than D, Rho f greater
greater than Rho g and finally delta nearly equals to 0. So I think all of you got which one is the
correct answer. So you can get first 1 and second 1 Taui nearly equals to 0 and delta less less
than D is actually the correct answer okay. Then this we have already discussed during the
derivation in this lecture okay.

Then second question phi g whole square is nearly equal to 1 by alpha to the power of 5 by 2 is
valid for. 4 options we are having. Low gas velocity, low relative velocity, zero liquid velocity
and finally downward liquid velocity. Answer is obvious for zero liquid velocity. So without
using zero liquid velocity (ug minus ul) whole square will not be converting into ug square. You
cannot cancel this things okay.

Then the third question for delta less less than D, mention the correct relationships we are having
Reynolds number for Two Phase equals to Reynolds number for fluid portion only, Reynolds
number for Two Phase is equal to Reynolds number for gas phase only, Reynolds number for
Two Phase is equal to Reynolds number of fluid portion, Reynolds number of Two Phase is
equal to Reynolds number of gas portion okay.

Obviously the answer is part a Reynolds number of Two Phase is equal to Reynolds number of
fluid portion okay. So with this we will be concluding this lecture. Thank you.