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Notes Pragmantics

The document discusses key topics in pragmatics including deixis, speech acts, and politeness. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning in communication and how it is interpreted based on context. Common topics in pragmatics are then examined in 1-2 sentences each, including types of deixis like person, spatial, and temporal deixis. Speech acts are defined as actions performed through utterances, divided into locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Politeness is discussed in terms of face threatening acts and face saving acts used to reduce potential loss of face.

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28. Km Icha Sri Handayani
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47 views2 pages

Notes Pragmantics

The document discusses key topics in pragmatics including deixis, speech acts, and politeness. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning in communication and how it is interpreted based on context. Common topics in pragmatics are then examined in 1-2 sentences each, including types of deixis like person, spatial, and temporal deixis. Speech acts are defined as actions performed through utterances, divided into locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Politeness is discussed in terms of face threatening acts and face saving acts used to reduce potential loss of face.

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28. Km Icha Sri Handayani
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NOTES : yg biru buku ana

Politeness : longman dictionary

PRAGMANTICS

Definisi :

- Yule (1996: 3-4) defines pragmatics as the study of the speaker meaning. It concerns with the
study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener or
reader. (buku dayu)
- the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relation- ships between
sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. (buku vero)

Own definisi :

Common topic in pragmantics

a. Deixis : As what stated by Huang (2007: 132), the term of “deixis” is derived from the Greek
word meaning “to show” or “to point out.” Moreover, he explains that deixis directly
concerned with the relationship between the structure of a language and the context in
which the language is used.
*General example

1. Person : Cruse (2000) divides person deixis into three categories: the speaker which is
known as the first person; the adressee which is called as the second person; and
significant participants in the speech situation which is called as the third person.
*example : the boy ask you to ….
Can you help me with this ? (referring to the math homework for example)

2. Spatial ( space) : In Huang (2007: 149), space deixis is concerned with the specification
of location in space relative to that of participant as CT in a speech event.
(‘here’, ‘there’, ‘east’, ‘west’, ‘in front of’, ‘behind’, ‘left’, ‘right’, etc.) allows pointing to
spatial locations.
*example : are you still there? ( in this case, the person A asked to the person B “Where is
she”?, the the person B said she is in the café, a few minutes later, the person A asked her
again, are you still there (is she still there) . there = cafe
3. Temporal (time) : Huang (2007: 144) defines time deixis as the encoding of temporal
points and span relative to the time at which an utterance is produce in a speech events.
Temporal deixis (‘now’, ‘today’, ‘next week’, ‘in 1952’, etc.) ‘allows the speaker to point in
time’ (Trask 1999: 68).

*example : I saw you in that moment ( in this case, the person A and person B are talking
about the moment in their friend’s birthday party, then the person A said that he saw the person B in
that moment. In that moment = moment in birthday party)

b. Speech art : Actions performed via utterances are called speech acts (e.g., apology,
complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, and request).
Austin in Huang (2007:102) classifies that there are three facts of speech act, namely:
locutionary, perlocutionary and illocutionary acts.
1. Locutionary : There is first a locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing
a meaningful linguistic expression.
2. Illocutionary : intention : A perlocutionary acts concerns the effect an utterance may have on
the addressee.
3. Perlocutionary : effect : refers to the type of function the speaker intends to fulfill or the type
of action the speaker intends to accomplish in the course of producing an utterance.

*example :

A: Do you smoke ?
B : No thanks, I am not smoking

(L) “Do you smoke?”


(I) Questioning to offer the cigarette
(P) “No thanks. I’m not smoking”

c. Politeness : politeness is a matter of what is said, and not a matter of what is thought or
believed.
1. FTA (Face Threatening Act) : a speech act that is potentially threatening to the face of a
speaker or a hearer or threatening to the speaker or hearer’s freedom of action

*example : “Turn down the full music”

( in this case, your neighbours are playing a loud music when you are having virtual meeting, then
you ask them to “turn down the full music”. It can be seen as face threatening act because its
directness. The statement is a direct command or request to lower the volume of the music. Direct
requests can be perceived as more face-threatening because they leave little room for negotiation or
face-saving strategies)

“ Shut up your mouth”

2. FSA (Face Saving Act) : strategies used by speakers in interaction to avoid loss of face or to
reduce the potential for loss of face.
*example : “Sorry to interrupt you please be silent”.
(explanation : in this case, you are in the library and a group of people are talking about
something in the loud way, in sequence, you ask them to be silent in a polite way).

“I’m sorry but I want to go to sleep, therefore, please turn down your music”.

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