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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
29 views6 pagesCalculus 1
Uploaded by
Mukt ShahCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEFINITIONS Let f be a function with domain D. Then f has an absolute
maximum value on D ata point if
f(x) S fle) forallxinD
and an absolute minimum value on D at c if
fix) = fle) forallxin D.
Maximum and minimum values are called extreme values of the function j. Absolute
maxima or minima are also referred to as glabal maxima or minima,
ror example, On We Closeu MuerVal [—7F/ 2, 7/4) UIE LUNCUOR J\x) = cos. Lakes on
in absolute maximum value of I (once) and an absolute minimum value of 0 (twice). On
‘he same interval, the function g(x) = sinx takes on a maximum value of 1 and a
ninimum value of =1 (Figure 4.1).
Function rule Domain D Absolute extrema on D
(20, 20) No absolute maximum.
Absolute minimum of 0 at x = 0.
(b) y (0,2) Absolute maximum of 4 atx = 2.
Absolute minimum of 0 at x = 0
oy (0,2) Absolute maximum of 4 atx = 2.
No absolute minimum.
(0,2) No absolute extrema.
(@) y Pp OV Pp ONG
D=(0,2) d= 0.2) D=O2
* 7 * Ta Ta
(a) abs min only (b) abs max and min (©) abs max only (d) no max or min
THEOREM 1—The Extreme Value Theorem If f is continuous on a closed interval
[a, 6], then f attains both an absolute maximum value M and an absolute
minimum value m in [a, 6]. That is, there are numbers x; and x) in
[a,b] with f(:) = m, fla) = M, and m = f(x) SM for every other x in
[a,2).
x
1
ilo
i
at endpoints
(x;,m)
‘Maximum and minimum
at interior points
i
'
'
'
'
iM
i
'
i
em '
x t Lyx
a % >
Maximum at interior point, ‘Minimum at interior point,
mini
wm at endpoint maximum at endpoint DEFINITIONS A function f hasa local maximum value ata point ¢ within its
domain D if f(x) = f(c) for all x € D lying in some open interval containing c.
A function f has a local minimum value at a point ¢ within its domain D if
(x) = f(c) forall xe D lying in some open interval containing ¢.
Absolute maximum
No greater value of fanywhere.
Local maximum Also a local maximum.
No greater value of
Local minimum
Absolute minimum,
No smaller value of,
F anywhere, Also 2 |
local minimum. |
a
Local minimum
| No smaller value of
| fnearby.
af
€
THEOREM 2—tThe First Derivative Theorem for Local Extreme Values If f hasa
local maximum or minimum value at an interior point c of its domain, and if f' is
defined at ¢, then (7) The function fx) = | x | has its
(local and absolute) minimum value at
6, but that value cannot be found by
setting /"(x) = 0 because f(x) does
not exist.
(8) The function fox) =3x-1,0 0 for x> O and x3 <0
for.x <0).
The fact that /'(0) = 0 simply means
that the curve y =x° has a horizontal
tangent at (0,0). Instead of having a
maximum or minimum at (0, 0) the curve
crosses its horizontal tangent there.
Fig. 5.36
Fermats’ theorem does suggest that we should atleast start looking for
extreme values of fat the numbers ¢ where f"(c) = 0 or f"(c) does not exist.
Definition : A critical number of a function f'is a number c in the domain of f
such that either f"(c)=0 or f"(e) does not exis To find the absolute marimum and absolute minimum values of a
continuous function fon a closed interval [a,b] :
(1) Find the values of fat the critical numbers, of f in (a,b).
(2) Find the values of fla) and f(b)
(3) The largest of the values from steps | and 2 is the absolute mavimum
value, the smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.
3,
Example 5.47 : Find the critical numbers of x > (4—x)
Solution : fx) =
SO =
Therefore f'(x) = 0 if 3- 2x =0 ie, ifx= 3 -f'"(x) does not exist when
x= 0. Thus the critical numbers are 0 and 3 .
Find the absolute marimum and minimum values of the
-3V 41, -}
