Complete Guide to

Mern Stack
(Most Famous Tech Stack)
‘MERN’ is a word that gets thrown around a lot in web
development circles. But what exactly does it stand for? 

It is a set of four technologies that are used for faster building

and deployment of full stack web applications or CRUD
(create, read, update and delete) apps.

They are:

MongoDB:

Express.js:

React:

Node.js:

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Web

React.JS

Express.JS
Server

Node.JS
Database

Mongo.DB

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MongoDB: 
It is the database used for the full stack web application. It
is used to store and update any data that is used by the
application

MongoDB stores data in binary JSON format, and it is

document based. Thus it is very easy to access the indexed
files.

It is open-source, highly scalable and is used to store

readily available large volumes of data.

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ExpressJS Framework:
ExpressJS is simply a framework built on top of Node.js.
We use it to simplify the process of writing backend logic
and developing many Node modules

As an open-source framework, it utilizes JavaScript on the

server side. Express.js also supports various middlewares,
which make writing code much easier

Express.js aids in tasks such as URL routing and handling

HTTP requests and responses.

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React JS:
React.js is a front-end JavaScript library developed by
Facebook, primarily used for building user interfaces

React is declarative, flexible, and supports the creation of

small, isolated, and reusable pieces of code called
components

Additionally, React Native enables the development of

Android or iOS-based mobile apps using JavaScript

It is specifically useful in building stateful, data-driven

interfaces with minimal code and minimal pain.

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Node JS:
Node.js is the back-end layer that allows for the execution
of JavaScript outside the browser, providing an
environment for users to run their code on the server

It is cross-platform, open-source and is built on Google

Chrome’s JavaScript Engine

Node.js hosts thousands of public/private packages via

NPM (Node Package Manager) to facilitate application
development across multiple domains.

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Layers of MERN Stack
Client Layer Business Logic Layer
Http Request
Browser
Express

HTML/CSS Application
Java Script (React App)

Http Response
Node Server
Desktop Mobile
Application Server

Data Request
Data Response

Business Logic
Database Layer
Layer

MongoDB

Database

Database Server

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Most MERN Stack applications follow a 3 layer
architecture pattern
Client Layer
The client layer consists of the web pages which are visible
to the client or end user
It is developed using React framework along with
Javascript, HTML & CSS.

Application layer
Acts as the communication layer between client &
database layer
It contains business logic in the form of an Express
application built on the Node.js platfor
Services client requests by fetching appropriate data from
the database layer.

Database Layer
The MongoDB database operates within this laye
All the application data required by the client is fetched
from this database layer.

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Basic Working of any MERN Application
involves the following steps:
1. User Interaction:
User interacts with frontend of the application. React
components are used to create a dynamic and responsive user
interface.

2. Client-Server Communication:
When a user performs an action (e.g., submits a form or clicks
a button), the frontend sends an HTTP request to the backend
via API endpoints created using Express.js.

3. Backend Processing:
The Express.js application, running on the Node.js platform,
receives the request and processes it. This may involve
applying business logic, input validation, and/or
authentication and authorization checks.

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4. Database Interaction:
If the request requires data storage or retrieval, the backend
communicates with the MongoDB database. MongoDB stores
data in a flexible, JSON-like format called BSON, making it
suitable for handling various data types and structures.

5. Response Formation:
Once the backend processing is complete and any required
data has been fetched or stored, the server forms an
appropriate response, usually in JSON format, and sends it
back to the client.

6. Frontend Update:
The React frontend receives the response and updates the
user interface accordingly, providing feedback to the user or
displaying the requested data.
This process continues as users interact with the MERN
application, with the different layers working together to
provide a seamless and efficient user experience.

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Advantages of using MERN stack when
developing applications

1. Single Language Stack:

MERN enables developers to use JavaScript throughout the

entire stack, frontend to backend, simplifying the
development process and reducing the need to learn multiple
languages.

2. Reusable Components:

React uses a component-based architecture, allowing

developers to create reusable components that can be easily
integrated into different parts of the application. This
promotes consistency and speeds up development.

3. High Performance:

React's virtual DOM enhances application performance by

minimising DOM manipulations and reducing the need for full-
page refreshes. Node.js provides non-blocking, event-driven I/
O operations, which improves server-side performance.

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4. Scalability:
The MERN stack is designed to build scalable applications.
Node.js is lightweight and efficient, while MongoDB is a highly
scalable, document-based database that can handle large
volumes of data.

5. Active Community & Ecosystem:

All components of the MERN stack have active and supportive
communities, which contribute to ongoing improvements,
extensive documentation, and a wide range of third-party
libraries and tools.

6. Flexibility & Modularity:

MERN provides a modular and flexible architecture, making it
easy to add, remove, or modify components as needed. This
facilitates easier maintenance and enhances adaptability to
changing requirements.

7. Open Source:
All technologies in the MERN stack are open-source. This
helps reduce development costs and ensures that developers
have access to a wealth of resources and support.

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