7

The Integumentary UNIT OUTLINE

System The Skin and Its Accessory

Structures
Activity 1: Identifying and Describing
Skin Structures
Activity 2: Examining the Histology
of the Skin
Activity 3: Determining Sweat Gland
Distribution

T
he integumentary system is composed of the skin, or cutaneous membrane,
plus its accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands. The skin, the largest
and most visible organ of the body, has numerous functions. The tightly
connected cells of the skin provide protection by forming an impenetrable barrier
to infectious agents. Through the excretion of sweat, waste products (including lac-
tic acid and urea) are released onto the skin. Numerous sensory receptors in the
skin enable sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration.
Blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin enable it to act in thermoregulation by
removing excess heat or preventing heat loss. In response to nerve signals, blood
vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and heat loss through the skin, or dilate to
increase heat loss. Finally, the skin is the site of the initial steps in the synthesis of
vitamin D, which is important for the absorption of calcium from the diet.
In this unit we first look at the various parts of each layer of the skin, and then
study the histology of skin. Then we will investigate the distribution of sweat
glands in skin at various locations of the body.

T h i n k A b o u T i T Describe one way in which each of the following organ

systems works with the integumentary system to maintain homeostasis:
Cardiovascular system: _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Nervous system: _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Immune system: _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ▪

103
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENTS Pre-lab quizzes are also assignable
in

To maximize learning, BEFORE your lab period carefully read this entire lab unit
and complete these pre-lab assignments using your textbook, lecture notes, and
prior knowledge.

P R E - L A B Activity 1: Identifying and Describing Skin Structures

1. Use the list of terms provided to label the accompanying illustration of the skin. Check off each
term as you label it.

□ hair

□ dermis a epidermis
hair e
□ adipose tissue dermis
b sebaceous gland f
□ hypodermis
c hypodermis
□ sweat gland sweat gland g
d adipose tissue
□ epidermis

□ sebaceous gland

2. Which layer of the epidermis is most superficial?

a. stratum corneum d. stratum spinosum
b. stratum basale e. stratum lucidum
c. stratum granulosum

P R E - L A B Activity 2: Examining the Histology of the Skin

1. Which of the following statements correctly describes thick skin?
a. It is found in the skin of the soles and palms.
b. The epidermis contains four different layers or strata.
c. The stratum basale is the thickest stratum.
d. Thick skin does not contain keratinocytes.
2. For each of the following structures, write in the blank whether it is located in the epidermis (E) or
the dermis (D):
_____
E a. melanocyte
_____
D b. collagen
_____
D c. sweat gland
_____
E d. keratinocyte
_____
D e. sebaceous gland
_____
D f. lamellated corpuscle
_____
D g. blood vessels
3. True or false?: The shaft of a hair projects above the surface of the skin and is composed of living
cells.
a. true
b. false

104
 UNIT 7 | The Integumentary System 105

P R E - L A B Activity 3: Determining Sweat Gland Distribution

1. True or false?: The skin on the forehead contains both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.
a. true
b. false
2. Which of the following statements regarding eccrine sweat glands is true?
a. They are only found on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands.
b. Their primary function is the regulation of body temperature.
c. They usually open into hair follicles.
d. They are found in the deepest part of the epidermis.

The Skin and Its Accessory The Epidermis

Structures The epidermis is avascular and composed of keratinized,
stratified squamous epithelium and contains four distinct
The skin is made up of two distinct layers: the superficial cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langer-
epidermis and the underlying dermis (Figure 7-1). A third hans) cells, and Merkel (tactile) cells. Keratinocytes produce
layer of tissue, the hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer) lies the strong waterproofing protein keratin, melanocytes pro-
deep to the dermis, and although it is not considered a com- duce the protective pigment melanin, and dendritic cells are
ponent of the skin, it does help the skin perform its func- specialized white blood cells that migrate to the epidermis,
tions. The hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue where they function as phagocytes. Merkel (tactile) cells are
with many blood vessels and adipose tissue. The right-hand located at the epidermal–dermal junction and function in
portion of Figure 7-2 provides a histological view of the epi- light touch reception.
dermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Epidermal cells are arranged in layers (strata) of cells.
Thick skin, which is located only in the palms of the hands

Sweat pores

Sweat duct

Epidermis
Sebaceous
glands

Hair
Dermis

Hypodermis
(not part of
skin)

Eccrine sweat gland

Apocrine sweat
gland
Sensory receptors
Adipose tissue

Arrector pili muscle Blood vessels

Figure 7-1 The basic structure of skin.

106 U NI T 7 | The Integumentary System

Dermal
papillae
Epidermis
Capillaries
Dermal papillae

Papillary layer Tactile (Meissner)

of dermis corpuscles

Collagen fibers

Reticular layer
of dermis
Lamellated
(Pacinian)
corpuscles
Hypodermis Blood vessels
LM (30×)
Figure 7-2 A diagrammatic representation (left) and a histological view (right) of the structures of the skin.

and the soles of the feet, contains five strata: the stratum histological differences between thick skin and thin skin.
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum Figure 7-4 provides a diagrammatic representation and a de-
lucidum, and stratum corneum. Thin skin, which is lo- tailed histological view of the epidermis. Refer to Figures 7-3
cated everywhere else in the body, contains only four strata and 7-4 as you read the following descriptions of the epider-
(the stratum lucidum is absent). Figure 7-3 illustrates the mal strata.

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Dermis

LM (165×) LM (120×)
(a) Thick skin (b) Thin skin

Figure 7-3 A comparison between thick skin and thin skin.

 UNIT 7 | The Integumentary System 107

Sloughing
keratinocytes

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum
(found only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Dendritic
cell

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Keratinocytes

Dermis

LM (485×)
Melanocyte Dividing Merkel
keratinocyte cell

Figure 7-4 A diagrammatic representation (left) and a histological view (right) of the epidermis.

The stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis, The thin stratum granulosum consists of three to five
consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (kerati- layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in ap-
nocytes) attached to a basement membrane. These cells are pearance as they begin to fill with keratin (a process called
actively mitotic; as they produce more keratinocytes, the keratinization). As this happens, the cells flatten and their
newest cells push the older keratinocytes toward the surface organelles, including the nucleus, disintegrate; the cells even-
of the epidermis. The stratum basale also contains melano- tually die.
cytes, cells that secrete the brown pigment melanin, which
is then transferred to neighboring keratinocytes. The accu- T h i n k A b o u T i T Why do cells in the stratum gran-
mulation of melanin granules between the keratinocyte’s nu- ulosum, the third epidermal layer, begin to die? (Hint: In what
cleus and its apical surface shields the cell’s DNA from the way is the epidermis dependent on the underlying dermis?)
damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
The stratum spinosum contains 8–10 layers of cells, ________________________________________________
mostly keratinocytes that have a “spiny” appearance in his- ________________________________________________ ▪
tological preparations. Living stratum spinosum cells do not
actually have spines; instead, the spines are artifacts caused The stratum lucidum, which is found only in the thick
by the shrinkage of the cells during the preparation re- skin of the palms and soles, consists of two to four trans-
quired for viewing them on a microscope slide. In addition lucent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes. The most super-
to keratinocytes, dendritic cells are prominent in the stratum ficial epidermal stratum, the stratum corneum, is the
spinosum. thickest stratum, consisting of 20–30 layers of cells. Its cells
108 U NI T 7 | The Integumentary System

are essentially flattened sacs of keratin that are continually and accounts for approximately 80% of dermal thickness.
shed from the surface of the skin and are replaced by kerati- The reticular layer contains an abundance of collagen fibers
nocytes arising from deeper layers. (for strength), elastic fibers (for flexibility), and reticular fi-
bers (to form a supporting network for dermal structures).
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles are also located in the
The Dermis reticular layer. Their multilayered capsule is specialized to
Underlying the epidermis is the highly vascular dermis, detect pressure and vibrations.
which consists of a papillary layer and a reticular layer (see The accessory structures of the skin include hairs, nails,
Figure 7-2). The papillary layer, which lies immediately and glands. Hairs and glands are primarily dermal struc-
deep to the stratum basale and largely consists of loose con- tures, although portions of them project up into and through
nective tissue, is so named because it contains finger-like the epidermis.
projections called dermal papillae, many of which contain
capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying,
avascular epidermis. Other dermal papillae contain tactile
Hairs
(Meissner) corpuscles, which respond to light touch, or free Hairs are found all over the body surface—with the excep-
nerve endings, which function as pain or temperature recep- tion of the palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia,
tors. Dermal papillae are prominent on the hands and feet and nipples. Hairs are produced by structures called hair
and form dermal ridges that indent the epidermis and form follicles and consist of two basic parts: the shaft, which is
fingerprints. Touching a surface leaves behind sweat in the composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells and projects
shape of your fingerprint pattern (much as an inked rubber from the skin surface, and the root, which is enclosed by the
stamp does). hair follicle projecting down into the dermis (Figure 7-5).
The reticular layer of the dermis, the deepest layer of the Viewed in transverse section, a hair can be seen to consist
skin, consists largely of dense, irregular connective tissue of three distinct layers of keratinized cells: an inner medulla,

Cuticle

Cortex

Medulla

Hair shaft Arrector pili (a) Transverse section of a hair shaft

muscle
Hair follicle
Hair root

Epithelial
Hair follicle: root sheath
Epithelial Dermal root
root sheath sheath
Dermal root
sheath
Medulla
Cuticle
Cortex
Matrix

Hair papilla

Hair
bulb Melanocyte

(b) Frontal section of a hair root and hair follicle

Figure 7-5 The anatomy of hairs and hair follicles.

 UNIT 7 | The Integumentary System 109

a middle cortex, and an outer cuticle (see Figure 7-5a). Hair rests on a region of the epidermis called the nail bed. The
color is largely determined by the type and amount of mela- thickened proximal portion of the nail bed, called the nail
nin within the cortex. matrix, is responsible for nail growth. As the nail matrix
Each hair follicle is formed by layers of epidermal tis- produces new nail cells, the older cells become keratinized
sue, called the epithelial root sheath, that is surrounded by and die as they move distally across the nail bed.
a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue. A bun-
dle of smooth muscle fibers, called an arrector pili muscle,
attaches to the dermal root sheath. Contracted arrector pili
Sebaceous Glands
muscles cause goosebumps. The knob-like base of the hair Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands—glands that release
root, called the hair bulb (see Figure 7-5b), contains the ma- their secretory products onto external or internal body sur-
trix, the living, mitotically active part of the hair that adds faces. Most sebaceous glands (see Figure 7-1) secrete an oily,
new hair cells to the base of the hair root. Sensory receptors acidic substance called sebum into hair follicles, although
are connected to the base of the hair bulb. The hair papilla, some deposit sebum directly onto the skin surface. Sebum
a small projection of dermal tissue from the dermal root acts as a lubricant that keeps the skin and hair soft and moist
sheath that protrudes into the hair bulb, contains capillaries and deters the growth of infectious agents. Sebaceous glands
that supply the growing hair cells with oxygen and nutrients. are located in skin everywhere except the palms and soles.
As mitosis continues within the matrix, hair cells are pushed The histological view of the scalp in Figure 7-7 shows a seba-
toward the surface of the skin. These cells undergo keratini- ceous gland next to a cross-section of a hair follicle.
zation, which is completed by the time the cells approach the
skin surface, and then die.
Sweat Glands
Sweat glands, which are also exocrine glands, consist of a
Think AbouT iT How are hair papillae similar to coiled secretory component and a duct composed of sim-
ple cuboidal epithelial tissue. Two types of glands produce
dermal papillae? __________________________________ sweat: eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands.
_______________________________________________ ▪ Eccrine sweat glands are distributed all over the body,
and they secrete sweat that is primarily water but also con-
tains salts and waste products. The coiled secretory por-
tion of the gland is in the dermis, and the duct extends up
Nails through the epidermis and opens into a funnel-shaped pore
Nails (Figure 7-6) are modifications of the epidermis that at the skin surface (see Figure 7-1). The primary function of
protect the dorsal ends of the fingers and toes. These struc- eccrine sweat glands is temperature regulation. When body
tures are associated with a nail: two nail folds, the folds of temperature rises, eccrine sweat glands release sweat that
skin along either side of the nail body (see Figure 7-6a); the carries heat away as it evaporates from the skin surface.
eponychium (or cuticle), the thick fold at the proximal end Apocrine sweat glands are confined to the groin, axillae,
of the nail; and the lunula, the white, crescent-shaped re- and the areola around each nipple. They tend to be larger
gion at the base of the nail. The free edge of the nail (see and deeper in the dermis than eccrine sweat glands, and they
Figure 7-6b) extends past the end of the digit. The nail body have ducts that empty into hair follicles (see Figure 7-1).

Nail body Eponychium

of nail plate Nail root of Proximal Nail body of
nail plate nail fold Lunula nail plate
Medial
nail fold
Lateral nail
fold Free edge
Lunula of nail

Nail root of
nail plate
Eponychium
Hyponychium

Epidermis

Dermis
Nail matrix Nail bed Bone
(a) Posterior view of a nail (b) Sagittal section of a fingertip

Figure 7-6 The structure of a nail.

110 U NI T 7 | The Integumentary System

Materials Needed
□ Skin model
□ Small stickers for labeling
□ Markers

Instructions
Adipose tissue
1. Identify the epidermis on the skin model.
Which specific tissue type makes up the epidermis?
Hair follicle ____________________________________________

Hair
2. Locate the five strata of the epidermis. For each stratum,
list the specific cell types and the approximate number
of cell layers. Also, circle the stratum that is found only
in thick skin.
Eccrine sweat Stratum basale ________________________________
gland
Stratum spinosum ______________________________
Stratum granulosum ____________________________
Sebaceous Stratum lucidum _______________________________
gland
Stratum corneum ______________________________
Dense irregular
connective 3. Identify the dermis on the skin model.
tissue
Name the two layers of the dermis and list the predominant
specific tissue type found in each. __________________
Figure 7-7 A histological view of the scalp.
____________________________________________

These sweat glands, which are activated at puberty, respond 4. Using a black marker, label 9 stickers with the letters a–i.
to pain, emotional stress, and sexual stimulation. In addition As you identify each of the following structures on a
to the components found in sweat (water, salts, and wastes), skin model, place the corresponding sticker on the
apocrine sweat gland secretions also contain proteins. These structure. Discuss within your lab group the function
secretions are odorless, but when released onto the skin they and anatomical features of each structure, and then
are metabolized by bacteria, producing body odor. agree on and list at least three terms or phrases that best
identify or describe the anatomy and functions of each
structure. The features of the first structure are given as
ACTIVITY 1 an example.
a. Sebaceous gland Produces sebum, is associated with
Identifying and Describing a hair follicle, is an exocrine gland
Skin Structures b. Eccrine sweat gland ___________________________
Learning Outcomes ___________________________________________
1. Identify the following skin structures on a skin model, and
describe the function of each: epidermis, dermis, sebaceous c. Apocrine sweat gland _________________________
gland, eccrine sweat gland, apocrine sweat gland, arrector pili ___________________________________________
muscle, dermal papillae, hair follicle and hair, tactile (Meissner)
corpuscle, lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle, and sensory d. Arrector pili muscle __________________________
nerve fiber.
2. Identify the strata (layers) of the epidermis, and describe the ___________________________________________
structure and function of the cell types found in each stratum. e. Dermal papillae _____________________________
3. Describe the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis, and
name the specific tissue type that is predominant in each layer. ___________________________________________
4. Distinguish between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat f. Hair follicle _________________________________
glands with respect to structure and function.
___________________________________________
 UNIT 7 | The Integumentary System 111

g. Tactile (Meissner) corpuscle ____________________ Instructions

___________________________________________ 1. Observe a slide of a section of thin skin that includes
h. Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle _________________ hairs. Use colored pencils to sketch the slide and label
the following structures: epidermis, dermis, hair follicle,
___________________________________________ hair root, and hair shaft.
i. Sensory receptor _____________________________
____________________________________________
5. Now, quiz each other about the 9 structures you labeled
on the model. First, take turns calling out the three
terms or phrases you wrote down for each structure. As
the terms/phrases are called out, the other students will
name the structure being described and locate it on the
model. Then take turns calling out a structure, and have
the other students locate it on the model and state the
three terms/phrases that describe it.
6. Optional Activity
Practice labeling structures of the integument on skin models
™ at > Study Area > Practice Anatomy Lab
> Anatomical Models > Integumentary System Total magnification: _____ ×

Which epidermal stratum is absent in this section of

ACTIVITY 2 skin? ________________________________________

Which part of the hair is actively mitotic?
Examining the Histology of the Skin
_____________________________________________
Learning Outcome
2. Observe a slide of a section of thick skin. Use colored
1. Identify skin structures on microscope slides or in
pencils to sketch the slide and label the following struc-
photomicrographs.
tures: epidermis (stratum basale, stratum spinosum,
Materials Needed stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum
corneum), epidermal ridge, dermis (papillary layer and
□ Microscope and prepared microscope slides (or photomicrographs)
reticular layer), and dermal papilla.
of the following structures:
Thin skin with hairs
Thick skin
Pigmented epithelium
Nonpigmented epithelium
Dermis
Skin with a tattoo
□ Colored pencils

Total magnification: _____ ×

Which parts of the skin are responsible for fingerprints?

_____________________________________________
Which epidermal stratum is unique to thick skin?
_____________________________________________
112 U NI T 7 | The Integumentary System

3. Observe a slide of a section of pigmented epithelium 4. Observe a slide of a section of dermis. Use colored
and a slide of a section of nonpigmented epithelium. pencils to sketch the slide and label all the skin layers
Use colored pencils to sketch each of these slides, and and skin structures you see.
label the following structures: epidermis (stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and
stratum corneum), melanocyte, and dermis (papillary
layer and reticular layer).

Total magnification: _____ ×

Are sweat glands present? __________ If yes, are these

glands eccrine sweat glands or apocrine sweat glands?
Total magnification: _____ × Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Are sebaceous glands present? __________ How can you
distinguish between sebaceous glands and eccrine sweat
glands based on structure?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Observe a slide of a section of skin that contains a
tattoo. Use colored pencils to sketch the slide and label
all the skin layers and skin structures you see.

Total magnification: _____ ×

Which cells produce melanin? ____________________

Where are these cells located? _____________________

Total magnification: _____ ×

In which layer of the skin are the ink granules of a tattoo

located? ______________________________________
_____________________________________________
 UNIT 7 | The Integumentary System 113

Why is a tattoo permanent, whereas a suntan is not? 2. Perform the following steps:
_____________________________________________ a. Use a cotton swab to apply Betadine to areas of the
skin on the palm, forearm, and forehead. Each Betadine-
_____________________________________________ swabbed area should be slightly larger than the
6. Optional Activity paper squares you will be using. Let the Betadine
dry thoroughly.
View and label histology slides of the integumentary system at
™
> Study Area > Practice Anatomy Lab >
b. Cover each Betadine-swabbed area with a square of
Histology > Integumentary System
paper and then secure the paper with surgical tape.
c. After 15 minutes, remove the paper squares and
count the number of blue-black dots on the paper.
Each dot indicates the presence of an active eccrine
sweat gland. Record your data in the following table:
ACTIVITY 3
Body Location No. of Eccrine Sweat Glands/cm2 of Skin
Determining Sweat Gland Distribution
Palm  
Learning Outcome Forearm  
1. Determine the relative distribution of sweat glands in the skin of
the palm, forearm, and forehead. Forehead  

Materials Needed
□ 1-cm × 1-cm paper squares (three squares per pair of students) d. Use soap and water to wash the Betadine from the
□ Betadine skin.
□ Cotton swabs e. Report your data to your instructor, and review the
□ Surgical tape results obtained by the entire class.
□ Scissors
3. Was your hypothesis supported by the experimental
□ Soap and water
results? ______________________________________
Instructions
4. What conclusions can you draw from this data set?
1. Working in pairs for this activity, formulate and write _____________________________________________
down a hypothesis concerning the relative distribution
of sweat glands in three different sites: palm, forearm, _____________________________________________
and forehead. _________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
 Post-lab quizzes are also assignable POST-LAB ASSIGNMENTS
in

Karylle Ezra A. Gulifardo

Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Lab Section: __________

PART I. Check Your Understanding

Activity 1: Identifying and Describing Skin Structures

1. Identify the components of skin

in the accompanying diagram: a
a. ___________________________
Hair shaft b
b. ___________________________
Sebaceous glands
i
Sweat duct
c. ___________________________
d. ___________________________
Eccrine sweat gland c
Blood vessels
e. ___________________________
Sensory receptors d j
f. ___________________________
g. ___________________________
Adipose tissue
e
Arrector pili muscle
h. ___________________________
i. ___________________________
Epidermis f
Dermis g
j. ___________________________
h

2. Which of the following structures is found in the epidermis?

a. tactile corpuscle
b. arrector pili muscle
c. lamellated corpuscle
d. eccrine sweat gland
e. None of these structures are found in the epidermis.

3. The papillary layer of the dermis is composed primarily of which type of tissue?
a. stratified squamous epithelial tissue
b. dense irregular connective tissue
c. simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
d. loose connective tissue

4. For each of the following characteristics, indicate whether it describes apocrine (A) or eccrine (E)
sweat glands:
_____
A a. Are found primarily in the groin and axillae
_____
E b. Function primarily in temperature regulation
E
_____ c. Are located deep in the dermis
E
_____ d. Have ducts that empty into hair follicles
E
_____ e. Open onto the skin surface
E
_____ f. Are located across most of the body surface

115
116 U NI T 7 | The Integumentary System

Activity 2: Examining the Histology of the Skin

1. The narrow epidermal layer that appears clear is the:

a. stratum granulosum. d. stratum spinosum.
b. stratum corneum. e. stratum lucidum.
c. stratum basale.

2. Which epidermal stratum is missing in thin skin?

a. stratum corneum d. stratum spinosum
b. stratum basale e. stratum granulosum
c. stratum lucidum

3. True or false?: Unlike a suntan, which is lost because of constant renewal of keratinocytes, a tattoo
is usually permanent because the pigments are in the dermis, which does not have significant cell
turnover.
a. true
b. false

Activity 3: Determining Sweat Gland Distribution

1. True or false?: Eccrine sweat glands are located in the skin of the palm and forehead, but not in the
forearm.
a. true
b. false

PART II. Putting It All Together

A. Review Questions
Answer the following questions using your lecture notes, your textbook, and your lab notes:

1. For each skin structure, write one of its functions and the skin layer in which it is found.
a. hair matrix ____________________________________________________________________
part of hair follicle. Hair follicle is made up of epithelial cells that are fastest growing cells in the human body; hypodermis

b. dendritic cell __________________________________________________________________

help activate the immune system within the body

c. keratinocyte ___________________________________________________________________
providing skin structure and in functioning of the immune system; epidermis

d. collagen fibers _________________________________________________________________

provides strength and cushioning to many areas of body present in reticular dermis.
e. dermal papillae ________________________________________________________________
present in reticular dermis
f. stratum basale _________________________________________________________________
deepest layer of epidermis this basal cell continuous divides and new cells constantly push
older ones up towards the surface of skin where they eventually shed.
 UNIT 7 | The Integumentary System 117

2. If you cut the palm of your hand, but do not bleed:

a. the cut has penetrated through the epidermis into the dermis.
b. it is because blood vessels are located in the hypodermis only.
c. you have injured the epidermis but not the dermis.
d. it is because blood in the epidermal blood vessels clots very quickly.

3. Which of the following statements about melanocytes and keratinocytes is true?

a. Melanocytes are in the dermis and keratinocytes are in the epidermis.
b. Melanocytes produce pigment but keratinocytes do not.
c. Both cell types produce waterproofing material.
d. Both cell types divide and die as they move away from their blood supply.

4. True or false?: Lamellated corpuscles detect pressure, whereas tactile corpuscles detect light touch.
a. true
b. false

B. Concept Mapping

1. Fill in the blanks to complete this concept map outlining components of the skin.

dense irregular connective tissue dermis keratinocyte melanocyte papillary layer

SKIN

Two layers

Epidermis dermis

Cell types Two layers

keratinocyte melanocyte papillary layer Reticular layer

Produces waterproofing Produces protective Primary

protein pigment tissue type

dense irregular
Areolar connective tissue connective tissue
118 U NI T 7 | The Integumentary System

2. Construct a unit concept map to show the relationships among the following set of
terms. Include all of the terms in your diagram. Your instructor may choose to assign
additional terms.

adipose tissue apocrine sweat gland arrector pili muscle

dense irregular connective tissue dermal papillae dermis eccrine sweat gland

epidermis hypodermis keratinocyte lamellated corpuscle

loose connective tissue melanocyte sebaceous gland tactile corpuscle