PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Recognize the concept of programming
• Differentiate high level and low level programming
languages
• Identify the use of algorithm, pseudocode and
flowchart
• Determine the symbols use in flowchart
• Create a program design using flowchart
Programming
Language
Set of words, symbols and
codes that enable human
to communicate with
computers.
• Algorithm
• Design
• Logic
Programming Languages
Low Level Programming Languages
- are programming languages that are close to the
operation of a computer
Machine Language – language system that executed
directly by a computer processing unit
Assembly Language – programming language that is
intended to communicate directly to computer’s
hardware.
Programming Languages
Example: translate the following C statement to assembly
language and machine code.
x=y*(y+z);
Assume x,y and z are stored in memory locations 0,1 and 2
and there are general purpose registers called A,B,C...etc
Assembly Machine
Language Code
MOV A,[1] 3e 00 01 ; A=y
MOV B,[2] 3f 00 02 ; B=z
ADD A,B 8c ; A=A+B;
MULT A,B 9f ; A=A*B
MOV [0],A 4e 00 00 ; x=A
Programming Languages
High Level Programming Languages
- are programming languages designed to simplify
computer programming
Java
C++
Visual Basic
Python
C#
PSEUDOCODE
AND
FLOWCHART
ALGORITHM
Is a sequence of methods that is
performed by a computer to
solve a specific problem
PSEUDOCODE FLOWCHART
PSEUDOCODE
• Specifies the steps of algorithm using language of
control structure.
• It is compact and informal high level description of
computer programming algorithm intended for
human-reading rather than machine reading
PSEUDOCODE
• Preparing for online classes
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “passed”
Else
Print “failed”
FLOWCHART
• Is a graphical representation of the algorithm of
the program.
• It is introduced by Frank Gilberth in 1921 and they
were called as “Process Flow Chart”
DOCUMENT FLOWCHART
• Show controls over a document-
flow through a system, such as
payroll information, internal memos
and office email.
SYSTEM FLOWCHART
• Show controls on how the entire
system works by demonstrating how
data flows and what decisions are
made to control.
• Enrollment process
DATA FLOWCHART
• Show controls over a data-flow in
system
• Movement of data than how data is
processed
PROGRAM FLOWCHART
• Show controls over how program
works within a system
• Program charts are large and
complex
Flowchart
Symbols
Terminator
Start/Begin or Stop/End
a point in a process
Process
An operation or action
step
Data Input/Output
Indicates data input and
output to and from a
process
Decision
A question or branch in
the process
Flow lines
Indicates the flow for
materials and/or
information
Connector
Usually used within more
complex charts, this symbol
connects separate
elements across one page.
Off-page Connector
connects separate
elements across multiple
pages with the page
number usually placed on
or within the shape for easy
reference.
Flowcharting Guidelines
● Flowchart should read from top to bottom and
left to right
● Avoid intersecting flowlines
● Use meaningful description in the symbol
● Flowcharts should have plenty of “white space”
● Flowchart should have a title
● Flowchart can be designed using a variety of
tools, both high-tech and low-tech
Create a program that would enter
and display the user name
PSEUDOCODE
1. Start
2. Enter your name
3. Display name of the user
4. End
Create a program that would enter
and display the user name
Display username
Begin
Enter
username
Display
username
End
Create a program that will add any
two numbers
PSEUDOCODE:
1. Start
2. Input first number and second number
3. Add first number and second number
4. Display sum of the two numbers
5. End
Create a program that will add any
two numbers
Adding two numbers
Start
Enter first and
second number
Sum = First number +
second number
Display Sum
Stop
