Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll and aspnet_wp.

exe in the page

loading process.
Inetinfo.exe is the Microsoft IIS server running, handling ASP.NET requests among other things. When an
ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with.aspx extension), the ISAPI (Internet Server Application
Programming Interface) filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes care of it by passing the request to the actual worker
process aspnet_wp.exe.

What's the difference between Response.Write () and Response.Output.Write ()?

Response.Output.Write () allows you to write formatted output.
Response.Write prints the result string
Response.Output.Write writes the results in desired format

What methods are fired during the page load?

Init () - when the page is instantiated
Load () - when the page is loaded into server memory
PreRender () - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML
Unload () - when page finishes loading.

When during the page processing cycle is View State available?

After the Init() and before the Page_Load () or OnLoad () for a control.

What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
System.Web.UI.Page

Where do you store the information about the user's locale?

System.Web.UI.Page.Culture

What's the difference between Code behind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and

Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"?
Code Behind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.

What's a bubbled event?

When you have a complex control, like Data Grid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell,
button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their event handlers, allowing the main
Data Grid event handler to take care of its constituents.

If u have a control like button in your data grid /list some times events get bubbled when ever we call
button click event so that button click will not fire
That is called bubbled event

Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on Mouse Over for a certain
button. Where do you add an event handler?
Add an OnMouseOver attribute to the button. Example:
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onmouseover","someClientCodeHere() ;");

What data types does the RangeValidator control support?

Integer, String, and Date.

Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Server-side code executes on the server. Client-side code executes in the client's browser.

What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

The answer is server-side code since code-behind is executed on the server. However, during the code-
behind's execution on the server, it can render client-side code such as JavaScript to be processed in the
client’s browser. But just to be clear, code-behind executes on the server, thus making it server-side code.

Should user input data validation occurs server-side or client-side? Why?

All user input data validation should occur on the server at a minimum. Additionally, client-side validation
can be performed where deemed appropriate and feasible to provide a richer, more responsive experience
for the user.
Mainly two type of information that needs to be validated
1. User information validation (Authentication)
- Should be done on server side.
- Username and password that will be checked against the data stored in database. So in that case no
validation on client side
- But if you mean by username validation then it depends on your requirement that someone requires that
username should be in specific ways only then you can do it but in most of the cases you will be doing it
on server side.
2. Data Validation
- Should /is done on both side because then only user will require to submit their query or request to
server side only once.
- Because client side validation will prompt for specific and mandatory inputs and then server side
validation of those data will check that its valid for the your specific purpose or its not malicious.

Final answer may come up from your requirements only.

So if you want fast response, less invalid data go to server, minimize server trip so it can boost server
response fast and improve performance also.
And if some data like username/password etc. needs to be checked against the data from database or any
other storage system then you have no other option than server side validation.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would

I choose one over the other?
Server.Transfer transfers page processing from one page directly to the next page without making a
round-trip back to the client's browser. This provides a faster response with a little fewer overheads on
the server. Server.Transfer does not update the clients url history list or current url. Response.Redirect is
used to redirect the user's browser to another page or site. This performs a trip back to the client where
the client's browser is redirected to the new page. The user's browser history list is updated to reflect the
new address.
Server.transfer simply transfers execution to another page. this doesn't require any information to be sent
to the browser== it all occurs on the server without the user's knowledge. The response.redirect method
sends http information to the browser instructing it to go to another page.

Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Record set?
· A Dataset can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and
views.
· A Dataset is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
· Data in a Dataset is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
· There’s no concept of cursor types in a Dataset.
· Datasets have no current record pointer you can use For Each loops to move through the data.
· You can store many edits in a Dataset, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
· Though the Dataset is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data
sources.

What is the Global.asax used for?

The Global.asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level
events.

What are the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines used for?

This is where you can set the specific variables for the Application and Session objects.

Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
When you want to inherit (use the functionality of) another class. Example: With a base class named
Employee, a Manager class could be derived from the Employee base class.

What’s an assembly?
Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework. Assembly is a logical unit of code which can
exists as DLL or EXE file. It consists of 4 parts.

1) Name, 2) version, 3) Culture information and 4) public key

Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

Inline code written along side the html in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and
referenced by the. Aspx page.

Explain what a DiffGram is, and a good use for one?

A DiffGram is an XML format that identifies current and original versions of data elements. The Dataset
uses the DiffGram format to load and persist its contents, and to serialize its contents for transport across
a network connection. When a Dataset is written as a DiffGram, it populates the DiffGram with all the
necessary information to accurately recreate the contents, though not the schema, of the Dataset,
including column values from both the Original and Current row versions, row error information, and row
order. A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.

What’s MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?

MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language. All .NET compatible languages will get converted to MSIL.
MSIL also allows the .NET Framework to JIT compiles the assembly on the installed computer.

Which method do you invoke on the Data Adapter control to load your generated
dataset with data?
The Fill () method.

Can you edit data in the Repeater control?

No, it just reads the information from its data source.

Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
ItemTemplate.

How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

Use the AlternatingItemTemplate.

What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order
to bind the data from a data source to the Repeater control?
You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind method.

What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?

The Page class.

Name two properties common in every validation control?

ControlToValidate property and Text property.

Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the
DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
DataTextField property.

Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different
controls matched?
CompareValidator control.

How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?

It can contain many classes.

Web Service Questions

What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service?

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the preferred protocol.

True or False: A Web service can only be written in .NET?

False

What does WSDL stand for?

Web Services Description Language.
True or False: To test a Web service you must create a Windows application or Web
application to consume this service?
False, the web service comes with a test page and it provides HTTP-GET method to test.

State Management Questions

What is View State?

View State allows the state of objects (serializable) to be stored in a hidden field on the page. View State
is transported to the client and back to the server, and is not stored on the server or any other external
source. View State is used the retain state of server-side objects between post backs.

What is the lifespan for items stored in View State?

Item stored in View State exist for the life of the current page. This includes post backs (to the same
page).

What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?
It allows the page to save the users input on a form across post backs. It saves the server-side values for
a given control into View State, which is stored as a hidden value on the page before sending the page to
the client’s browser. When the page is posted back to the server the server control is recreated with the
state stored in view state.

What are the different types of Session state management options available with
ASP.NET?
ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management. In Process stores the session in
memory on the web server. This requires the "sticky-server" (or no load-balancing) so that the user is
always reconnected to the same web server. Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an
external data source. The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service.
Out-of-Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.

When was .NET announced?

Bill Gates delivered a keynote at Forum 2000, held June 22, 2000, outlining the .NET 'vision'. The July
2000 PDC had a number of sessions on .NET technology, and delegates were given CDs containing a pre-
release version of the .NET framework/SDK and Visual Studio. NET.

When was the first version of .NET released?

The final version of the 1.0 SDK and runtime was made publicly available around 6pm PST on 15-Jan-
2002. At the same time, the final version of Visual Studio.NET was made available to MSDN subscribers.

What platform does the .NET Framework run on?

The runtime supports Windows XP, Windows 2000, NT4 SP6a and Windows ME/98. Windows 95 is not
supported. Some parts of the framework do not work on all platforms - for example, ASP.NET is only
supported on Windows XP and Windows 2000. Windows 98/ME cannot be used for development.
IIS is not supported on Windows XP Home Edition, and so cannot be used to host ASP.NET. However, the
ASP.NET Web Matrix web server does run on XP Home.
The Mono project is attempting to implement the .NET framework on Linux.

What is the CLR?

CLR = Common Language Runtime. The core runtime engine in the Microsoft .NET Framework for
executing applications. The common language runtime supplies managed code with services such as
cross-language integration, code access security, object lifetime management, and debugging and
profiling support.

What are the CTS?

CTS = Common Type System. This is the range of types that the .NET runtime understands, and therefore
that .NET applications can use. However note that not all .NET languages will support all the types in the
CTS. The CTS is a superset of the CLS.

What is the CLS?

CLS = Common Language Specification. This is a subset of the CTS, which all .NET languages are
expected to support. The idea is that any program, which uses CLS-compliant types, can interoperate with
any .NET program written in any language.
In theory this allows very tight interop between different .NET languages - for example allowing a C# class
to inherit from a VB class.
What is IL?
IL = Intermediate Language. Also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common
Intermediate Language). All .NET source code (of any language) is compiled to IL. The IL is then
converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at run-time by a Just-In-Time
(JIT) compiler.

What is reflection?
All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata
is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be
accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be
used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly.

Using reflection to access .NET metadata is very similar to using ITypeLib/ITypeInfo to access type library
data in COM, and it is used for similar purposes - e.g. determining data type sizes for marshaling data
across context/process/machine boundaries.
Reflection can also be used to dynamically invoke methods (see System.Type.InvokeMember ) , or even
create types dynamically at run-time (see System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder).

What is the difference between Finalize and Dispose (Garbage collection)?

Class instances often encapsulate control over resources that are not managed by the runtime, such as
window handles (HWND), database connections, and so on. Therefore, you should provide both an explicit
and an implicit way to free those resources. Provide implicit control by implementing the protected Finalize
Method on an object (destructor syntax in C# and the Managed Extensions for C++). The garbage
collector calls this method at some point after there are no longer any valid references to the object. In
some cases, you might want to provide programmers using an object with the ability to explicitly release
these external resources before the garbage collector frees the object. If an external resource is scarce or
expensive, better performance can be achieved if the programmer explicitly releases resources when they
are no longer being used. To provide explicit control, implement the Dispose method provided by the
IDisposable Interface. The consumer of the object should call this method when it is done using the
object.
Dispose can be called even if other references to the object are alive. Note that even when you provide
explicit control by way of Dispose, you should provide implicit cleanup using the Finalize method. Finalize
provides a backup to prevent resources from permanently leaking if the programmer fails to call Dispose.

What is Partial Assembly References?

Full Assembly reference: A full assembly reference includes the assembly's text name, version, culture,
and public key token (if the assembly has a strong name). A full assembly reference is required if you
reference any assembly that is part of the common language runtime or any assembly located in the
global assembly cache.

Partial Assembly reference: We can dynamically reference an assembly by providing only partial
information, such as specifying only the assembly name. When you specify a partial assembly reference,
the runtime looks for the assembly only in the application directory.

We can make partial references to an assembly in your code one of the following ways:

-> Use a method such as System.Reflection.Assembly.Load and specify only a partial reference. The
runtime checks for the assembly in the application directory.

-> Use the System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadWithPartialName method and specify only a partial reference.
The runtime checks for the assembly in the application directory and in the global assembly cache

What is side-by-side execution? Can two application one using private assembly and
other using Shared assembly be stated as a side-by-side executables?
Side-by-side execution is the ability to run multiple versions of an application or component on the same
computer. You can have multiple versions of the common language runtime, and multiple versions of
applications and components that use a version of the runtime, on the same computer at the same time.
Since versioning is only applied to shared assemblies, and not to private assemblies, two application one
using private assembly and one using shared assembly cannot be stated as side-by-side executables.

Why string are called Immutable data Type ?

The memory representation of string is an Array of Characters, So on re-assigning the new array of Char
is formed & the start address is changed . Thus keeping the Old string in Memory for Garbage Collector to
be disposed.

What does assert() method do?

In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the
condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.

What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and
release builds.

Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?

The tracing dumps can be quite verbose. For applications that are constantly running you run the risk of
overloading the machine and the hard drive. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing you to fine-
tune the tracing activities.

Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.

How do assemblies find each other?

By searching directory paths. There are several factors which can affect the path (such as the AppDomain
host, and application configuration files), but for private assemblies the search path is normally the
application's directory and its sub-directories. For shared assemblies, the search path is normally same as
the private assembly path plus the shared assembly cache.

What is garbage collection?

Garbage collection is a system whereby a run-time component takes responsibility for managing the
lifetime of objects and the heap memory that they occupy. This concept is not new to .NET - Java and
many other languages/runtimes have used garbage collection for some time.

What is serialization?
Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes. Deserialization is the opposite
process of creating an object from a stream of bytes. Serialization / Deserialization is mostly used to
transport objects (e.g. during remoting), or to persist objects (e.g. to a file or database).

Why is XmlSerializer so slow?

There is a once-per-process-per-type overhead with XmlSerializer. So the first time you serialize or
deserialize an object of a given type in an application, there is a significant delay. This normally doesn't
matter, but it may mean, for example, that XmlSerializer is a poor choice for loading configuration settings
during startup of a GUI application.

Why do I get errors when I try to serialize a Hashtable?

XmlSerializer will refuse to serialize instances of any class that implements IDictionary, e.g. Hashtable.
SoapFormatter and BinaryFormatter do not have this restriction.

What are attributes?

There are at least two types of .NET attribute. The first type I will refer to as a metadata attribute - it
allows some data to be attached to a class or method. This data becomes part of the metadata for the
class, and (like other class metadata) can be accessed via reflection.
The other type of attribute is a context attribute. Context attributes use a similar syntax to metadata
attributes but they are fundamentally different. Context attributes provide an interception mechanism
whereby instance activation and method calls can be pre- and/or post-processed.

How does CAS work?

The CAS security policy revolves around two key concepts - code groups and permissions. Each .NET
assembly is a member of a particular code group, and each code group is granted the permissions
specified in a named permission set.
For example, using the default security policy, a control downloaded from a web site belongs to the 'Zone -
Internet' code group, which adheres to the permissions defined by the 'Internet' named permission set.
(Naturally the 'Internet' named permission set represents a very restrictive range of permissions.)

What is Reference type and value type ?

Reference Type:
Reference types are allocated on the managed CLR heap, just like object types.
A data type that is stored as a reference to the value's location. The value of a reference type is the
location of the sequence of bits that represent the type's data. Reference types can be self-describing
types, pointer types, or interface types

Value Type:
Value types are allocated on the stack just like primitive types in VBScript, VB6 and C/C++. Value types
are not instantiated using new go out of scope when the function they are defined within returns.
Value types in the CLR are defined as types that derive from system.valueType.

A data type that fully describes a value by specifying the sequence of bits that constitutes the value's
representation. Type information for a value type instance is not stored with the instance at run time, but
it is available in metadata. Value type instances can be treated as objects using boxing.

What is Boxing and unboxing ?

Boxing:
The conversion of a value type instance to an object, which implies that the instance will carry full type
information at run time and will be allocated in the heap. The Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL)
instruction set's box instruction converts a value type to an object by making a copy of the value type and
embedding it in a newly allocated object.

Un-Boxing:
The conversion of an object instance to a value type.

What is difference between constants, readonly and, static ?

Constants: The value can’t be changed
Read-only: The value will be initialized only once from the constructor of the class.
Static: Value can be initialized once.

What is difference between shared and public?

An assembly that can be referenced by more than one application. An assembly must be explicitly built to
be shared by giving it a cryptographically strong name.

What is namespace used for loading assemblies at run time and name the methods?
System.Reflection

What are the types of authentication in .net?

We have three types of authentication:
1. Form authentication
2. Windows authentication
3. Passport
This has to be declared in web.config file.

How big is the datatype int in .NET?

32 bits.

How big is the char?

16 bits (Unicode).

How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash?

Put an @ sign in front of the double-quoted string.

What's the access level of the visibility type internal?

Current application.

Explain encapsulation?
The implementation is hidden, the interface is exposed.

What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value that's signed?
sbyte.

Speaking of Boolean data types, what's different between C# and C/C++?

There's no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other number and true, like in C/C++.
Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer RAM?
Stack.

Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM?

The references go on the stack, while the objects themselves go on the heap.

What is the difference between the value-type variables and reference-type

variables in terms of garbage collection?
The value-type variables are not garbage-collected, they just fall off the stack when they fall out of scope,
GC picks up the reference-type objects when their references go null.

How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?

Int32.Parse(string)

How do you box a primitive data type variable?

Assign it to the object, pass an object.

Why do you need to box a primitive variable?

Pass it by reference.

What's the difference between Java and .NET garbage collectors?

Sun left the implementation of a specific garbage collector up to the JRE developer, so their performance
varies widely, depending on whose JRE you're using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection.

How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET?

System.GC.Collect();

What's different about namespace declaration when comparing that to package

declaration in Java?
No semicolon.

What's the difference between const and readonly?

You can initialize readonly variables to some runtime values. Let's say your program uses current date and
time as one of the values that won't change. This way you declare public readonly string DateT = new
DateTime().ToString().

What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the for loop?
The code for the rest of the loop is ignored, the control is transferred back to the beginning of the loop.

What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?

StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are
immutable, so each time it's being operated on, a new instance is created.

Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.

What's the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one performs a shallow copy.

How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.

What's the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key?
HashTable.

What's class SortedList underneath?

A sorted Hash Table.
What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and
release builds.

What's the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?

System.String is immutable, System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable
string where a variety of operations can be performed.