Identify relevant network topology forthe given sual +B Compare different topologies on the given parameten Select network connecting device forthe given situation Describe with sketches the procedure to configure the given networking device. Tounderstand Basic Concepts of Network Topology @ Tolearn various Network Devices @ Tostudy different Types of Topologies EiNiRODUCTION a E Seat g ZS Ee + Anetwork topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are connected to each other. + Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the network. + Network topology refers to layout of a network and how different nodes in a network are connected toeach other and how they communicate. * ‘There are a number of different types of network topologies, including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid. , * Computer networking devices, are physical devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. * Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network and are also called as network equipment. * Networking devices may include gateways, routers, bridges, modems, switches, hubs, and repeaters andsoon. A topology is geometric arrangement of computers and its devices in a network. The word “topology” comes from topos, which is Greek for “place”. Topology is the map of a network feat i of connected devices: ; beer ines oe the ways in which the elements of a network are mapped. They describe the physical and logical arrangement of the network nodes. (allotwork Topologies and Nat 42 L MDa Data Communication & Computer Network. EEBI mtroduction ¢ computers is connected. Each topol fs sui © Topology refers to the way in which the Lauer facts ted tasks: i a , tospeiitak pages a ean ‘ype and number of equipment DEiNg USCd, pangs © The choice of topolog i \d cost. response time, an ; interconnection pattern by which the stato, ansmission media, (which can be Point-to-point cat data transfer required, applications: and rate of + Topology can be defined as the geometrically iE (nodes/computers) are connected using suitable and broadcast). i ies as shown in Fig. 4.1. + Network topologies are classified as physical and logical topologies 26 $ s a Fig. 4: Classification of Topology 1. Physical Topology: a : + Physical topology mentions the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation. «© Aphysical topology describes the placement of network nodes and the physical connections between them, © The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. It describes the actual layout of the network transmission media. This includes the arrangement and location of network nodes and they are connected, Bus topology, star topology, ring topology, tree topology, mesh topology, etc, are the examples of physical topologies, 2. Logical Topology: . ae nee ow a sna topology. Logical topology refers to the nature of the paths the signals follow Logical topologies are bound to the network Protocols that direct h $5 8 network. Logical topology refers to the iow the data moves acto: paths that mess network to another place, Sages take to get from one place on the Definition: Physical topoloy sates ae physical layons of ae es ete tothe | Definition: Logical topologies refer to the media, Zetwork | logical paths in which data accesses the med and transmits packets across it.‘ata Communication & Computor Network 43 Network Topologies and Notwork Devices 2. _| How the wires are connected, ical: How the data is transferred. Physical topology defines how the nodes of | Logical topology dedicated connections ‘thenetwork are physically connected. _| between certain selected source-destination —— pairs using the underlying physical topology. A) pppesincinde: ‘There are two main types of logical topologies: (| Bus topology > (i) Shared media topology (i) Ring topology (ii) Token-based topology (ii) Star topology (iv) Tree topology (v)_Mesh topology 5. | Aphysical topology describes the wayin __ | The logical topology describes how the devices which the devices are connected together. | communicate or the shape of the ‘communication path. Definition amo) ¢ The way of connecting the computers in a network is called as topology. OR ‘* The topology of a network is “the geoinetric representation of the relationship of all the links anid linking devices (nodes) in.a network”. on ‘* Network topology is defined as “the physical interconnection between various elements on computer network, such as links and nodes”. OR ‘© A topology is a usually "schematic description of the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines (links)*. Selection Criteria ‘© Selecting an appropriate topology for your deployment environment depends upon several factors. When you select a topology pattern, consider the following factors: 1. Current Hardware. 2. Size of the Network. 3 4 2. Budget Limitations. }. Need for reliability. 5, Bandwidth capacity. 6. Scalability and Ease installation. 7. Ease of Troubleshooting. Types of Topology The way in which the connections are made is called the topology of the computer network. © Fig. 4.1 shows different categories or types of topologies in computer network. Gry] Bus Topology * In networking, a topology that allows all network nodés to receive the same message through ‘network cable at the same time is called as bus topology. * In this type of network topology, all the nodes of a network are connected to a common transmission medium having two endpoints. © Allthe data that travels over the network is transmitted through a common transmission mediuni known as the bus or the backbone of the network.Network Topologies and Network 4a " = Data Communication & Computer Notwork the network topology is known by «When the transmission medium has exactly two endpoints ‘Working of Bus Topology: a bone of the network and is known as p, : (tas the ows a tp Te en es i ae saeoghisn * * A lal rom he so rn ened ssn wb MAC er ares ere aide of sae does not match with the intended address, machine discards ty . a ts added at ends of the central cable, to prevent bouncing of signals. A barrel connecto, can be used toextend it. Fig. 4.2: Bus Topology Features of Bus Topology: 1. It transmits data only in one direction. 2. Every device is connected toa single cable in bus topology. Advantages of Bus Topology: . ‘L_ Itis cost effective and cabling cost is less than other topologies, 2. Easy to install and set-up. Its very easy to connect a computer or peripheral toa bus, 3. Requires less cabling length, so cheaper. 4, Any one computer or device being down does not affect the others. 5, Fastas compare toring topology and sufficient for small network. 6. Easy toexpand joining two cables together, Disadvantages of Bus Topology: 1, Cable has a limited length, so it cannot connect a large number of computers, 2 fa ele noe sable stops all data transmission. Difficult to identify the problem f 3. Collision may occur. 4: Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable, 5. Ifnetwork traffic is hea 'wy or nodes are more the performance of th \etwork decreases. 1¢ networl ot + Ring topology isa network topology thats set-up in circular fashion 6, S-18} «It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as with the last one connected tothe first, Bractyt node a seciod ro amother comet : each device,pata Communlcation & Computer Network 48 Network Topolgles and Network Devices + Each node in this topology contains repeater. to node, until ft reaches its destination. Ifa node receives a signal invonded for ribet reqeter regenerates the signal and passes it. + Token is a special three byte frame that travels around the ring network. It can flow clockwise or anticlockwise. Ring topology isa point to point network. « Anumber of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology writh 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node, Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each network node, it 1s called Dual Ring Topology. In dual ring topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up. + Inaring network, the data and the signals that pass over the network travel in a single direction + Fig. 43 shows a ring topology. Computer Fig. 4.3: Ring Topology Working of Ring Topology: i +. Inring topology network arrangement, a signal is transferred sequentially using a ‘token’ from one node to the next. If a node wants to transmit, it "grabs" the token, attaches data and a destination address to it, and then sends it around the ring. + The token travels along the ring until it reaches its destination. Once, token reaches destination, receiving computer acknowledges receipt with a return message to the sender. The sender then releases the token for the token for use by another computer. ©” A signal from the source is broadcasted and it travels to all workstations connected to bus cable. Although the message is broadcasted but only the intended recipient, whose MAC address or IP address matches, accepts it. + Ifthe MAC/IP address of machine does not match with the intended address, machine discards the signal. * Aterminator is added at ends of the central cable, to prevent bouncing of signals. A barrel connector can be used to extend it. Advantages of Ring Topology: 1 Require less cabling. 2, Less expensive. 3. This type of network topology is very organized: Each node gets to send the data when it receives +. anempty token. This helps to reduces chances of collision. Each computer has equal access to resources. a.nk Te vy of Notwor Network, 1 the connectivity between workstations, th tts performance s better than Ofte Data Communication & Computer Networ ,. 5. There is no need for network server to contr? 6. Even when the load on the network increases, 7. Fault isolation is simplified. 8. Good communication over long distance- ‘9. Handles high volume of traffic. Disadvaritages of Ring Topology: Traffic is unidirectional. i jonents, Networkis highly dependent on the wire which connects different comp Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network. Slow in speed, Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the Reconfiguration is needed to add one node; whol Difficult for troubleshooting the ring. éJ Star Topology | * Star topology is one topology in which a central unit ca } network cables that radiate out to each node on the network. «Unlike Bus topology, where nodes were connected to central cable, here all the workstations zy connected to central device ie. hub or concentrator with a point-to-point connection. © The data that is transmitted between the network nodes passes across the central hub. All the dat og the star topology passes through the central device before reaching the intended destination. Hub acts as a junction to connect different nodes present in Star Network, and at the same time} manages and controls whole of the network. * A distributed star is formed by the interconnection of two or more individual star networks, The centralized nature of a star network provides a certain amount of simplicity. while also achievin, isolation of each device in the network. network activity. le network must be down first. Naw pone led a hub or concentrator host a set Fig. 4.4: Star Topology . | Advantages of Star Topology: 1, Easy toinstall, reconfigure and wire, 2. Centralized management. It helps in ‘monitoring the network. 3, Robustnessiie. if onelink falls, only that linkis affected, 4, Fastas compare toting topology. 5, Multiple devices can transfer data without collision,aya Gommuniation & Computer Network 6, Eliminates traffic problem, 7, Nodisruptions to the network then 8, Itis easy to detect the failure and t a7 Network Topologies and Network Devices Connecting or removing devices. troubleshoot it. 9, supported by several hardware and software vender pissdvantages of Star Topology, Heentral node (hub or switch) goes down, then entire network goes down. More cabling is required than bus topology, 3. More expensive than bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators (hub or switch). 4. Performance and as well number of ‘i 5 sied'ot capaclty of citral device nodes which can be added in such topology is depende Mesh Topology + Ina mesh network topology, each of the network node, computer and other devices, are interconnected with oneanother. + Every node not only sends its own signals but also (= relays data from other nodes, In fact, a true. mésh topology is the one where every node is connected to = every other node in the network, + Inthis type of network, each node may send message to destination through multiple paths. While the data is, travelling on the Mesh Network it is automatically configured to reach the destination by taking the shortest route which means the least number of hops. + This type of topology is very expensive as there are “Computer many redundant connections, thus it is not mostly used Fig. 45: Mesh Topology in computer networks. It is commonly used in wireless networks. + Amesh topology employs one of tvio connection arrangements, full mesh topology or partial mesh topology. 4. Ina full mesh network, each network node is connected to every other node in the network. Due to this arrangement of nodes, it becomes possible for a simultaneous transmission of signals from one node to several other nodes. 2. Ima partially connected mesh network, only some of the network nodes are connected to more than one node. This is beneficial over a fully connected mesh in terms of redundancy caused by the point-to-point liriks between all the nodes, | ‘The nodes of a mesh network require possessing some kind of routing logic so that the signals and the data travelling over the network take theshortest path during each of the transmissions. Advantages of Mesh Topology: 1. Mesh topology is robust. If: 2. Eliminates traffic problem. x 3. Each connection can carry its own data load due to dedicated link, 4, Privacy or security because of dedicated line. Be atot ey make fault identification and ‘troubleshooting easy. Bi one linkbecomes unusable, it does not affect other systems.Network Topologies and Network a Pete ‘Duta Communication & Computer Network Disadvantages of Mesh Topology: 1. More cables are required than other topologies. network topologies. 2. Overall cost of this network is too high as compared to other device must be connected to ¢ 3. Installation and reconfiguration is very difficult because each de very other device. i ‘ , ficult. 4, Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very dif = 5. Expensive due to hardware requirements such as cables and input/outPU = — ; r Tree Topology ology integrat * © As its name implies in this topology devices make a treestructure. Tree toPolOBY Untegrates thy characteristics of star and bus topology. This main cable seems like, * In tree topology, the number of star networks are connected using Bus. main stem of a tree, and other star networks as the branches. . © Itis also called expanded star topology. Ethernet protocol is commonly used in this type of topology, * Fig. 4.6 shows tree topology. ig. 4.6: Tree Topology © A tree topology can also combine characteristics of linear bus and star topologi f . ‘opologies, It consists o! groups of star-configure workstations connected toa linearbus backbone cate, > ¢ _Tree-topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network and enable schools to configure network to meet their needs. Advantages of Tree Topology: ‘L_ Easy to install and wire. 2. Fastas compare to other topologies. 3, Multiple devices can transfer data without collision, 4, Eliminates traffic problem. Increase the distance ofa signal can travel between network devices, No disruptions to the metwork then connecting or removing devices‘Data Communication & Computer Network 4s Notwork Topologles and Network Dovioos, 7, Easy to detect faults and to remove parts 8 upper by several hardware and software venders. 9. Ttallows the network to isolate and priorities communications form different computers. aon Meters network hai i itat the next lower level hierarchy. ing a specific fixed number nodes connected toit a pisadvantages of Tree Topology: oe etree ec tee in bus cable, if it breaks whole networkiserippleg Tee tpeleey relies heavily on the main More expensive than bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators (hub or switch). ‘The cabling cost is more, . As more and more nodes and ‘segments are added, the maintenance becomes difficult. Scalability of the network depends on the type of cable used. ._ Failure in the central hub brings the entire network toa halt. Hybrid Topology + Hybrid, as the name suggests, is mixture of two different things. A hybrid topology is combination of two or more network topologies, : + Acombination of two or more different topologies makes for a hybrid topology. This combination of topologies is done according to the requirements of the organization. In other words, the topology ‘that combines more than one topology is called hybrid topology. ‘+ Hybrid topology is used to connect a network that is divided into smaller sections also known as segments. : ey sen «© Twocommon examples for hybrid network are star ring network and star bus network. 1. A star-ring network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a Multistation Access Unit (MAU) as a centralized hub. 2. Astar-bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a bus trunk (the bus trunk serves as the network's backbone). «Fig. 4.7shows a hybrid star and bus topology. Contd...Notwork Topologies and Network Doveg, Data Communication & Computer Network 410 Fig. 4.7: Hybrid Topology Advantages of Hybrid To} rs 1 aie ae Sem detection and troubleshooting is easy in this type of topology. c: 2. Itis easy to increase the size of network by adding new components, without disturbing existing architecture. ‘toatl, 3. Hybrid network can be designed according to the requirements of the organization and by optimizing the available resources. Special care can be given to nodes where traffic is high as well as where chances of fault are high. 4. Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more topologies, so we can design it in such a way that strengths of constituent topologies are maximized while their weaknesses are neutralized. Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology: 1. One of the biggest drawback of hybrid topology is its design. It's not easy to design this type of architecture and it's a tough job for designers. 2. Configuration and installation process needs to be very efficient. 3. The hubs used to connect two distinct networks, are very expensive. 4. As hybrid architectures are usually larger in scale, they require a lot of cables, cooling systems, sophisticate network devices, etc. Network control devices are components used to conn: together so that they can share files or resources like pri * The network devices are playing an important role ‘ect computers or other electronic devices inters or fax machines etc, different role. in network communication, each device has ‘Applicationymmunication & ‘Net bata Communication & Computer Network 4a \Notwork Topologies and Network Devices, .. “Seep aiestainia includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and other equipment | a lata-processing and communications within the network. . ig 4.8 shave Positions of network devices in OSI model. Fig. 4.9 shows networking hardware Afile server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast computer with a large amount of RAM and storage space, along with a fast network interface card. jaath — operating system software resides on this computer, along with any software applications and data files that need to be shared, All of the user computers connected to a network are called workstations. A typical workstation is a computer that is configure with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables. Workstations do not necessarily need floppy disk drives because files can be saved on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a network workstation. Fig. 4.9: Networking Hardware Need of Network Connecting/Control Device: * Without network devices a computer network cannot made and work. Following are the list of network devices shows their need and importance in networking. 1. Hub: Hub is important because it broadcasts data from one port to all other ay in the network. 2. Repeater: The repeaters are used in places where amplification of input signal is necessary. 3. Router: When there are more than one computer at home or in an crganization, and you have a single internet connection, you need a Router. Router is a device which is used when. ae devices need to connect to the Internet using thesame IP, ‘4. Gateway: Needed when two different network technologies are being used. They acts as translator switch- intelligent device which sends data to particular port. 5. Bridge: Same function as switch but much more primitive and has lesser ports. 6. Connectors: It is very necessary because they provide a point of entry for networking devices or terminates a segment of cabling. : 7 .. Network Interface Cards (NIC): It is a very important component installed in a computer whichNotwork Topologies and Notwor, Data Communteation & Computor Network a Dey beg Hub i Tm LAN network. Typically, hyp * Hub is used to connect multiple computers in a single workgroup 8 at available with 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 ports. ceria the source, * A hub is a networking device which receives signal from ¢ multiple destinations or computers. * Practically hubs are a small box in rectangular shape, various devices to it. * Hub receives its power supply from auxiliary power s incoming data signals, amplify them in the form of el connected device, ‘ * Fig. 4.10 shows a USB hub, wherein the data is fed into the input port and is broadcasted to all h, other 4 ports, amplifies It and seng which have multiple ports for connec, jurces, The main work of hub is to recy jectrical signals and then send them to x (@ USB Hub (0) Four Port Hub Fig. 4.10 * Ahub, at the most basic level, is a “dumb” device that operates at the Physical layer of the OSI ‘Model, * Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports, When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see i] Packets. . (0) A High Capacity, or High Density, Hub Fig. 4.11 Working of Hub: * To demonstrate its working of hub, consider a 4 computers connected to the 4 ports, * Suppose, if Computer A wants to send some data to Computer B usin, an lub, then, Computer A broadcasts the data on the network, and Computer B, being connected tt the evr: tad aeons 6 the date, Bu, in this case all the other ports connected tothe network has accces wy he en tat Port network as shown in Fig. 4,12. There are 4 being transmitted by Computer A. ‘* This happens because, the Hub works in the Physical layer and hence it does not know about the Mac addresses of the ports connected to the network. So, there is a lack of security in the Hub, © Ethernet hubs are by far the most common type, but. hubs for other types of networks such as USB also exist. Mig. 4.12: Working of Hub in Compute? Network :«Based on port type, there are two types of hubs: 1, Ethernet Hub: In: this type of hub all ports have RJ-45 connectors. 2." Combo Hub: In this type of hub ports have several different types of connectors such RJ-45, BNC and AUIL. + Types of Hub: On the basis of its working methods, the hubs can be divided into three types: 4. Active Hub: As its name suggests, active hub is a hub which-can amplify or regenerate the information signal, This type of hub has an advantage as it also amplifies the incoming signal as well as forward it to, multiple devices, This hub is also known as Multiport Repeater. It can upgrade the properties if incoming signal before sending them to destination. It provides an active participation in the network aside from acting as an interface. It participates in the data communication, such as storing signals received through the input ports, before forwarding them. It can monitor the data it is forwarding and sometimes help improve signals before forwarding them to other connections. Such a feature makes troubleshooting of network problems easier and simpler. 2, Passive Hub: Passive hub works like a simple Bridge. It is used for just creating a connection between various devices, It does not have the ability to amplify or regenerate any incoming - signal. It receives signal and then forward it to multiple devices. It is a pass-through that does not do anything more than just broadcast signals it receives through its input port, then sends it out through the output port. It does not do anything to regenerate or process the signals because it only functions as a connector of different wires in a topology. 3, Intelligent Hub: It can perform tasks of both Active and Passive hubs. Also, it can perform some other tasks like bridging and routing. It increases the speed and effectiveness of total network ‘thus makes the performance of whole network fast and efficient, An intelligent hub can help in troubleshooting by pinpointing the actual location of the problem and help identify the root cause and resolution. It is very adaptable to different technologies without any need to change its configuration. The intelligent hub performs different functions such as bridging, routing, switching and network management. Intelligent hubs are also called manageable hubs. Advantages of Hubs: “1. Noneed of configuration of a hub. 2. Performance is high because no processing is done at the hub. 3, Using active hubs, we can extend maximum network media distance. 4. Aub allows to connect clients to share and conversations with a network protocol analyzer. 5. 6 . Ahub also can modulate signal of the cable, if needed. Using hub save money because switches are costly than hub. Disadvantages of Hubs: . ‘L_ Hubs have limited port to connect client, soit is not suitable for large network, 2. Hubs speed is only 10 mbps. ; 3, 4, . It cannot filter and control traffic of data. Tt works as a query system. When NIC send a work to the hub then hub make this work pending and process one by one. Soit’s time consuming. © ‘There are two similar devices to HUB namely, MAU and Patch Panel. 1. MAU: MAU (Multi Access Unit) is the sibling of HUB for token ring network. The only differences between HUBand MAU are: -(j) ‘Hub is used for Ethernet ‘Network while MAU is used for Token ring network. (i) Hub creates logically star topology while MAU creates logically ring topology.; Notwork Topologies and Network Dovieg, 414 Data Communication & Computer Network ! cables systematically. It doesn’t 2, Patch Panel:it is used to organize the UTI signal. interfere in dat, (b) Patch Panel Fig. 4.13 yuters together within one Loca] (a) Multi Access Unit 4.2.2 Ba * Network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple comp ‘Area Network (LAN). Network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OS! model, * A network switch can be defined as the device that conhects the network devices or network segments. Switches available with 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 64 ports. * Switch is a concentrator, a device that provides a central connection point for cables from workstations, servers, and peripherals. ‘+ A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a Network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. 7 * While hub just does the work of data forwarding, a switch does ‘filter and forwarding’ which is a more intelligent way of dealing with the data packets. * Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. * Unlike hubs, switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are réceived, determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. +» When a switch receives frame, it checks FCS (Frame checksum sequence) field in it, Switch process the frame only if it is valid, All invalided frames are automatically dropped. All valid frames are processed and forwarded to their destination MAC address, * By delivering messages only to the connected device intended. Switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub. * Switch supports different bandwidth either 10/100 i (40/10/1000) standards, “rs Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet * Switches can be connected to each other, a go-called daisy chaini i larger number of devices to a LAN. Switch Reduce the calisinbomse std ‘eat prose system and the switch or hub is said to be half-duy either sent or received on the wire but not at the ra iia Soe a science ate on the connection, a switch can operate in full-duplex mode~it nena can send and receive data on the connection at the same time, Ina full- lines., lator. It is ahardware component that allog, to connect to the Internet. lows digital data or information to by such asa telephone line. and "demodulate’, which are the Modem is abbreviation for Modulator - Demodi a computer or other device, such as a router or switch, ‘A modem acts as a sort of converter or translator. It al transmitted over traditionally analog lines of transmission ‘The word "modem" is a mix of two transmission terms, “modulate two main operations performed. ‘The digital signal from a computer is converted into analog form, sent over then decoded back into its digital form at the receiving end. Modems are used for ea eae from one computer network to another See through telephone lines. The computer network works in digital mode, while analog technology is used for carrying massages across phone lines. In modem modulator converts information fro1 ‘end and demodulator converts the same from analog to digital a Fig. 4.34 shows working process of a modem while Fig. 4.35 shows building blocks of a modem. ‘The process of converting analog signals of one computer network into digital signals of another computer network so they can be processed by a receiving computer is referred to as digitizing. When an analog facility is used for data communication between two digital devices called Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), modems are used at each end, DTE can be a terminal or a computer. Digital signal Analog signal Digtal signal ‘Telephone line. ) Fig. 4.34: Modulation/demodulation in Modem ‘The modem at the transmitting end converts the digital signal generated by DTE into an analog signal by modulating a carrier. This modem at the receiving end demodulates the carrier and hand over the demodulated digital signal to the DTE. ‘The transmission medium between the two modems can be dedicated circuit or a switched telephone circuit, Ifa switched telephone circuit is used, then the modems are connected to the local telephone exchanges. the analog medium ang 1m digital mode to analog mode at the transmitting receiving end. |—> Transmission ‘medium Telephone instrument Fig. 4.35: Building Blocks of a Modem Whenever, data transmission is required connection between the mod: ish rm a esieacangee jodems is established through Modem is used for connecting a computer to a telephone line. Modem converts digital data from computers to analog signals and puts the data onto the telephon®ots Communication Modem is a bidirectional device whi ich ci the analog data or signals on the telephone Lines into digital data when it is used fer ders reception. or data punctions of Modem: 1. Take the data from the RS-232 interface, . Convert the bit 4 2 Convert the binary data into analog signals 3, Perform line control and signali atherendof phoneline, 2 une f° the 4, Send dialing signals, «A typical network setup connecting multi computers to the internet using a Ree router, (See Fig. 4.36), types of Modem: 4a Network Te Wireless laptop Fig. 4.36 1, Analog Modem: Analog modem converts analog signal in digital signal and vice versa. There are ‘two types of analog modem namely internal and external. @) Internal Modem that plugged directly into the CPU. Physically internal modem in the form of a card that is plugged into one of the expansion slots on the main board, usually on the ISA or PCI slot. (i) External Modem that installed outside of the CPU. External modem connected to the CPU via the COM port or USB, This type of modem typically uses separate voltage source inthe form of an adapter. 2. Digital Modem: Instead of signal conversion, digital modem performs modulation known as line coding. Line coding is used to modulate the digital signal in such a way that they can be transmitted over the digital line. DSL, ADSL and ISDN modem are the examples of digital modems. «+ onthe basis of directional capability, modems are divided into half duplex and full duplex modems. 4. Half Duplex Modem: The term half duplex means that signal can travel in either direction, but the transmission will take place in only one direction at a time, These modems have only one carrier frequency. This type of modem is required to send and receive signal alternately. This type of arrangement uses more channel bandwidth and the data communication takes place at a very slow rate. 2, Full Duplex Modem: These modems can transmit in both directions simultaneously. They also make use of two carrier frequencies (one for each direction). Each carrier makes use of half of the bandwidth which is available to it. The process of transmission and receiving of data by these modems can take place at full speed. Modem Request to send No Incoming carer Indication Data (a) Half Duplex Modem Fig. 4.37 Modem Request: to send No Data ‘Outgoing Incoming carrer carrier Incoming Indication cartier Data . (0) Full Duplex Modem - olaData Communication & Computer Network 432 Network Topotogles and Network Devicog * Onthe basis of connection to the line they are classified into2wireand4wiremodems: 1. 2 Wire Modem: These modems make use of the same pair of wires for outgoing and incoming carriers, Due to the use of only one pair of wires which is extended into the subscriber's location, this type of leased 2 wire connection is less expensive than the 4 wire connection. . 2. 4 Wire Modem: In this type of connection, separate wires are used for incoming and outgaining carrier. Data can be transmitted on half and full duplex mode through these settings. The same carrier frequency can be used for transmission in both directions as the physical path is separate for each in this case. OTE 4-wire OTE conndetion Modem Modem f fcarier i frequency . (a)2 Wire Modem (b) 4 Wire Modem . Fig. 4.38 * On the basis of transmission mode, modems are divided into asynchronous and synchronous modems: 1. Asynchronous Modem: Asynchronous modems can handle data bytes with start and stop bits. There is no separate timing signal or clock between the modem and the DTE. The internal timing pulses are synchronized repeatedly to the leading edge of the start pulse. It is able to manage a continuous flow of data bits provided that a clock signal is used. 2. Synchronous Modem: Synchronous modems can handle a continuous stream of data bits but requires a clock signal. The data bits are always synchronized to the clock signal., There are -separate clocks for the data bits being transmitted and received. For synchronous transmission of data bits, the DTE can use its internal clock and supply the same to the modem. Data is transmitted in frames along with synchronization bits which are used for ensuring the timely transmission and reception of data, These modems are mainly employed on dedicated leased lines. ‘Synchronous data LI 7 UULUUU ‘Stop bit Data (a)Synchronous Modem (0) Asynchronous Modem Fig. 4.39 Wireless Infrastructure Components * Wireless communication is today one of the most important ways to transport voice, video, and data using Radio-Frequency (RF) or microwaves. In fact, since 2002, more phone calls are made via @ wireless link rather than a wired link. w + na wireless infrastructure, wireless devices can communicate with each other or communicate with a wired network. | © Atypical witeless infrastructure comprises devices that connect to the network. They include antennas, access points, mobile stations, base station subsystems, network subsystems, base station. controllers, terminals, mobile switching centers, wireless modems, and wireless routers,Duta Communioaton & Compute Hetwork an Netware Topatogien and Natur owe + Awireless network consists of several components that support communications using radio or light waves propagating through an air medium. 1. Antennas: + An antenna is a device that is designed to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves (generally called radio waves), + Anantenna is a collection of metal rods and wires that capture radio waves and translate them into electrical current, 2. Wireless NICs: The wireless network card locates and communicates to the access point with a powerful signal to give the user network access. + The building block components of a WLAN are client stations that connect to access points that in turn connect to the network infrastructure. The device that makes a client station capable of sending and receiving RF signals is the wireless NIC. + Like an Ethernet NIC, the wireless NIC, using the modulation technique it is configured to use, encodes a data stream onto an RF signal. Wireless NICs are most often associated with mobile devices, such as laptop computers. 3, Access Points (APs): + APs are the hardware devices or software used to connect wireless users into a wired network for communication. They act as a bridge or hub between a wired LAN and a wireless network, they are generally connected to the wired network. ‘+ An AP may also be called the base station. APs are necessary for providing strong wireless security, and also are used for increasing the physical range of the services that the wireless users access. ‘+ An AP is a piece of wireless communications hardware that creates a central point of wireless connectivity. Similar to a hub, the access point is a common connection point for devices in a wireless network. 4. Wireless Router: «The heart of the wireless network is the wireless router. Like a wire-based network, the hub is a central location that all computers connect to, providing the computers with network access. + Awireless router is a simple router with a wireless interface. It is a device that connects wireless networks. + Wireless router connects the network, and operates at the network layer of the OSI model. It is a regular IP router with 802.11 interfaces that contain antennas. © A wireless LAN router adds a built-in access point function to a multiport Ethernet router. This combines multiple Ethernet networks with wireless connections. * Atypical wireless LAN router includes four Ethernet ports, an 802.11 access point, and sometimes a parallel port so it can be a print server. This gives wireless users the same ability as wired users to send and receive packets over multiple networks. 5. Wireless Modems: Wireless modems are devices that are used to connect computers to a WLAN without using cable wiring. © The modem is connected toa wireless network instead of toa telephone system. 6. Wireless Repeaters: Wireless repeaters are used to extend the radio frequency cell. Access points, which require interconnecting cabling, generally play a dominant role for providing coverage in most wireless LAN nts, Tepeaters, however, are a way to extend the range of an existing wireless LAN Instead of ‘more access points.Network Topologies and Network Doviogs f the existing network * A repeater simply regenerates a network signal to extend the Sranire to any part of the infrastructure. A wireless LAN repeater does not physically connes network, * Instead, it receives radio signals from an access poi retransmits the frames. This makes it possible for a repeater locat distant user to act as a relay for frames traveling back and forth point. 7. Wireless Hub: ‘ , * A network hub is designed to connect computers. A wireless hub ocelot het disk or Wi-Fi drive is a portable wireless access point that can share files bye i nected phone * A common use for a wireless hub is to streani videos, pictures, and music to co} phones, tablets, and computers. 8. Wireless Bridge: * Wireless bridges connect two or more wired LANs together. Typically there are two configurations for wireless bridges namely, point-to-point or point-to-multipoint. ee * A wireless bridge is a dedicated device that functions in much the same way as an access point in bridge mode. Wireless bridges have many of the same features as enterprise access points, including removable antennas and selectable power levels. * Connecting locations together using wireless bridging has many benefit, including fast installation, cost savings, and high data transfer rates. Depending on the circumstances, a wireless bridge can be installed. 9. Wireless Gateways: Wireless gateways include wireless media gateways, wireless. presentation gateways, and the Hotspot Gateway. . * Awireless gateway routes packets from a wireless LAN to another network, wired or wireless WAN. It may be implemented as software or hardware or combination of both. * Wireless gateways combine the functions of a wireless access point, a router, and often provide firewall functions as well. * Wireless routers provide Network Address Translation (NAT) functionality, so multiple user can use the internet witha single public IP. It also acts like a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) to assign IPs automatically to devices connected to the network. Practice Questions, 1. Whatis network topology? 2 Define the following topologies with their advantages and disadvanta ; an es: (i) Bus topology, (i) Ring topology i) star topology, (v) Mesh topology, (y Tree topology, ‘w) Bere topology oe Data Communication & Computer Network 44 iter; it i user device, or another repeater, SD ted between an access point and between the user and the access 3. Explain bus topology with suitable diagram, 4. Explain star topology with suitable diagram. 5. Explain ring topology with its advantages and disadvantages, 6. With neat diagram explain mesh topology, 7. Explain hybrid topology with diagram. ~ 8. Describe tree topology in detail, 9. 1. _ Describe network topology. State any four topologies. 10. State whether star is active or passive network ? + UL. What is Hub? Enlist its types. lat is modem? How it works? Explain with diagrammatically Justify: Give to advantages of star ‘topology. ‘‘Data Communication & Computor Network 435 Network Topologies and Network Devices, 43, Whatis gateway? How it works, 14, Describe the role of modem in transmission. 15, Enlist four features of switch in the network. 16. a are more intelligent than bridge. Give four reasons. ei a sare ie bee intelligent. Justify the above statement. 49. With the help of neat diagram describe the working of routers, Also enlist types of routers. 20. With the help of neat diagram describe the functioning of gateway. 21. Whats repeater? Explain in detail. 22. Whatis bridge? Explain its different types in detail. 23. Explain the roles of network connecting device. 24, Describe wireless infrastructure ‘components in detail. ‘Summer 2015 1, _ Define the term ‘Topology’. List the names of any two network topologies. Ans. Refer to Section 4.1, 2. _ State whether the bus is active or passive network. Justify your answer. em Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.1. 3. Describe Tree Topology with neat diagram. State its advantages. (any two) (ea) Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.4.5, 4, Enlist essential components required to design computer network. Describe any one in brief. wm Ans. Refer to Section 4.2. 5. State any two advantages of ring topology, define token. State whether ring topology is broadcast or point to point network. tt Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.2. 6. Describe the function of repeater. In which situation the repeater is used in the network? ‘Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.5. 7. With the help of neat sketch describe the working of router. Describe in detail the operation of router considering OSI model. Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.3. [Winter 2035 1. List types of network topology. Name one device used in star topology. Ga Ans, Refer to Sections 4.1 and 4.1.1. | 2. ” Draw with neat labelled sketch of star networks having three computers in two stars and two computers in one star. Ans. Refer to Section 4.14.3. _ 3. You are said to establish a small network with minimum cost at least ten computer and also necessary to use the centralized database. Which type of network and topology you will prefer in this situation? Justify your answer. Ans. Bus Topology. 4 etc reredesniana of ring topology. Describe token. State whether ring topology is broadcast a or point to point network. Refer to Section 4.1.4.2.«a1 Communication & Computer Network 436 Network Topologies and Network Devices 5. State any two advantages of bus topology. Explain whether adding more computers ‘a topology affects performance of network. a Ans. Refer to Section 4.14.1. 6. Describe gateways, State the situations under which gateways are necessary in the network, ‘Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.6, Summer 2016 1. _ Define network topology. List types of network topologies. ‘Ans. Refer to Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.1. ~ 2, Name the topology which is combination of different topologies. Explain it with advantast ay (2 M)} Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.4.6. 3. Draw the sketch of bus topology and explain. ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.1, 4. State the functions of (i) Hub (ii) Repeater (iii) Bridge (iv) Router. c Ans. Refer to Section Page 4.11 Points (1), (2), (5) and (3). 5. What is role of modems in networking ? Explain types of modems. Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.7. and Pages 4.31 and 4.32. : [Winter 2016] 1. _ Give two criteria for selection of network topologies. Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.3. 2. Compare mesh topology with star topology. Ans. Following table compares star and mesh to] Ina mesh topology, every devicehasa _| Instar topology, each device has a dedicated dedicated point-to-point link toevery _| point-to-point link only toa central controller. other device. 2.__| More cabling and 1/0 ports required. Less cabling and less 1/O ports required. .__| More expensive than star. Less expensive than mesh, 4, | Fault identification and faultisolation | Fault identification and fault isolation slightly easier. less easier. 5.__ | More privacy and security. Less privacy and security, 3. Drawanneat sketch of bus topology and describe its working. Give its advantages. Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.4.1. 4, _ Whatare the situations under which gateways are used in networks? ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.2.6. 5. Name the topology which combines two. or more topologies.. What are its. advantages?. Draw. a. neat diagram of the same. Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.4, ‘6. Give two applications of : (i) Modems, (ii) Routers. Ans. Refer to Sections 4.2.7 and 4.2.3. ‘Summer 2017| 4. State whether the bus is active or passive network. Justify your answer. "Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.1.oats Communication Natwork Matorork Ye snc Hote o 2, Stateany four topologies, ‘ans. Refer to Section 4.1.1, wm 3. Explain tree topology with ; cr ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.5, nena wm ‘Whatis trai 4 insceiver? State the advantages and disadvantages of it. ‘Ans. Transceivers are device tothe various Tthernet mano htransmitand receive. Transceivers are used to connect nodes AOmAReT FAO ‘computers and network interface cards contain a built-in racing ea mae sransceiver, allowing them to be connected directly to Ethernet without the user to connect qanscelver. Many Ethemet devices provide an AUT connector to allow cenponalle for tre to any media type via an external transceiver. The transceiver is athe satiorvive nsmitting, Teceiving, and detecting collisions. The transceiver is connected pan ransceiver cable that provides separate paths for sending and receiving. : Roch device can provide path for send and receive signals. e Petes son or data oa card (but can happen only in media). . rate paths for sending and receiv Disadvantages: anne 1, The cable length to connect computers from transceiver is less (50m) compared to other guided media (100m -500m). 2. Increases the cost of the network. 5, With neat diagram explain Gateways. Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.6. 6. With the help of neat diagram, describe the working of Routers. Also enlist types of routers (GI) ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.2.3. Winter 2017] 1. What is hub? Give types of hub. Ans, Refer to Section 4.2.1. 2. Whatare the various network control devices? ‘Ans. Refer to Section 4.2. 3. Describe router with neat and labeled diagram. State the situation under which router are necessary in network. Cn ‘Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.3. 4. Explain the operation of modem. a M) ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.2.7. 5. _ Explain mesh topology with suitable diagram. ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.4. 6. Describe repeater. State the situation under which repeater are necessary, in network. Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.5. 7. Compare hub and switch. Ans, Refer to Page 4.16. 1. State any two advantages of Bus topology: mm ‘Ans, Refer to Page 4.4. Define following terms: () Staticrouter (li) Dynamic: router. Refer to Page 4.19.Network Te and Natwork Devices 3. Describe the types of hubs, ‘Ans, Refer to Page 4.13, 4. State whether bus is active or passive network. Justify. Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.1. 5. State the functions of: @) Hub (il) Repeater (ii) Bridge (iv) Router, Ans. Refer to Page 4.11 Points (1), (2) (5) and (3). 6. Draw and explain the working of star topology. Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.4.3. 7. Describe role of modem in networking. Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.7. - 8. Explain tree topology with neat diagram. ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.5, 9. Compare star bus with star-ring topology. ‘Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.4.6. 10. Whatis NIC? Ans. Refer to Page 4.11 Point (7). [Winter 2018] 1. Define network topology. Ans. Refer to Section 4.1.2. 2. State two Advantages of star topology. Ans. Refer to Page 4.6. 3. What is modem? Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.7. 4. Identify switches and state in which layer of OSI reference model they operate. ‘Ans. Refer to Page 4.15. 5. Explain the working of ring topology with neat sketch. to) ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.2. 6. Compare Huband Switch, fam) Ans, Refer to Page 4.16. 7. State whether bus is active or passive network. Justify. a ‘Ans. Bus is a passive network. In the bus topology the major component is the backbone cable. The communication takes place through it and this backbone does not do any amplification or correction of signals or port identification. It simply broadcast signal that's why bus can be called as passive network. 8, — Explain tree topology with neat diagram. ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.1.4.5. 9. What is Gateway? Explain and state its operation. ‘Ans, Refer to Section 4.2.6. Soe