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COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS-Lecture 4 - Dr. Arun

The document discusses isentropic flow through nozzles. It begins by developing property relations between static and stagnation properties for ideal gases undergoing isentropic flow. It then discusses critical properties and ratios at the nozzle throat where the Mach number is 1. The effects of back pressure on mass flow rate and exit velocity through converging and converging-diverging nozzles are examined. Converging-diverging nozzles are able to accelerate flow to supersonic velocities, and the document discusses how back pressure affects the flow and whether normal or oblique shocks will form.

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Nishant Mahamuni
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40 views25 pages

COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS-Lecture 4 - Dr. Arun

The document discusses isentropic flow through nozzles. It begins by developing property relations between static and stagnation properties for ideal gases undergoing isentropic flow. It then discusses critical properties and ratios at the nozzle throat where the Mach number is 1. The effects of back pressure on mass flow rate and exit velocity through converging and converging-diverging nozzles are examined. Converging-diverging nozzles are able to accelerate flow to supersonic velocities, and the document discusses how back pressure affects the flow and whether normal or oblique shocks will form.

Uploaded by

Nishant Mahamuni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

Lecture 4

Lecture slides by
Dr. Arun M.
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NITK
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow
of Ideal Gases
Next we develop relations between the static properties and stagnation
properties of an ideal gas in terms of the specific heat ratio k and the
Mach number Ma. We assume the flow is isentropic and the gas has
constant specific heats.
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow
of Ideal Gases
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases

The properties of a fluid at a location


where the Mach number is unity (the
throat) are called critical properties,
and called critical ratios when Ma = 1.
It is standard practice in the analysis
of compressible flow to let the
superscript asterisk (*) represent the
critical values.

Critical
ratios
(Ma=1)

When Mat = 1, the properties at the nozzle


throat become the critical properties.
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12–3 ■ ISENTROPIC FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES
Converging or converging–diverging nozzles
are found in steam and gas turbines and
aircraft and spacecraft propulsion systems.
In this section we consider the effects of
back pressure (i.e., the pressure applied at
the nozzle discharge region) on the exit
velocity, the mass flow rate, and the
pressure distribution along the nozzle.
Converging Nozzles

Mass flow rate through a nozzle

Maximum mass flow rate


The effect of back pressure on the pressure
distribution along a converging nozzle.
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The variation of the mass flow rate through a
nozzle with inlet stagnation properties.

The effect of back pressure Pb on the mass


flow rate and the exit pressure Pe of a
converging nozzle.
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Ma* is the local
velocity
nondimensionalized
with respect to the
sonic velocity at the
throat.
Ma is the local velocity
nondimensionalized
with respect to the
local sonic velocity.

Various property
ratios for isentropic
flow through
nozzles and
diffusers are listed
in Table A–13 for k =
1.4 for convenience.
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Converging–Diverging Nozzles
The highest velocity in a converging nozzle is limited to the sonic velocity (Ma = 1),
which occurs at the exit plane (throat) of the nozzle.
Accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities (Ma > 1) can be accomplished only by
attaching a diverging flow section to the subsonic nozzle at the throat (a converging–
diverging nozzle), which is standard equipment in supersonic aircraft and rocket
propulsion.

Converging–diverging nozzles are commonly used


in rocket engines to provide high thrust. 19
When Pb = P0 (case A), there will be no flow
through the nozzle.

1. When P0 > Pb > PC, the flow remains


subsonic throughout the nozzle, and the
mass flow is less than that for choked flow.
The fluid velocity increases in the first
(converging) section and reaches a
maximum at the throat (but Ma < 1).
However, most of the gain in velocity is lost
in the second (diverging) section of the
nozzle, which acts as a diffuser. The pressure
decreases in the converging section, reaches
a minimum at the throat, and increases at
the expense of velocity in the diverging
section.

The effects of back


pressure on the flow
through a converging–
diverging nozzle. 20
2. When Pb = PC, the throat pressure becomes
P* and the fluid achieves sonic velocity at the
throat. But the diverging section of the nozzle
still acts as a diffuser, slowing the fluid to
subsonic velocities. The mass flow rate that
was increasing with decreasing Pb also
reaches its maximum value.
3. When PC > Pb > PE, the fluid that achieved a
sonic velocity at the throat continues
accelerating to supersonic velocities in the
diverging section as the pressure decreases.
This acceleration comes to a sudden stop,
however, as a normal shock develops at a
section between the throat and the exit
plane, which causes a sudden drop in velocity
to subsonic levels and a sudden increase in
pressure. The fluid then continues to
decelerate further in the remaining part of
the converging–diverging nozzle.

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4. When PE > Pb > 0, the flow in the
diverging section is supersonic, and the
fluid expands to PF at the nozzle exit with
no normal shock forming within the
nozzle. Thus, the flow through the nozzle
can be approximated as isentropic.
When Pb = PF, no shocks occur within or
outside the nozzle.
When Pb < PF, irreversible mixing and
expansion waves occur downstream of the
exit plane of the nozzle.
When Pb > PF, however, the pressure of the
fluid increases from PF to Pb irreversibly in
the wake of the nozzle exit, creating what
are called oblique shocks.

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