SALMIYA INDIAN MODEL SCHOOL, KUWAIT

Subject: COMPUTER SCIENCE Date: 31.8.2022

Class: XI

UNIT-1
COMPUTER SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION

Lesson 1:Basic computer organization

Introduction to computer system
Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in
binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
Basic components of computer are
1. Hardware (External, internal):The physical electronic components of a computer are
called hardware,e.g,keboard,CPU,Monitor,Printer etc
2. Software (Application, system):These are the recorded instructions and programs that
govern the working of a computer.Program is a set of instructions to carry out a
sprcific task or achieve a special work goal.

Functions of Computer Systems

There are four main functions of the computer system:
1. Input: The process of data feeding by the user (Data means raw facts and
figures)
2. Process: The actual work done in computers
3. Output: The result of user’s task (It can be: On-screen (Soft Copy), On Paper
(Hard Copy) or On Air)
4. Storage: The process of saving data

Computer system and organization

The computer system is just like an organization with different units. All units
have their own functional parts or units to do a specific task. Look at the following
diagram:
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Its work like a manager of a company. It accepts a request from Input unit, then
guides, directs, controls and governs the performance of the computer. It has three
functional units:
1. CU (Control Unit) 2. ALU ( Arithmetic and Logic Unit) 3. Memory Unit
1.CU (Control Unit): It accepts the request from CPU and does not perform any task
itself. It determines, guides and control the request and then send it to ALU.
2.ALU (Arithmetic and Login Unit): ALU accepts the request from CU and performs the
required task. It checks the request for what kind of task to be performed such as
arithmetic operation (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication or Division) or Logical
comparison such as (Less Than, Greater Than etc.). After completion of the task, it
sends the request to the next unit.
3.MU (Memory Unit): It is the next functional unit of computer organization. It is
responsible for storing data into computer storage locations. It stores data
permanently or temporarily. Further MU is divided into two kinds of memory as
follows:
Memory

The memory is main part of Computer Systems and Organization.

Primary Memory
Primary memory is also known as the main memory. Primary memory is a space
where users can open their files for work. It works just like a table or desk in our
offices. It saves data temporarily. It is classified as into the following categories:

1. RAM
2. ROM
3. Cache Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Data can be accessed randomly. It is volatile memory i.e. when power gets off data
will be lost.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
It plays an important role in performing POST(Power On Self Test). It will check
all the connected devices are working properly or not. Data cannot be edited once
written.
Cache Memory
It is used to increase the speed of operations of CPU. It is placed between RAM
and CPU. It stores the copies of data from frequently accessed memory locations
that reduce the average time required to access data. This memory is examined first
when the CPU needs some data.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory. It stores data permanently.
It has a larger storage capacity than primary memory. Data written on secondary
memory must be brought up on to primary memory before use.

Fig:Secondary Memory Storage Devices

Hard Disk

• It has magnetic storage to store data, retrieve data

• It has rotating platters coated with magnetic material
• These platters are paired with magnetic heads
• Magnetic heads are arranged on a moving actuator arm that read and write
data to platter surfaces
• It is a non-volatile memory
• It has a large storage capacity compared to other secondary storage devices
 Fig:Hard disk
IO
IO and Battery are two devices which are performing the tasks of supplying input
and output power in Computer Systems and Organization.

• It pronounced as “eye-oh”
• Refers to a program, operation or devices that transfer data to or from a
computer and to or from a peripheral device
• The transfer is input for one device and output for another device
• Example: Writable CD
 Fig:IO Devices
Battery

• Supplies power to a device that allows operating computer without power

• It runs computers several hours with power backup
• They are rechargeable components
• Three types of batteries are used in computers i. Backup Battery: These
batteries hold computer settings such as date and time, other devices. Ex.
CMOS Battery
• Main Battery: Main batteries refer to an alternate source of energy when the
computer is not connected with the wall outlet Ex. Laptop Battery
• Bridge Battery: It allows us to remove the main battery and replace it without
having to turn off the computer.

Memory Units

Memory units helps to decide the capacity and requirements of storage in

Computer Systems and Organization.

• It is just like a cell; these cells are broken down into small units called bits
• Bit means a binary digit either 0 or 1
 • 4 bits make up a nibble
• 8 bits make up one byte
• Every higher memory unit is equal to 210 of its lower units

Fig:Memory Unit Chart

Lesson 2:Types of software

As discussed earlier software is a program written in the programming language
that allows doing specific tasks in computer. It is abbreviated as SW or S/W often.
User needs to install them before use. There are two types of software:

1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software
In Computer Systems and Organization, software plays vital role n operations. A
computer is just like a rectangular box of hardware without software. The system
software is responsible to perform some internal tasks of a computer system. There
are two types of system software

Operating System
The primary function of the Operating System is to provide a platform to user and
make the computer usable. It allows to make the hardware run competently. The
tasks of the operating system are device management, process management, user
management etc. There are different types of OS such as Single User OS, Multi-
User OS, Time-sharing OS, Real-time OS, Multi-tasking OS, Distributed OS etc.
Language Processor
It is a translator that translates a high-level language program to machine level
language. There are three types of language processors such as Assembler,
Compiler and Interpreter.
i. Compiler: It converts High Level Language program into machine
language in one go.
ii. Interpreter: It converts High Level Language program into machine
language line by line.
iii. Assembler: It converts assembly language into machine language.

Application Software

Application software carries out the important functions for Computer Systems and
Organization with the help of programs. It provides special services or a specific
task. This software is written by programmers to serve users as per their
requirement. It is subdivided into categories such as Packages, Utilities,
Customized Software, and Developer Tools.
Packages
The Packages are a special set of software that serves general-purpose Ex. MS
Office, Adobe, DTP Software, Macromedia tools etc.
Utilities
Utilities are helpful programs like basic editing, calculation, cleaning, rearranging,
scanning files etc. Ex. Text Editor, Calc, Backup, Compression, Defragmenter etc.
Tailor-made software
Customized Software refers to tailor-made software that provides functions as per
the requirement of people such as ERP software, Payroll Software, Hotel
Management, Reservation System etc.
Developer Tools/IDE Tools
Developer tools are designed for the software developer to write code and compile,
debugging, testing software Ex. Netbeans, Anaconda etc.

Lesson 3:Operating system

Operating system is an interface between computer hardware and user. It

is responsible for the management of activities and the sharing of the
computer resources.
Operating system is divided into two parts
a. Shell: It accepts instructions from user and instructs kernel to perform
further operations
 b. Kernel: It accepts instructions from shell and instructs hardware
devices to perform operations.
Different functions of operating System are:
1. Process management:- Operating System can create and delete
processes. It also provides mechanism for communication among
processes.
2. Memory management:- Operating System allocates and de-allocates
memory to different softwares.
3. File management:- It manages storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and
protection of files.
4. Device Management: It is responsible allocation and de-allocation of the
hardware devices to different programs.
5. I/O System Management: It takes care of allocation and de-allocation of
Input/Output devices to different programs.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Operating Systems takes care of
primary as well as secondary storage.
7. Command interpretation: It interprets commands given by the user and
further instructs hardware devices to perform operations according to the
commands.
8. Job accounting: It Keeps track of time & resource used by various
programs and users.
9. Communication management: It Coordinates the communication among
different processes and hardware resources.

OS User interface
There are different types of user interfaces each of which provides a different
functionality. Some commonly used interfaces are :

(A) Command-based Interface : Command-based interface requires a user to enter

the commands to perform different tasks like creating, opening, editing or deleting
a file, etc Examples of operating systems with command-based interface are MS-
DOS and Unix.

(B) Graphical User Interface : Graphical User Interface (GUI) lets users run
programs or give instructions to the computer in the form of icons, menus and
other visual options. GUI interfaces include Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu, Fedora
and Macintosh etc.

(C) Touch-based Interface : Using the touchscreen, a user provides inputs to the
operating system, which are interpreted by the OS as commands like opening an
app, closing an app, dialling a number, scrolling across apps, etc. Examples of
popular operating systems with touch based interfaces are Android and iOS
.
(D) Voice-based Interface : Now a days user can use voice-based commands to
make a computer work in the desired way. Some operating systems which provide
voice-based control to users include iOS (Siri), Android (Google Now or “OK
Google”), Microsoft Windows 10 (Cortana).

(E) Gesture-based Interface : Some smartphones based on Android and iOS as well
as laptops let users interact with the devices using gestures like waving, tilting, eye
motion and shaking.

Lesson 4:Boolean Logic

Truth Table

A truth table represents a Boolean function or expression with all possible input
and output results in tabular form.
If the result is always 1 or true or high, is called Tautology, whereas the result is
false or 0(zero) or low is known as Fallacy. The number of rows in the truth table
is computed as 2n .
Rules of writing Truth table:

1. Check the number of variables of expression.

2. Make column for each input variable.
3. Make column for each logical expression.
4. Write 0’s in first half for the number of rows in first column and then second
column respectively.
5. Continue the same pattern until the last column.
6. Compute result for each operation by considering the input values of
variables written in each row.
Logical Operations
Logical operations can be applied of truth functions. These operations carried out
by logical operators with operands.
Logical Operators
In this section of notes Boolean Logic Computer Class 11 we are going to discuss the
logical operators used in Boolean logic.
NOT
It handles only a single variable. The operation performed by NOT is known as
complementation. To denote NOT operator bar symbol is used.
 A Result A’ (bar)

0 0

0 1

AND
It is a binary operator that operates on two variables and the result of the AND
operator is known as logical multiplication. To denote AND
operator dot(.) symbol is used. The truth table for AND operator looks like as
following:

A B A.B (Result)

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

AND operator accepts two input variables A and B with values 0 and 1
respectively. the result calculated as follows:

Row 1: A=0, B = 0 , 0 x 0 = 0

Row 2: A = 0, B = 1, 0 x 1 = 0

Row 3 : A = 1. B = 0, 1 x 0 = 0

Row 4: A = 1, B = 1, 1 x 1 = 1
The result of A.B also written as AB.

In short the AND operator returns TRUE or 1 when both input are 1, rest all results
will be 0. True is also considered as high, and False as low.

OR
It is also a binary operator that operates on two variables. The result of the OR
operator is also known as logical addition. The symbol is used for OR is plus
(+). The truth table for the OR operator looks as follows:

A B A+B (Result)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

OR operator accepts two input variables A and B with values 0 and 1 respectively.
the result calculated as follows:

Row 1: A = 0, B = 0 , 0 + 0 = 0

Row 2: A = 0, B = 1, 0 + 1 = 1

Row 3: A = 1, B = 0, 1 + 0 = 1

Row 4: A = 1, B = 1, 1 + 1 = 1

In short the OR operator returns TRUE or 1 when any one input value is 1,
otherwise 0. True is also considered as high, and False as low.
After getting familiar with logical operations for notes Boolean Logic Computer
Class 11 you should learn about operator precedence.

Precedence of Boolean Operator

1. NOT (First Priority)

2. AND (Second Priority)
3. OR (Third Priority)

Rules for evaluating boolean expression:

1. Evaluate the Boolean Expression from left to right.

2. Evaluate the expression in parenthesis.
3. Now consider the priorities of operator given above.

Logic Gates

A logical gate is a logical circuit that takes one or more inputs and produces result.
It uses three operators AND, OR and NOT known as AND Gate, OR Gate and
NOT Gate. These are fundamentals gates.

NOT Gate
A NOT gate has only one input. It is known as inverter gate. It is used for
electronic inverter devices. It produces the reverse result of an input. The output is
always negation or complement of an input signal.

Not Gate – notes boolean logic computer

class 11
AND Gate
AND means that A & B. When both inputs are true then it produce true result,
otherwise false.
 and gate
OR Gate
OR refers like A or B. It is considered as inclusive “or”. The output is true if either
one or two inputs are “true”. It both false it produce false result.

or gate
Some more gates are available with OR and AND gates followed by inverter, N or
X is written in front of name of gate. They are as follow:

NAND Gate
It stands for NOT AND that produce reverse result of AND gate. The truth
table for NAND Gate is as following:

A B A.B (A.B)’

0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1
 1 1 1 0

NOR Gate
It stands for NOT OR. It produces reverse output than the OR gate. The truth table
for NOR Gate is as follows:

A B A+B (A+B)’

0 0 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0

NOR Gate
XOR Gate
It produces high output if the input of 1s is odd, otherwise false.
 A B Result

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

XOR Gate
The last topic of notes Boolean Logic Computer Class 11 is all about basic boolean
laws. Just observe them.

De Morgan's Laws

➢ De Morgan's First Law states that the complement of the union of two sets is
the intersection of their complements.
➢ Whereas De Morgan's second law states that the complement of the
intersection of two sets is the union of their complements. These two laws
are called De Morgan's Law.
For proof:Refer text book page no.65,66.

Number system is the way to represent everything in the form of digits.

There are four types of number system.
1. Binary Number System
Binary number system can contain two digits 0 and 1. So base of binary number
system is 2. Binary numbers are represented with 2 as subscript to the value.
Examples of binary numbers are:
 (1101)2
1. (1110.011)2
2. Decimal Number System
Decimal number system can contain digits from 0 to 9. So base of decimal number
system is 10. Decimal numbers are represented with 10 as subscript to the value.
Examples of decimal numbers are:
1. (1234)10
2. (55.34)10
3. Octal Number System
Octal number system can contain digits from 0 to 7. So base of octal number
system is 8. Octal numbers are represented with 8 as subscript to the value.
Examples of octal numbers are:
1. (561)8
2. (17.54)8
4. Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal number system can contain digits from 0 to 9 and alphabets from A
to F where
A=10
B=11
C=12
D=13
E=14
F=15
So base of hexadecimal number system is 16. Hexadecimal numbers are
represented with 16 as subscript to the value.
Examples of hexadecimal numbers are:
1. (A74)16
2. (91.B3)16
Number System Conversions
1. Decimal to Binary Conversion
To obtain binary equivalent of a decimal number, decimal number should be
repeatedly divided by 2 writing remainder obtained at every step.
This should continue until last quotient is 1. The remainders should be written
bottom to upwards to get binary equivalent of decimal number.
1. (17)10 = (?)2 = (10001)2
2. Decimal to octal Conversion
To obtain octal equivalent of a decimal number, decimal number should be
repeatedly divided by 8 writing remainder obtained at every step.
This should continue until last quotient is less than 8. The remainders should be
written bottom to upwards to get octal equivalent of decimal number.
3. Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
To obtain hexadecimal equivalent of a decimal number, decimal number should be
repeatedly divided by 16 writing remainder obtained at every step.
This should continue until last quotient is less than 16. The remainders should be
written bottom to upwards to get hexadecimal equivalent of decimal number.

4. Binary to Decimal Conversion

To obtain decimal equivalent of a binary number, individual digits of binary
number should be multiplied by powers of 2 starting with rightmost digit
multiplied by 20, second last digit multiplied by 21, third last digit multiplied by
22 and so on upto the leftmost digit.
Example:

5. Octal to Decimal Conversion

To obtain decimal equivalent of an octal number, individual digits of octal number
should be multiplied by powers of 8 starting with rightmost digit multiplied by 80,
second last digit multiplied by 81, third last digit multiplied by 82 and so on upto
the leftmost digit.
Example:

**Arrows represent values to be multiplied.

6. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
To obtain decimal equivalent of a hexadecimal number, individual digits of
hexadecimal number should be multiplied by powers of 16 starting with rightmost
digit multiplied by 160, second last digit multiplied by 161, third last digit
multiplied by 162 and so on upto the leftmost digit.
In case of alphabets A to F, codes of alphabets should be multiplied by power of
16.
Example:
**Arrows represent values to be multiplied.

7. Octal to Binary Conversion

To obtain binary equivalent of an octal number, individual digits of octal number
should be converted to binary in groups of three digits.
For example, to get binary equivalent of octal number 127 we can take following
steps:
Binary equivalent of 7 is 111
Binary equivalent of 2 is 010
Binary equivalent of 1 is 001
So Binary equivalent of (127)8 is:

8. Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion

To obtain binary equivalent of a hexadecimal number, individual digits of
hexadecimal number should be converted to binary in groups of four digits.
For example, to get binary equivalent of hexadecimal number A27 we can take
following steps:
Binary equivalent of 7 is 0111
Binary equivalent of 2 is 0010
Binary equivalent of A(10) is 1010
So Binary equivalent of (A27)16 is:

9. Binary to octal Conversion

To obtain octal equivalent of a binary number, digits of binary number should be
divided into groups of three digits starting from the right most digit. Then these
groups should be converted into corresponding decimal numbers.
For example, to get octal equivalent of binary number 101011 we can take
following steps:
101011 is divided into groups of three digits as:
(101)(011)
Decimal equivalent of 011 is 3
Decimal equivalent of 101 is 5
Octal equivalent of 1010112 is:

10. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

To obtain hexadecimal equivalent of a binary number, digits of binary number
should be divided into groups of four digits starting from the rightmost digit. Then
these groups should be converted into corresponding decimal numbers.
For example, to get octal equivalent of binary number 1011101011 we can take
following steps:
 1011101011 is divided into groups of four digits as:
(0010)(1110)(1011)
Note: zeros are filled at the beginning of left most group of binary digits if there
are lesser number of digits than four.
Decimal equivalent of 1011 is 11 (B)
Decimal equivalent of 1110 is 14 (E)
Decimal equivalent of 0010 is 2
Hexadecimal equivalent of 10111010112 is:

Binary Addition
Binary numbers can be added just like normal numbers but in case of binary
numbers sum is always 0 or 1. Rules of adding binary numbers are:
1. 0+0=0
2. 0+1=1
3. 1+0=1
4. 1+1=0 with carry 1
Example 1:

Sum in above example is performed by following steps:

1 + 1 = 10 = 0 with carry 1.
1+0+1 = 10 = 0 with carry 1
1+1+0 = 10 = 10 = 0 with carry 1
1+1+1= 10+1 = 11= 1 with carry 1
1 +1 +1 = 11
Example 2:
Lesson 6:Encoding schemes
Basic terms related to encoding
1. Encoding Scheme: Itis the way or method of conversion in machine language.
2. Code Space: It means all the codes that are used to represent the information.
For example, 127 in ASCII code
3. Code Point: It is a code that represents a character in an encoding scheme. For
ex. 0x43 represents capital C letter
4. Code Unit: It refers to the number of bits used in codes.
Character / String representation
As you know data is a textual fact, figures, or collection of bytes. So to represent
this data into computers we need to convert them into machine language i.e. binary
language usually in the form of 0s and 1s.

All the 26 alphabets from A to Z (both upper and lower), numeric digits from 0 to
9 as we are using decimal number systems and other special symbols like @,#,$,%,
etc need to be converted into machine language.

To do this each and every character or digit or special symbol assigned a specific
code to represent them. These codes are as following:
ASCII Code
It is a simple code assigned to a character to represent data. ASCII (pronounced as
“askee”) is a 7 – bit character code. It represents all the characters available for
writing in the file. Every digit in ASCII code represents one byte. Let us have a
look at the following commonly used characters and code range:

Characters ASCII Codes

 A to Z 65 to 90

a to z 97 to 122

0 to 9 48 to 57

Space 32
The computer generally converts these ASCII codes into an equivalent binary
number. Let’s understand it by the following example:
Suppose you want to use the capital letter D. So its equivalent ASCII code is 68.
This code 68 is a decimal number, ASCII. So the equivalent binary number is
1000100. So finally D = 1000100 for the computers.

There are two versions of ASCII codes:

1. 7 bit: Represents 27 = 128 characters

2. 8 bit: Represents 28 = 256 characters

ISCII Code
When computers are used with English language ASCII codes enough to represent
data. But as and when the use of computers broadly extended to countries like
India, it’s very important to represent data in Indian Languages. So for that in
1991, the Bureau of Indian Standards adopted the Indian Standard Code for
Information Interchange has evolved. This code is capable of 8 bits. It is also
known as the Indian Scripts Code for Information Interchange. It supports various
Indian languages like Devnagri, Gurumukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese,
Telugu etc.
Unicode
Unicode is used for a universal set of characters. As ISCII is used for Indian
languages, Unicode is used accepted by the universal standards and represent data
in different languages. It was designed for the purpose of representing almost all
the languages in computers. The Unicode has different versions like UTF – 8, UTF
– 16, UTF – 32.
In this, the numbers in UTF like 8 as 8 bits known as an octet, 16 as 2 – octets, and
32 as 4 – octets representation.