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Data Models

The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of a database administrator (DBA). It lists key DBA tasks like ensuring database availability, performing backups and restores, designing databases, upgrading databases, and monitoring database security and capacity. It also provides an overview of different database models, including hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-oriented models. It compares the pros and cons of each model.

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Rani Shamas
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© © All Rights Reserved
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45 views

Data Models

The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of a database administrator (DBA). It lists key DBA tasks like ensuring database availability, performing backups and restores, designing databases, upgrading databases, and monitoring database security and capacity. It also provides an overview of different database models, including hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-oriented models. It compares the pros and cons of each model.

Uploaded by

Rani Shamas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Role, Duties and Responsibilities of database Administrator(DBA)

 Database Availability
 Database Backup
 Database Restore
 Database Design
 Database Move
 Database Upgrade
 Database Security
 Capacity Planning
 Database Monitoring
 Error Log Review
 Database Model
o is a data model for a database system. It provides a theory or
specification describing how a database is structured and used.

o Hierarchical model
o Network model
o Relational model
o Object-Relational model
o Object-oriented model (or short, object model)
o Multi-dimensional model
o Semi-structured model
o Multimedia data model

Hierarchical model
 First important database model
 Developed in the late ’50s
 Data organized as tree-structured networks of
 flat records
 IBM Information Management System (IMS) one
of the most successful DBMS
 Developed since 1966
 Used until today
 Important concepts of hierarchical model still
Pros
 The model allows us easy addition and deletion of new information.
 Data at the top of the Hierarchy is very fast to access.
 It worked well with linear data storage mediums.
 It relates well to anything that works through a one to many relationships.
For example; there is a president with many managers below them, and
those managers have many employees below them, but each employee has
only one manager.

Cons
 It requires data to be repetitively stored in many different entities.
 Now a day there is no longer use of linear data storage mediums
 Searching for data requires the DBMS to run through the entire model from
top to bottom until the required information is found, making queries very
slow.
 This model support only one to many relationships, many to many
relationships are not supported.

Network model
 Developed in the late ’60s by Charles Bachman
 Database extension to the data model of the
successful COBOL programming language
 Data organized as arbitrary networks of flat records
 Became an official standard in 1969
 Influenced object-oriented data(base) models
developed later on
Pros
 The network model is conceptually simple and easy to design.
 The network model can represent redundancy in data more effectively
than in the hierarchical model.
 The network model can handle the one to many and many to many
relationships which is real help in modelling the real-life situations.
 The data access is easier and flexible than the hierarchical model.
 The network model is better than the hierarchical model in isolating
the programs from the complex physical storage details.

Cons
 All the records are maintained using pointers and hence the whole
database structure becomes very complex.
 The insertion, deletion and updating operations of any record
require the large number of pointers adjustments.
 The structural changes to the database is very difficult.
Relational model

 Developed by Edgar F. Codd (1923-2003) in 1970


 Derived from mathematical model of n-ary relations
 Colloquial: data is organized as tables (relations) of records
 (n-tuples) with columns (attributes)
 Currently most commonly used database model
 Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)
 First prototype: IBM System R in 1974
 Implemented as core of all major DBMS since late ’70s:
 IBM DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server, Informix, Sybase, MySQL, etc.
 Database model of the DBMS language standard SQL
Pros

 Relational model is one of the most popular used database model.


 In relational model, changes in the database structure do not affect
the data access.
 The revision of any information as tables consisting of rows and
columns is much easier to understand.
 The relational database supports both data independence and
structure independence concept which makes the database design,
maintenance, administration and usage much easier than the other
models.
 In this we can write complex query to accesses or modify the data
from database.
 It is easier to maintain security as compare to other models.

Cons
 Mapping of objects in relational database is very difficult.
 Object oriented paradigm is missing in relation model.
 Data Integrity is difficult to ensure with Relational database.
 Relational Model is not suitable for huge database but suitable for
small database.
 Hardware overheads are incurred which make it costly.
 Relational database system hides the implementation complexities
and the physical data storage details from the users.

Object-Oriented Database Model

In object-oriented programming, an Object Database is a system in which data is


represented as objects. Relational Databases, which are table-oriented, are not the
same as object-oriented Databases. The Object-Oriented Data Model is one of the
types of database models that is based on the widely used concept of object-
oriented programming languages.

Advantages

 Object Databases can store a variety of data types, whereas Relational


Databases store only one type of data. Object-oriented Databases, unlike
traditional Databases such as hierarchical, network, and Relational
Databases, can handle a variety of data types, including pictures, voice,
video, text, and numbers.
 You can reuse code, Model real-world scenarios, and improve reliability and
flexibility with object-oriented Databases.
 Because most of the tasks within the system are encapsulated, they can be
reused and incorporated into new tasks, object-oriented Databases have
lower maintenance costs than other Models.

Drawbacks

 An OODBMS lacks a theoretical foundation because there is no universally


defined data Model.
 OODBMS usage is still limited when compared to RDBMS usage.
 There is a lack of security support in OODBMSs that do not include Object-
Relational Database Model
Object-Relational Database Model

Model’s simplicity with some of the Object-Oriented Database models’


advanced functionality. It allows designers to incorporate objects into the
common table structure. adequate security mechanisms.
Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)
Object-relational mapping (ORM) is a programming technique in which a metadata
descriptor is used to connect object code to a relational database. Object code is written in
object-oriented programming (OOP) languages such as Java or C#. ORM converts data
between type systems that are unable to coexist within relational databases and OOP
languages.

In addition to the data access technique, ORM's benefits also include:

 Simplified development because it automates object-to-table and table-to-


object conversion, resulting in lower development and maintenance costs
 Transparent object caching in the application tier, improving system
performance
 An optimized solution making an application faster and easier to maintain

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