Module
Module
3. What factors come into play when you choose based on your personal preferences? (experience, upbringing, trend,
environment, culture, etc.)
Lesson:
It may be harmless to choose based on personal preferences; however, there are instances when these may easily make
you biased in believing certain types of information. This may result in forming biases which may later on turn into a
belief that can alter your attitude towards an issue.
Bias is defined as “a particular tendency, trend, inclination, feeling, or opinion, especially one that is preconceived or
unreasoned” (Dictionary.com, 2021). Bias propels a person to lean in a certain direction, either in favor or against a
particular thing or topic.
Two sides of bias
Bias can either be positive or negative. If you have a positive bias, you lean favorably toward something and think
positively about it. On the other hand, you have a negative bias about something if you lean negatively against it and think
poorly of it.
Lesson:
An author’s bias is an opinion or prejudice that affects the author’s writing. It prevents the author from being completely
neutral about the topic or issue about which he/she is writing.
Biased Writing: unfair presentation of the issue. Focuses on one side (subjective)
Unbiased Writing: Fair presentation of the issue. Focuses on both sides. (objective)
Strategies in recognizing an author’s bias.
1.Look for loaded words
Examples:
Mona Lisa’s smile is unusual. Mona Lisa’s smile is weird.
(neutral connotation) (negative connotation)
Mona Lisa’s smile is mysterious.
(positive connotation)
2. Watch out for stereotypes or generalization.
Examples:
Cebuanos are talented singers.
Filipinos are always late.
Girls should play dolls and boys should play with toy cars.
3.Notice vague language
Example: Baguio is the best place to study so come and enroll in our school. (no reasons listed)
4.Note one-sided arguments
Example: Reading for pleasure is a waste of time. People who spend long hours reading don’t get to enjoy life to
the fullest. They don’t really learn anything that is useful to them. (only presented negative side of the topic)
5.Determine facts from opinions
Examples:
Fact: According to a study conducted by Shapiro, et al (2002), travelling by public
transit per person and per mile, creates less pollution and uses less energy than travelling by private vehicle; therefore, use
of mass transportation should be encouraged.
Opinion: do you like looking at smoggy view from a congested highway? How do you feel about fighting road hugs and
bumper to bumper traffic every day? Mass transportation is the solution to all these problems.
Creativity Slogan is Slogan is creative Slogan is creative The slogan does not
exceptionally and a good amount and some thought reflect any degree
attractive in terms of of thought was put was put into of
neatness. into decorating it. decorating it. creativity.
Well-constructed
and not
messy.
Originality Exceptional use of Good use of new Average use of No use of new
new ideas and ideas and originality new ideas and ideas
originality to create to create slogan. originality And originality to
slogan. to create slogan. Create slogan.
Names:__________________________________ Date_______
__________________________________
Analyze Intention of Words or Expressions Used in Propaganda Techniques
Pre-Activity:
1.What is the picture about?
Lesson:
Advertising is persuasive in nature for it uses certain strategies that will influence your logic (logos), emotion (pathos),
and character or credibility (ethos). These three may be attributed to propaganda.
- Explain that propaganda is a media that uses carefully-crafted messages to manipulate people’s actions and beliefs. This
can be done by enhancing or discrediting a particular person or cause.
-Propaganda is intended for the following purposes:
>to persuade
> to influence and manipulate your feelings and attitude
> to dictate your choice by exaggerating the truth
> to entertain
-Propaganda Techniques
1. Name Calling- giving a person or an idea a bad label by using an easy-to-remember name to reject or condemn the
person or idea without examining what the label really means.
Example: Terrorists, Rebels, Activists
2.Glittering Generalities- this is the use of strong and positive words to persuade us into accepting and approving things
without examining the evidence.
Example: The most notable statement that President Duterte delivered during his campaign for Presidency was “Change
is coming”.
3.Transfer- is when a symbol that carries respect, authority, sanction or prestige is used along with an idea or argument to
look acceptable. This method is also called GUILT or VIRTUE-BY-ASSOCIATION.
Example: Philippine Flag, University Seal
4.Testimonial- when a respected celebrity (or alternatively someone generally hated) claims that an idea or product is
good (or bad)
Example: A famous beauty queen gives her positive reviews about a beauty product.
5. Plain Folks- this is the way that a speaker convinces an audience that an idea is good because it is the same idea of the
majority of people like yourself.
Example: This is the will of the people.
6. Bandwagon- this common propaganda method is used when the speaker makes an appeal that “everyone else is doing
it, and so should you”.
7. Scapegoat- it transfers the blame to one person or group without investigating the complexities of the issue.
Activity 1: Identify the propaganda technique used in each sentence/phrase.
____________________1. Great Leaders start here! No sense on putting off what you can turn yourself
into better version of YOU. Enroll now at Bright Academy.
____________________2.”Let’s turn your weakness into your advantage.”
____________________3. Vic Sotto endorses a bran of sardines. What propaganda type opposes this
idea?
____________________4. Jericho Rosales and Ann Curtis endorses multivitamins.
____________________5.You have a choice, be part of our growing community.
____________________6.”You can’t be president if you don’t have the guts.”- Mayor Rodrigo Duterte. A
rebut to his co-presidential candidate.
____________________7. Gatorade always wins.
____________________8. A baby promoting different foods
____________________9.Pepsi commercial that pushed forth the slogan “the choice of a new
generation”.
____________________10. Tender Juicy Hotdog “Kids can Tell”
Advertisement Language Styles:
1.Tagline: It is short but permanent and easy to remember and commonly found in glittering generalities
Example: JUST DO IT.
2.Slogan: It is short too but temporary for the purpose of a marketing strategy. It leaves in mind only a trace of visual
effect but the echo of the line lingers longer.
Example: Beeda ang sarap! (with this Fast Food, your happiness is the priority.)
3.Pun Words: This style on language of advertisement is fun, also effective and striking if the play of the words is clever
and artistic.
4.Statistics or numbers: another commonly used style is the use of numbers and statistics on the sentence of
advertisements. The intention of this style may look good however consumers must be aware of the facts and claims of a
certain propaganda. Usually this aims to mislead, to make competitor inferior, to draw fear and worry and to touch the
consumer’s sense of security.
5.Testimonies of famous people: These are really powerful in swaying consumers. Just like slogan, tagline and pun
words, quotations and testimonies are echoes that stay in their mind. Usually, its intention is to insinuate or suggest to
follow or believe them.
Names:__________________________________ Date_______
__________________________________
Determine various social, moral, and economic issues discussed in the text listened to.
Pre-Activity: GUESS Me!
________________1. I am a five-letter word. My first letter is like me. My second and third letters are found in access-
the last two letters in a row. The fourth letter is the opposite of I. My last letter is given for you to easily guess what I am.
________________2. I am a five-letter word. My first letter is in mother. My second letter is in the second of love. My
fourth letter is what you find first in the alphabet. My last letter is first in love.
________________3. I am a six-letter word. My first letter is “S” and my last letter is “L”. You can simply associate me
with society and when you do something classy and elegant, they call you me. What am I?
________________4. Write the letters of the alphabet in a scratch paper to make this easy. My first letter is the fifth, my
second and eight is the third, my third and fifth letter in the 15 th. Just one step backward from 15th and you’ll find my
fourth letter. Another one step backward from 15th and you’ll find my fourth letter. Another one step backward then you’ll
find my sixth letter. My seventh letter sounds like “ay”. Finally, my last letter is “s”. What am I?
Lesson:
What is issue? -a subject or problem that people are thinking and talking about.
Social- relating to society or its organization.
Moral- concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character.
Economics- relating to, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
What is Social Issue?
-Social issues are problems that influence many citizens within a society. It is often the consequences of factors extending
beyond an individual’s control.
-Moreover, social issues are the source of conflicting opinions on what is perceived as morally correct or incorrect
personal life or interpersonal social life decisions. In other words, social issues are issues affecting the human relationship.
-An issue becomes a social issue under the following circumstances:
>The issue involves people in the society.
>The public, as a whole, recognizes the situation as a problem.
> A large segment of the population sees the situations as a valid concern.
Examples: Poverty, discrimination, drug abuse
What is Moral Issue?
-Moral issues are situations or actions that do not conform to the shared norms and values, culture, and beliefs
distinguished by a certain community or social setting.
-In other words, moral issues are issues relating to principles of right and wrong.
-An issue becomes a moral issue under the following circumstances:
It is against the values, beliefs, and preferences of the people in the society.
It involves behavior patterns that bring the individual repeatedly into conflict with society.
It involves actions that have the potential to harm others or the persons themselves.
Example: Abortion, marriage, corruption, etc.
What is Economic Issue?
-The economic issues assert that there is a scarcity or that the finite resources available are insufficient to satisfy all human
wants and needs.
-An issue becomes an economic issue under the following circumstances:
It involves inflation or the increase of the prices of basic commodities and services affecting a large number of people.
It involves in an increase in unemployment or not having a job to earn ones living.
It involves poverty caused by underlying factors such as lack of education, cultural and religious discrimination,
overpopulation, unemployment and corruption.
Example: Environmental and health issues, overpopulation.
Activity 1: Classify Me!
Classify the following issues if they are under moral, social and economic issue:
1.Bullying 6. Teenage Pregnancy
2.Child Abuse 7. Low Salary/Income
3.Choosing imported products over local products. 8. Pornography
4. Fake News 9. Cutting Classes
5. illegal Organizations (gang) 10. Child Abuse
11. Unemployment 16. Suspicious
12. Racism 17. Lack of etiquette
13. Increase of Prices 18. Shows gratitude
14. Being greedy 19.Poverty
15.Cheating during exams 20. Bankruptcy
Moral Issues Social Issues Economic Issues
Activity 2: Alibaba and The Forty Thieves
Read the story entitled, “Alibaba and The Forty Thieves” and answer the following questions:
> Who are the main characters in the text?
>Cite ways on how to can avoid the issue and suggest possible solution to the issues presented in the story.
Names:__________________________________ Date_______
__________________________________
Analyze literature as a mirror to a shared heritage of people with diverse backgrounds
Literature. It refers to a body of written works such as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays that reflects the
background of a certain culture. It is derived from the Latin word litaritura/ litteratura which means “writing formed with
letters.”
Heritage is the background from which one comes, or any sort of inherited property or goods. It is something that is
handed down from the past.
Diverse Background. It means differing from another, with different interest and culture.
Forms of Literature
A.Poetry refers to verse expressions, with measures, rhymes, lines, stanzas and melodious tone. It is not intended merely
to entertain.
Divisions and Types of Poetry
1. Lyric Poems- meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.
Examples: Simply Lyric, Song, Sonnet, Elegy and Ode
2. Narrative Poetry. Tells a story following order of events
Examples: Ballad, Metrical Romance, Epic
3. Dramatic Poetry. Has elements closely related to drama because it is written in a dramatic form.
Examples: Dramatic Monologue, Soliloquy, Character, Sketch
Example: Silvery Beach by Nu Yin, Myanmar (Burma)
B.Drama is a form of text that is performed in front of an audience. It is also called play. Its written text contains
dialogues, and stage directions. This genre has further categories such as comedy, tragedy, and tragicomedy.
Example: Night of the Minatour by Tew Bunnag, Thailand
C.Prose. A literary piece that is written in the form of the ordinary form of written or spoken language and within the
common flow of conversation. It is easily understood as compared to poetry. In subject matter, prose generally
concentrates on the familiar and the ordinary but may also deal with subjects such as heroism, beauty, love, and nobility of
spirit
Divisions and Types of Prose
1. Fiction. Defined as a series of imagined facts which illustrates truths about human life. Authors use complex
figurative language to touch readers’ imaginations.
Examples: Short story, Novel
The Garden of Evening Mists by Tan Twan Eng, Malaysia
2. Nonfiction. Literary works based mainly on fact rather than on the imagination, although they may contain fictional
elements
Examples: Formal Essay
Autobiography of Hikayat Abdullah by Abdullah Abdul Kadir, Malaysia
In analyzing literature as a mirror to a shared heritage of people with diverse background, make sure to see how
the culture/ tradition/ custom, nature and values of people are projected in the literary piece.
Activity 1: Read or watch the animated movie of the epic entitled Ramayana by Maharshi Valmiki.
In a separate sheet of paper, identify the characters in the story and write their roles in the story. Then, analyze the story by
answering the worksheet below.
Names:__________________________________ Date_______
__________________________________
B. Analysis:
1. Group/Race/ Nationality
a. To what specific group (religious, ethnic, etc.) race, nationality does the character/s in the literary piece belong?
b. Why did you say so? Give evidences from the selection to justify your answer.
Characters Group/Race/Nationality Evidences from the Literary Piece
1. Rama Hindu, Ayodya He is the son of Dasharat, the king of Kosala Kingdom who
performed a Vedic ritual “ashvhameda yagam”
2. Sita
3. Lakshman
4. Hanuman
5. Ravana
2. Shared Heritage
1. Do you/ Does the race or the religious group you belong to have the same culture, tradition, custom or belief with that
one depicted in the selection? How was it shown in the selection.
Culture/ Tradition/ or Belief Evidences from the selection
1.Og-ogfo/ Bayanihan When the group of Hanuman helped Rama save Sita from Ravana
Names:__________________________________ Date_______
__________________________________
For example:
The little boy walked to the store. His dog walked along with him.
Answer: When the little boy walked to the store, his dog walked along with him.
1. Bob is an only child. He is very independent.
= ________________________________________________________
2. Karen and Sally are best friends. Karen and Sally have many things in
common.
= _______________________________________________________
3. My cat was hungry. It had not eaten since breakfast that day
= _______________________________________________________
4. A book can be a lot of fun. A book can be boring.
= ________________________________________________________
5. They made plan to go to the beach. They couldn’t do it.
= ________________________________________________________
Basic Types of Speeches According to Purpose:
1. Entertaining Speech= the main purpose is to amuse the audience, and obviously, entertain them. It is usually
less formal in nature. You’ll find that entertaining speeches are the most common type of speeches out there.
Example: Speeches given by maids of honor or best men at weddings, acceptance speeches, or even the one
given by a school’s principal before or after a talent show or about movies, games.
2. Informative Speech= the purpose is to simplify complex theories, easier-to-digest and less ambiguous ideas; in
other words, conveying information accurately. This depends more on facts, studies, and statistics. Informative
speeches don’t use the help of visual aids.
Example: Teacher’s lecture (except when they’re telling us stories about their pasts). Travelogue, research… etc
3. Demonstrative Speech= this type of speech wants to demonstrate how something works or how to do a certain
thing. It utilizes the use of visual aids and/or physical demonstration along with the information provided.
Example: Tutors explaining how to solve mathematical equations, chefs describing how to prepare a recipe, and
the speeches given by developers demonstrating their products are all examples of demonstrative speeches.
4. Persuasive Speech= the speaker is trying to prove why his or her point of view is right, and by extension,
convince the audience to embrace that point of view and to change in some way: they think, the way they do
something, or starting doing something that they are not currently doing. Persuasive speeches can either be logical
by using facts or evidence (like a lawyer’s argument in court).
Example: In line of business “Why we’re the best company to provide such and such”, Become a donor, Weight
Loss, effects of something…
In communication, whether written or verbal, we usually present our ideas through sentences and paragraphs. A
well-organized speech is coherent when the ideas are arranged logically and are clearly related to each other.
Coherence allows the reader to move from one idea to the next seeing the connection between ideas and the
connection of ideas with the topic using linking words and cohesive devices or expressions that help the reader
follow the line of thought from one idea to the another.
Example:
Look at the informative text below and study how the ideas flow from one sentence to the next.
1We all differ on our views on the issue of change. 2For instance, the conservatives refuse to accept any
change, while the moderns appreciate and welcome it. 3The former live with their past; whereas, the latter
live now and for the future. 4Both of these opinions may be right or wrong. 5What is ideal is to realize a
change, but not at the expense of the past. 6This means keeping the best for the past and combining it with
the potential of tomorrow.
Note how the sentences in the text are related to one another. Notice the smooth flow of the ideas, too.
1. The second sentence is joined to the first by using the phrase for instance.
2. The words former and latter show the relationship between the second and the third sentences.
3. The word both connects the ideas of sentence 3 and 4. It also refers to the examples in sentence 2—the
“conservatives” and the “moderns” views.
4. The phrase this means joins the 4th sentence to the last sentence and also signals the text’s conclusion.
5. A sentence may be related to a previous one by substituting a pronoun or synonym for its referent.
6. There are also pronouns used to replace the words use such as:
a. It (sentence 2)= refers to change I sentence 1
b. Former (sentence 3)= refers to conservative in sentence 2
c. Latter (Sentence 3)= refers to moderns in sentence 2
d. Both (sentence 4)= refers to conservatives’ and moderns’ views/ Opinions
Activity 2: Classify Me!
Classify the following speech topics by listing them on the proper column they belong.
1. A teacher telling students about an earthquake
2. How to bake a cake
3. Television violence is negatively influencing the youth
4. Things you wouldn’t know without movies
5. How to write a speech
6. Improve health through better eating
7. How to start your blog
8. How to solve algebraic equations
9. Become a volunteer and change the world
10.Travelogue to Banaue Rice Terraces
Informative Demonstrative Persuasive
Directions: Use parallel structures in constructing correct word or phrase to make the sentence complete. Guide words are
given before the number.
(convince) 1. Politicians are good in motivating, captivating and __________ people.
(die) 2. To love, to care, and __________ for our country is nationalism.
(respect) 3. Filipinos are hospitable, responsible and _________ people.
(wise) 4. We must vote honestly, correctly and __________.
(educate) 5. Social media informs, instructs and __________ people.
(respect) 6. Filipinos are hospitable, responsible, and _________ people.
(love) 7. Jessica was neither going to sleep nor ___________ to eat.
(love) 8. You have a wonderful smile and ____________ attitude.
(gather) 9. She likes walking along the seashore, climbing mountains, and _____________ corals.
(walk) 10. I like biking better than ____________.