THE CONTEMPORARY WOLRD

CHAPTER 1: Qualities and Characteristics of Globalization (Held & McGrew,

The Concept of Globalization: 2002)
Is Globalization a Phenomenon? 1. Creation and Multiplication of social networks and cultural
GLOBALIZATION activities which break the traditional norms and practices in the
• Refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, political, economic, and cultural realms of most communities.
multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social 2. Expansion and Stretching of social operations and connections
interdependencies and exchanges while at the same fostering in which is seen in the financial markets and trading operations
people a growing awareness of deepening connections between around the globe. (Examples: World Trade Organization, ASEAN
the local and the distant (McGrew, 2003). Economic Community, World Economic Forum and European
• For Justine Rosenberg’s definition of globalization, he argues that Union)
globalization as a phenomenon gave rise to the
interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign Is Globalization the same as Westernization?
state system with a multilateral system of global governance • NO. The concept of Westernization is deeply rooted in the
• From the lens of Ritzer (2008), he described this phenomenon as Western World where often associated with the Western
the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and culture and values (Sairin, 2011).
organization of social life. • This concept is famously used in referring the western value
• Globalization, as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and system and it influences countries outside its territory and
20th-century scholars and intellectuals like Karl Marx, sovereignty.
MacKinder, and Robertson who began to introduce the term • The political, economic, and technological prowess of United
“globality”. However, it was in the 1960’s and 1970’s when this States and European countries are best described in the idea
term gained worldwide attention. of Westernization.
• Globalization simply puts it as a social process of reshaping and
remaking the world order.
• Understanding the term globalization, requires a critical
examination of its origin, development, and usage as part of our
understanding of social change within the spectrum of
contemporary world.
CHAPTER 2: Spread of Democracy and Institutions
COMPETING THE THEORETICAL APPROACHES • Democracy as a frontline of liberalism has been utilized as a
Theoretical approaches: sociopolitical apparatus in challenging political actors who act
1. REALISM beyond their power and control.
• The realist perspective explaining globalization focuses on the • The strong participatory presence of citizens in key issues
shifting distribution of power among states (Walt, 1998 and affecting the interest and welfare of the public could be used as a
Synder, 2004). reference in balancing the interest of stakeholders.
• Economic power, technological Power, military power • Liberalists see that democracies are venues of not using threat to
• They explained that the core idea of dominating the world intimidate and harm other nations. Many liberals believe in the
through the employment of power. vital function played by the rule of law as safeguard of self-
• This force comes from different angles, depending on the respect and social stability.
power availability of a nation. Global Economic Ties
Realists argue that countries open their economies to the world is • Liberalists see economic ties and cooperation such as market
because of two contending reasons: integration and economic alliances are fitting fixtures of
• Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic globalization.
opportunities to the capitalist (origin country). • The core belief of liberalism is that economic alliance and
• The continued centrality of political power and military strength integrating the domestic economy into a regional or economic
are obvious forces of interdependence and realistic behavior of bloc will deliver prosperity and security.
the more and most powerful countries. • Opening to markets to other countries is described as an act of
2. LIBERALISM country’s commitment to global consciousness and moral
• Liberalism is a perspective in international relations where understanding of multistate interests.
actors and institutions emphasize relationships and • Examples: European Union’s Eurozone and Association of
negotiations. Southeast Asian Nations Economic Community (AEC)
• Liberalists observe the importance of interaction and International Organizations
communication and focus on solving problems and conflicts • Liberals believe that the formation of leading regional and
affecting them. international organizations like global commerce and
• This idea is very evident in countries where democratic governance are main instruments in the maintenance of peace
governance and institutions play major roles in maintaining and solidarity.
national cohesiveness in managing domestic and • Examples: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
international affairs. (OPEC) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Liberalists believe that to avoid international conflict and 3. IDEALISM
problems, negotiations and dialogues are potential • Idealists and constructivist hold the notion that values, and
mechanisms in confronting issues among parties. norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the
process and works of individuals, group, and nations.
• This theory emphasizes on the functions of ideologies,
frameworks, systems, and identities in understanding
globalization and international order.
 • Its core beliefs centers on the centrality of ideas, beliefs, Innovation as a product of technological advancement have rendered
emotions, and collective values that shape the political and national borders irrelevant in international system.
economic landscapes of the world
• Alexander Wendt and Hugh Ruggie are the two most Institutions and Globalization
prominent founders of this school of thought. • Institutions consist norms, set of activities, and regulate
• Idealism presents the changing norms and evolutions of structures that provide meaning and stability to the social
individuals, groups, and states with the goal of influencing behavior of a group (Peter, 2012).
the dynamics and pattern of social structure. • Global governance is directed by two important institutions:
Role of Ideas and Technology in Globalization political and economic institutions. The operation of the political
• Ideas are non-material entities of culture; it embodies one’s and economic life of globalization depends on how plans are
perception of his social world or environment. It defines on how implemented and how accountable these institutions are in their
values, norms, and beliefs are used by governments and actions.
institutions in hold and exercising of power (Nau, 2008). • International institutions are classified intergovernmental
• When ideas are used well based on their intended application, organizations that are formed by national governments. These
development takes place. It could be utilized for linking and are international formal organizations that set rules and with the
transfer of knowledge in a transnational community of nations, purpose of regulating the flow of communication and movement
scientific, and social innovation, and increase in the of resources.
understanding of people in their day-to-day life.
• Ideas are necessary in this particular scene because the EXAMPLES:
definitions and concepts constructed are used in interpreting • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) performs globally
how people act and behave. and countries around the world depend on the common rules
set by the body. Like IMF, World Trade Organization (WTO)
Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant is an international institution that plays key role in the
Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People: management of global trade. Its member-economies are
I. Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of bound to adhere and behave in accordance with its
wealth and power. The success of economy of a country guidelines in the conduct of international trade.
requires pool of resources like ideas and technology. The
technological advancement of a nation is an identity of its
economic power.
II. The fast pace of technological change. From industrialization
to modernization, technology has taken a significant role in
business, government, and individuals.
III. Dispersed knowledge and technology. The increasing trends
in communication revolution make it more possible to move data
and ideas from people to people and country to country at faster
and more convenient way.
CHAPTER 3: First World War Rise of global attention
THE PRACTICE OF GLOBALIZATION to environmental
Globalization in Historical Perspectives concern and snit-
• There are key events and developments in the history of globalization campaign
globalization from the time it was initially observed and
describe as a phenomenon up to the current era of
advancement and modernization. Phases of Globalization
• The useful checklist training the phases of globalization was ⚫ For a better grasp on the historical developments of
drawn by Holton (1998), Sholte (2001), and Lawson (2012). globalization, Thomas Friedman described the phases of
First Phase Second Phase Third Phase globalization into three periods
(Mid 18th Century – (1920s – 1960s) (1960s – Present)
1870s) Globalization 1.0 Globalization 2.0 Globalization 3.0
Development of Establishment of Establishment of global (1492 – 1800) (1800 – 1950) (1950 – 2000)
international League of Nations communication
networks Period of Mercantilism End of World War Period of Technology
Beginning of Global effect of Cold Increasing power and II and Internet
international fairs War influence of
international financial Age of Industrialization Age of Pax Age of Information
institutions (rise of British Economy) Brittanica
International relations Rise of Third World Rapid rise of US and
through treaties and Countries in expansion of western Inventions: Formation of Intensification of
agreements in Europe international arena investments and ⚫ Steam engine Market trade worldwide and
multinational firms ⚫ Printing press Integration and development of
⚫ Railway Institutionalizatio Multinational
Establishment of Increased attention End of Cold War system ns of major corporations
International to humanitarian economic
Committee of the Red works and activities in global
Cross in 1863 development aid market
Development of Social New players and
Significant Introduction of Increase in social Systems and Institutions: prominent economic
development in global icons and movement and global ⚫ Government actors:
communication and American civil society ⚫ Education ⚫ China
transportation consumerism ⚫ Exchange of goods ⚫ ASEAN
within the region ⚫ European
Development of Introduction of World Union
international Wide Web and ⚫ Japan
competitions continuous influence of ⚫ South Korea
telecommunications
Three Dimensions of Globalization World Military ⚫ Strengthening military power
⚫ Anthony Giddens described the globalization as is the priority of the first
intensification of worldwide social relations. The global world countries as well as the
economic activity is the most obvious face of this developing and third world
phenomenon where economic activities have immense countries.
effect to other global operations such as governments, ⚫ Budget allotted by
education, and technology. governments to defense and
World Capitalist ⚫ Primary force of globalization. military surged hundred folds
Economy ⚫ Capitalists states are the main with the aim of delivering
engines of global production world-class defense operation
and distribution of goods and and services to its people.
services. ⚫ US maintains the rank as the
⚫ Capitalists engage in world’s most powerful
transnational operation military in terms of military
maintaining pool of resources spending (SIPRI, 2017).
such as labor and capital.
⚫ Multinational corporations are
very powerful in controlling Three Worlds and World Order
domestic and foreign market. ⚫ The concept of First World, Second World, and Third World
was a construct of the Cold War era.
Nation-state System ⚫ Sovereignty of states has been ⚫ There were number of interpretations on the origin of Cold
emphasized as a primary part War.
of independence and ⚫ First, the conflict was cause by aggressive behavior and
autonomy. domestic policies of Soviet Union prompting other
⚫ The concept of sovereignty in countries especially the US to react.
a globalized world is ⚫ Second, the cold war was a result of the US economic
understood as the best form of system of expansionist-capitalism.
asserting the existence and ⚫ Third, the war was a consequence of security response
operation of a state in order to from the two countries on the power vacuum and threat of
be recognized. central Europe.
⚫ It has been used as a major
political unit in international
relations.
⚫ Nation-states have the right to
make their own collective
objectives.
 First World Second World Third World

During Cold Unites States Soviet Union Neutral and

War United Kingdom China non-aligned
Japan Estonia Countries
Western European Lithuania
Countries Half of Germany
Vietnam
North Korea
Cuba

Description Powerful The idea of Countries are

economies having world order is described as
stable associated with less developed
governments, role of political and developing
robust financial and military economy or
markets, and power during global south.
advanced and Cold War.
modern Most of the
infrastructures, low The communist countries have
poverty, and high countries of the experience
standard of living Second World colonialism
are found to be from Western
trapped World.
between
poverty and
prosperity.
CHAPTER 4: 3. Production quantity is
GLOBAL ECONOMY dictated, consumer
Economic Systems behavior is directed, and
⚫ The global economy of most countries is classified into market operation is
there categories: market, command, and mixed controlled by a single
economies. authority.
⚫ In countries where democracy prevails, its economic 4. Its objective is to
system is usually under freedom, choice, and decisions mobilize resources for
of its citizens. the common good of the
⚫ While countries that are under the control of a single public and for the
political party and authority, its system could be under interest of the nation.
the practice of command economy. 5. Private individuals have
⚫ no say in the economic
MARKET 1. Economy under the will ⚫ Hongkong operation.
ECONOMY and interest of the ⚫ New Zealand
individuals. ⚫ Australia MIXED 1. Market-driven ⚫ Philippines
2. Economic freedom to ⚫ Switzerland ECONOMY economies ⚫ United
purchase and sell 2. Combination of market States
products, services, and and command ⚫ United
properties. economies. Kingdom
3. This condition is not 3. Some sectors are under ⚫ France
planned by a single the directions of the
person or group that has private individuals
the ability to manipulate while other aspects of
or direct the economy the economy are left
solely. within the guidance of
4. It promotes competition the government.
among business and 4. State can take over the
firms ownership and
COMMAND 1. A central economic ⚫ North Korea operation of a private
ECONOMY planning body handles ⚫ Cuba company for the
the entire decision ⚫ Russia purpose of maintaining
making. ⚫ China the interest of the
2. The quality and quantity nation.
of goods and services
produced is based on
the decision of the
government.
International Trade ⚫ Economic liberals explain the importance of free trade and
⚫ The process and the system when goods, commodities, the role of individual’s preference in choosing economic
services cross national economy, and boundaries in activity. It includes making decision, and choices on
exchange for money or goods of another country (Balaam comparing the costs of products to be produced and
and Veseth, 2008). traded, the availability of the product, and the efficiency of
⚫ Global trade has grown dramatically since the post-cold producing and buying products.
war era because of increasing demand of goods and 2. Mercantilists
services and countries. ⚫ Mercantilism is an economic theory emerged from about
⚫ This global norm reflects growing practice of 1500-1800. This period was the emerging eras of nation-
internationalizing and globalizing local products and states and the formation of more central governments. This
services. system flourished due to the following reasons:
Trade Theories a. Higher export than import. Governments
1. Descriptive Theory – it deals with the natural order and the imposed restrictions and policies requiring economy ant
movement of trade. It describes the pattern of trade under the its market to produce higher export that products and
idea of laissez faire, a French term which means “leave alone”. services purchased outside the country or import.
⚫ It refers to the notion that individuals are best economic Countries used this mechanism to support their trade
agents to solve the problems through invisible hand rather objectives and strengthen their colonial rule and
than government policies. possessions.
⚫ It also addresses the questions which product to trade, how b. Export less high valued product and import
much product to offer and produce, and which country to less high valued product. It prevented and monopolized
trade in the absence of government restrictions. the production and manufacturing operation of the
2. Prescriptive Theory - it prescribes whether government, an colonies.
important economic institution, should interfere and restrict c. The benefits of colonial powers. Mercantilism is
with the movement of goods and services. adopted to increase and sustain the colonial power and
⚫ This theory views government to have participation in its authority to direct and control the economic activity of
deciding which countries to alter the amount, composition, the colony.
and direction of goods. 3. Structuralists
Three Perspectives on International Trade ⚫ The Modern World System (MWS) theory developed by
1. Economic Liberals Immanuel Wallerstein, explain the contact of economies
⚫ For David Ricardo, his influential work, Law of between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries in
Comparative Advantage explains that free trade the world.
efficiency is attainable if two countries can produce more ⚫ The core states have the absolute advantage over the other
goods and trade products separately. The advantage of this through unequal exchange and extraction of raw materials
theory in international trade is deriving principle of from the periphery and semi-periphery.
specialization and division of labor of Adam Smith (Nau, ⚫ This system as part on the structure of the global
2009). Countries have different resources and talents; they capitalism, involves exploitation, and transformation in
are better in performing in that economic activity than some ways.
other economic activities.
Transnational Corporations ⚫Unfair Trade is the conduct of trade by a business firm or
⚫ The role of Multinational Corporation (MNCs) in the 21st is government that violates and breaks the international
distinct and interesting to investigate. The movement of trade agreements that are unjustifiable and discriminatory.
ideas, capital, investment, technology, and people are ⚫ Examples of common trade practices are issues relating to
affected by the operations of MNCs. price, labor, wages, health, and environmental concerns
⚫ As the global economy is becoming complex and that failed to meet the regulatory standards of the body.
competitive, MNCs continue to offer innovations and new WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
product and services. For several years, the term MNCs was
used to refer to a firm operating in different countries In 1995, General Agreement
around the world. Because of the magnitude of global on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of the
production and networks, the term transnational American government was replaced
corporation (TNC) became the more acceptable name. and succeeded by WTO with 151
⚫ This refers to business organizations and firms that members as of 2008 and accounts
compete in regional or global markets. It operates in for 90% of the world’s trade.
countries and makes investments in research, technology, It is based in Geneva,
facilities, distribution, and production. Switzerland and leads by a director
⚫ TNC can control and monopolize the global market general selected by consensus
especially if it has huge pool of resources making it one of among its members.
the most powerful economic actors in the world.
⚫ The number of TNCs from north and west has business Primarily, WTO has the following main functions:
operations in the south where cheap labor and raw a) Implementation of the latest GATT agreements
material are available. b) A venue for trade negotiations
⚫ TNCs are very powerful economic institutions because of c) A dispute settlement body responsible for resolving trade problems
their global influence in investment and network d) Review and assess national and international trade laws and
distribution. policies
International Economic Institutions and Market Integration e) Assist members and developing economies by providing technical
⚫ The formation of economic integration is designed to assistance and training programs
address and enhance the level of competitiveness of World Bank
member economies in trade. Officially called the
⚫ Free trade is the primary consideration of regional International Bank for
economic integrations. Reconstruction and
⚫ Free Trade Area (FTA) is a trading bloc which involves the Development (IBRD), or World
reduction of internal tariffs to zero of member economies Bank is an international agency
while retaining different external tariffs. This policy aims to with 189 member-countries
promote free flow of goods and services as well as to operating in 130 countries
increase the volume of trade within the region. worldwide.
Formed by Bretton
Woods agreement in 1944 to finance the reconstruction of war-torn ⚫ Since then, other European countries joined the regional bloc
countries brought by the devastation of World War II. making it as Europe’s most influential and powerful body.
World Bank is composed of four associated agencies: ⚫ EU is guided by its core values, considered as integral part in the
a. International Development Association (IDA). This agency focuses way of life of its citizens.
on poor and third world economies in the world by providing ⚫ It believes on the following value orientation: (1) Human dignity, (2)
financial assistance and load program. freedom, (3) democracy, (4) equality, (5) rule of law, and (6) human
b. International Finance Corporation (IFC). rights.
c. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
d. International Settlement Centre of Investment Disputes (ISCID). ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

⚫ IMF was created as the ⚫ The Association of Southeast

flagship institution of Bretton Asian Nation (ASEAN) was
Woods agreement with 189- founded on August 1967 in
member countries. Bangkok Thailand with Indonesia,
⚫ IMF is responsible in Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
supervising exchange rate system, and Thailand as its founding
providing loan programs to fathers.
economies experiencing balancing ⚫ Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam,
payments adjustments, and Myanmar, and Cambodia joined
review domestic economic the organization making up today
policies. the 10 member-countries.
⚫ Its mandated to ensure the stability of the international monetary ⚫ The ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN Economic
system including exchange rates and international payments. Community, and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community are the three
⚫ It reflects on the amount owed by the country from another country main pillars of ASEAN.
as well as indicates the economic operation like what it produces, As stated in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia
consumes, and buys with its money (TAC) of 2976. The ASEAN Community functions under its six
fundamental principles (ASEAN.org).
EUROPEAN UNION ⚫ Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality,
⚫ European Union (EU) is a territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations;
political economic regional ⚫ The right of every State to lead its national existence free from
organization of 28 member- external interference, subversion or coercion;
economies in Europe. ⚫ Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
⚫ Founded in 1985, European ⚫ Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
Economic Country (EEC) was ⚫ Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
formed by six countries: ⚫ Effective cooperation among themselves
Belgium, Germany, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, and Netherlands.
CHAPTER 5: 3. Participation Gap
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE • Member-states sometimes disagree on issues that are
GLOBAL GOVERNMENT harmful to their interests. They do not involve in decisions
• Global government is a response on the actions of various that are crucial to the economic and political welfare of their
stakeholders on finding out pressing global problems like climate sovereignty.
change and issues on peace and security. POLITICAL SYSTEMS
• The world has no global government and global authority. • Political System means the system, or the form of practice
• There are political and economic bodies operating worldwide employed by the state.
but no single organization possesses a global authority in • Udayanskar (2012) identified two dimensions of political
enforcing and compelling others to follow. system.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE • First, a country emphasizes the importance of individualism
• Global governance refers to domestic institutions and as opposed to collectivism.
governments on how large-scale problems and public policy • Second, a system in which a country is either democratic or
issues are being solved at a global level. totalitarian in its form of government.
• It involves a range of actors including states, national and INDIVIDUALISM • It is a political system that values the
regional bodies that have the willingness and commitment to significance of individuals over collective
confront a specific problem (WHO, 2015). goals.
• It involves management, authority, cooperation, and mechanisms • Freedom of the people is the primary
that are aimed to attain certain goals. consideration.
• This international process is bounded by consensus and • Government values choices and
agreements where members are expected to perform based on preferences of its people at a very
the guidelines and policies personal level.
THREE EXISTING GAPS AND ISSUES IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE • It is built in two elements: individual
1. Jurisdiction Gap freedom and expression are important in
• The lack of global governance in taking actions to problems the sense that individuals just like state
affecting key sectors arises from the absence of authority. have sovereignty; and the pursuit of
This involves the need to create power and jurisdiction to economic interest among individuals.
governments and international organizations that have the COLLECTIVISM • is a philosophy that stresses the
commitment in confronting issues like unemployment, importance of the collective goals over
human rights, peace, and crimes. individual freedom and interests.
2. Incentive Gap • the state, as the primary economic
• Global governance is formed with the participation of manager views collective action as the
countries that have the interest to deal problem affecting best strategy in establishing the welfare
their sovereignty. It is an issue between the rich and poor and interest of the nation.
countries of the world because of uneven distribution of • According Plato, social stratification
authority and control over decisions and policies. must be built in order for the society and
the entire economy and the government
be managed properly and orderly.
 • Power is the ultimate goal to contain and control other states and
DEMOCRACY • Democratic institutions and governance nations that do not enjoy much power are considered as
focus on the rolof e individuals in powerless states in international arena.
political decision making. • Realists define power as capabilities of a country to control other
• the practice of direct participation in countries like population of its people, resources, territory,
modern societies involves economic, and military strengths (Chomsky, 2006; Nau, 2008).
representation, where individuals • In international relations, geopolitics is defined as a focus and
periodically elect someone who has the concentration of a country's location, environment, and
ability to represent them in the geography as the basis of its national interests (Nau, 2008).
government. • United States and China have ideal geography because of its vast
• in a representative democracy, land and territory, Israel on the other hand, has struggles when it
competitive elections occur where comes to defending the territory because it is surrounded by
candidates freely compete for votes Islam majority countries.
through conduct of fair and honest • India enjoys its huge territory but have some challenges when it
election. comes to territorial security and military relationships with
elected officials are accountable for their neighboring countries Pakistan and China
actions in the government and operation
of the state. POLITICAL LAYERS AND GEOPOLITICS
• constitutional laws are provided to Unilateralism
safeguard the welfare and interest of the • The economic growth experienced by China and other
people. emerging economies in the world are dependent on the
TOTALITARIANISM • is built on the idea that society and American market.
citizens have no right and freedom of • On the political angle, American military power is considered
expression. as the most highly valued military force in the world with
• totalitarian countries do not recognize billions of dollars annually spent by the government. Its
the conduct of fair and honest election, military presence in some countries in Asia and Pacific,
the presence of media, and civil liberties. Middle East and Africa, Europe and South America is a
• decision making of the states is exclusive remarkable manifestation of its control in global defense
only on a single political party if not a operation.
ruler who has full control in the political, • However, the global stability of power enjoyed by the
economic, and social affairs if its Americans can only be sustained if it will employ the liberal
government. values of freedom, democracy, and human rights (Balaam,
and Veseth, 2008).

POLITICAL LAYERS AND GEOPOLITICS

• States in contemporary world are hungry for power.
Multilateralism
• The idea of multilateralism includes three powers in United Nations
international system. The United Nations or UN is an
• 1. Bipolar - it happens if there are only two great powers international organization established
dominating the distribution of power. The Cold War era is fitting in 1945 with the League of Nations as
example of bipolarity, the global power was highly contested its original body. Currently, the
between US and USSR. organization has 193-member states
• 2. Tri-polar or tri-polarity - exists if there are only three states performing various capacities and
dominating the distribution if global order. United States, Japan, divisions.
and Europe were considered as potential powers during the As the world's most powerful
Second World War. They controlled some areas under the binding political organization, UN can
respective military instruments and interests. In the area global act on the issues confronting humanity
economic power, Japan, China, and United States are the most in the 21st century such as peace and
favored nations identified by scholars as the three leading security, climate change, sustainable
economic giants of modern time. development, human rights,
• 3. Multipolar or multi-polarity - is situation when more states disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian
are involved in the distribution of global power. This geological and health emergencies, gender
condition is described as an alignment if the powerful and equality, governance, food production,
emerging powers in the world. The current situation of the globe and more.
could be described as Multipolar because of state actors joining UN operates worldwide in providing
the prestige of superpowers. Europe, China, Japan, Russia, United aids and support services to global
States, and major alliances are key players in the distribution of problems in countries where it is
power. needed.

Isolationism Organs of United Nations

• Isolationists believe that major powers and states exclude • General Assembly- this is UNs main deliberative and
the use of force and military in the international system. War decision-making body represented by all its 193 members.
and attacking other nations are unethically acceptable in the The assembly holds general debate from September -
international political economy. It is already enshrined in the December in its headquarters in New York. Two thirds of
international law. Realist-isolationist stresses that United vote are required to decide range of issues like peace and
States must disengage itself using military force over other security, budget, and admission if new members to the
military interests. organization.
2. Security Council - it is responsible in the maintenance of
peace and security. it has the power to impose sanctions or
punish members or other bodies for the purpose of restoring
international peace and security.
3. Economic and Social Council - commonly called as
ECOSOC. its main function is to coordinate, review, and
 recommend policies relating to economic, social and political commitment of governments in Western Europe.
environmental issues. It serves as the main agency of UN in However, liberalists point out the belief that NATO was
monitoring and evaluating key results in sustainable established to back up and save the economic and political
development. problems of Europe from the damages of war.
4. International Court of Justice - ICJ is the principal body The economic alliances of Europe's powerful countries
or court of UN. Its role includes setting legal disputes among transformed the region as a major hub in industrialization.
concerned states and provides opinions on legal matters. Its development transformed NATO as a conventional
This is the only UN organ that operates outside United States military alliance and protected Europe from the threat of
with headquarters in the Peace Palace, Netherlands. Soviet Union.
5. The Secretariat - it is headed by the UN Secretary -
General who sits as its Chief Administrative Officer at the
appointment of the secretary general is done through the
recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term.
this organ is responsible for the day-to-day work and
operation of the UN including its peacekeeping mission and
thousands of international staff stationed in different
countries.
6. Trusteeship Council – it is assigned to it the task of
supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed
under the International Trusteeship System. It suspended its
operations on Nov. 1,1994, a month after the independence
of Palau, the last remaining United Nations trust territory.

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

NATO was formed
initially as a political
association, and not a
military alliance.
Realists argue that
during its proposal in
1949, the idea of
collective security
arrangement was the
main feature of NATO.
Its purpose was not
directed against the
threat of Soviet Union
but to strengthen
CHAPTER 6 : Roles of Civil Society Organizations
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY AND The World Economic
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION Forum (WFC) outlined
Global Civil Society (GCS) the following roles of
• The formation of UN was pivotal in the recognition of civil NGOs and CSOs:
society organizations and NGOs. 1. Watchdog CSOs monitor the behavior of
• This era was marked by participation of NGOs in the decision institutions in the promotion of
making of the body. transparency and accountability.
• GCS is a global and international network of NGOs with the 2. Advocate They initiate programs that could
purpose of influencing governments and organizations in raise public awareness of issues
various issues and concerns. It is usually identified as and challenges and advocating for
organized attempts to create and resists change. change.
• NGOs have strong influences and role in globalization. Their 3. Service Provider These organizations are active in
operations are very evident across disciplines and industries delivering services to meet societal
such as commerce and trade, media and press, human rights, needs including food and security,
environmental groups, migration and labor. health and education as well as
• Lobbying in governments, participating in public protest, and preparedness and disaster
maintaining information campaign are some known styles of management.
articulating their interests and expressing their stand on a 4. Expert They bring unique knowledge and
particular issue. experience to evaluate policy and
Characteristics of NGOs strategy and identify solutions.
1. An NGO must be entirely independent from the control of any 5. Capacity Builder Civil society provides services
government. It should have its own authority and jurisdiction providing relevant training,
over its operation and decisions. They design their own education and capacity building to
programs and activities and maintain their networks without communities.
interference from the government. 6. Incubator CSOs act as an armory in
2. NGOs are not considered as political party. They have developing solutions that requires
participation in political issues like human rights and long playback period.
environmental pollution but they are not classified as an 7. Representative They give power in emphasizing
organization that is part of the bureaucratic operation of the rights of the marginalized and
state. voices of under - represented.
3. NGOs perform their tasks not because of generating income or 8. Citizenship Champion CSOs are known in encouraging
profit. They are described as non-profit and not-for-profit citizen engagement and
organization or entity. The existence and operating costs of NGOs championing the rights of the
rely on the members' contribution and practice of sponsorship minority.
from the private sector and entities that have interest in their 9. Solidarity Supporter They promote the ethical, just, and
causes. humane practices as part of
promoting universal values geared
 towards sustainability and • They undertake serious actions like research fundraising,
balanced life of the many. publicity and challenging policies and legislatures that are
10. Definer of Standards CSOs create and frame norms that detrimental to the ecology and environment
shape and make activities of the
people and societies. Example:
• Greenpeace and World
Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) are
two most prominent environmental
NGOs. Activities and engagements of
these organizations are described as
assertive and influential. They operate
in almost all countries especially those
that have environmental concerns.
• Greenpeace is known for
its fearless stand and expression on the
neglect of the institutions in damaging
oceans, shipments of toxic products, and
forest degradation in areas like Brazil.
• WWF on one hand is
the world's largest multinational
conservation organization.
Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations (TNGOs)
• TNGOs are international not-for-profit organizations that are Law and Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations
independent and are not controlled by governments. • The adoption of UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in
• TNGOs operate as an extension of the private life of the state 1948 which centers on the promotion of political participation
transcending from domestic to international affairs. and freedom, entitlements and access to adequate food, shelter,
• TNGOs are seen very active in the domestic affairs in countries clothing, and health care provided a more pronounced obligation
under democracy. Democratic states do not only recognize the of the state to its citizens.
operation of NGOs but promote as well its involvement in the • This adoption was followed by the resurgence of other bodies
acceleration and delivery of its services. and conventions such as women's and children's rights,
discrimination and abuse.
Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations • Under the UNs management, the organization has the right to act
• Environmental NGOs are considered as vanguard against the issues concerning human rights violation.
abuses of capitalists and organizations that negatively affect the
environment.
• NGOs usually lobby to influence decision makers, international
organizations and governments.
Example:
• Amnesty International (AI) is one
of the world's most famous and active
human rights NGOs operating in different
countries worldwide.
• AI maintains its global prestige and
integrity of not accepting money and
donations from governments and political
organizations/parties.
• It is known in focusing advocacies
and causes on judicial and justice system reform, abolition of
death penalty, protecting the rights of migrants and refugees as
well as protection to human rights defenders, and promoting the
rights of marginalized communities and indigenous peoples.
CHAPTER 7: • Sen (1999) defined it as "the expansion of capacities that
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT contribute to the advancement of society through the
AND DIVIDE realization if individuals', firms', and communities' potential"
Development • Economic development as a transformation requires altering
• The term development us described as a process, system, some fundamental economic structures, increasing the
procedure. It is a state or condition of changing and enhancing occupational capacities of the population, empowering the
something. mobility of key economic agents
• Oxford defines development as "a process and an event Human Development
constituting a new stage in a changing situation. • UN's Three Dimensions of Human Development:
• This process requires a number of factors and consideration o Long and healthy life
in developing a part of its system or constituent elements o Knowledge
• Development is a complex and multidimensional concept o Decent standard of living
occurring in an uncertain condition. • Indicators:
• Bellù (2011) stresses that the development of the other parts of o Life expectancy at birth
the system could be detrimental to the development of the other o Expected and mean years of schooling
thus creating structural and systemic conflicts. o Gross National Income (GNI)
• Critics of global development assert that countries do not equally • Human Development Index (HDI) was created to emphasize
get the gains of globalization. that economic growth should be used as criterion in assessing
• Countries that lack resources and infrastructures are at the the development of a particular country but the development of
bottom part of the phenomenon where the benefits are the people and their capabilities.
unequally distributed worldwide. Disparity is very evident • The report was a response to the growing disparity between the
between rich and poor countries. poor and rich where poverty has become a major challenge to
• CSOs describe this situation as maldevelopment, a condition governments as part of its national policy making.
where developing and less developed countries suffer on the Sustainable Development
downside effects of development and changes. It is the "development that meets the needs of
Four Dimensions of Development the present without compromising the ability of
• The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the UN has future generations to meet their own needs."
enumerated the four dimensions and prevailing paradigms of (Bruntland Commission)
development.
o Economic Development Development is a need, and it must be observed
o Human Development and practiced based on the necessity of man and
o Sustainable Development his environment.
o Territorial Development
Economic Development However, development efforts and practices
• It is focused on the qualitative aspect of change that sometimes must be in accordance with the harmony of
people failed to determine like the increased quality of life, social nature without compromising the ecological
improvements and innovations. condition and future generation.
Six different definitions of sustainable development (Streeten, 1991 and implement national policies that are in line with the
and Goutlet 2000) objectives of SDGs.
1. The maintenance and replacement of capital assets. • These policies are of high quality and have accessibility to public
2. Maintaining the environmental conditions for the benefit of the all. and other concerned bodies as a mechanism in delivering and
3. Resiliency or the ability to adjust and cope with the changes and relevant works and outputs.
crises. 17 Sustainable Development Goals
4. The avoidance of internal and external debts in the future. GOAL 1: No Poverty. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
5. Fiscal and political sustainability. GOAL 2: Zero Hunger. End hunger, achieve food security, and improved
6. The ability to hand over the programs and projects to the decision and nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
control of the citizens. GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being. Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages.
Territorial Development GOAL 4: Quality Education. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
• It focuses on the interrelationships of human activities education
between rural and urban areas (Bellù, 2011) GOAL 5: Gender Equality. Achieve gender equality and empower all
• Social activities of man part of territorial development include women.
production, distribution, and consumption of goods and GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable
services, the balance and quality features of its norms and management of water and sanitation for all.
practices that support the operation of man's social affairs. GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. Ensure access to affordable,
• Territorial development is composed of clusters that linked reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
activities and structures. GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Promote sustained,
• Critical to this development is how clusters and agencies inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
respond to the challenges of resource scarcity which are then employment and decent work for all.
interlinked to problems like food security, space GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. Build resilient
availability, and overcrowding. infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
• The development process if this dimension operates on both foster innovation.
national and transnational scope. GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality. Reduce inequality within and among
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) countries.
• SDGs was established as part on the success of the Millennium GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. Make cities and human
Development Goals of 2015. settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
• In the next 15 years, member-countries of UN, rich and poor, GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. Ensure sustainable
developed or developing are expected to mobilize all efforts to consumption and production patterns.
end the global problem of poverty, solve inequality, and address GOAL 13: Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change
impacts if climate change. and its impacts.
• Parties involved in the global war on poverty believe that a more GOAL 14: Life Below Water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
active participation and higher level of commitments are seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
necessary to materialize SDGs by 2030. GOAL 15: Life on Land. Protect, restore, and promote, sustainable use of
• This global partnership among states is not binding however, terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat
national governments have the ownership and authority to make desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss. Global South
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions. Promote peaceful and • South has a geographical connotation described as largely
inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice equivalent, but not identical with Third World (Pagel, Ranke,
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all et al 2014).
levels. • However, the term south does not refer to countries outside
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal. Strengthen the means of United States and Europe, Australia and New Zealand do not
implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable belong the "South".
Development. • It also refers to countries that are excluded if not deprived from
socioeconomic prominence like Africa, Middle East, South
September 28, 2022 (Masungi Georeserve Foundation) • America, South Asia and countries within Pacific.
The inequalities and global divide between rich and poor
countries part of globalization and territorializing is also a part
on the reality of global south (Lopez, 2007).
• Asian countries are fond to be a combination of emerging and
developing economies except for Singapore. Domestic and
regional problems like unstable governments, rule of law ad
environmental pollution are continuously at the frontline of
concerns in the region.
• Central Asia on the other hand consists of countries that have
experienced transitioning governments.
• West Asian region has its unique social struggle. The region is
confined in a costly conflict involving territorial insecurity, peace
and order, and competing extreme ideological clashes. Thought
the region is an oil-rich country but regional issue are barriers in
the development process of West Asia.
• Natural disaster and the absence of sufficient investment as
Global North major source of the economy, make countries in the Pacific
• The idea of global south is a contemporary issue in Islands a victims of slow growth. Its economies are dependent
socioeconomic and political divide. with the influx of business and commercial activities of nearby
• Countries like United States, Canada, outmost and western part countries in the Pacific as well as countries in Oceania, Asia, and
of Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand are giant America.
economies parts of the global north. • Countries belonging to Latin America are trapped in turbulent
• These countries are described as highly industrialized, economic environment. Regional matters like unstable
developed, and most advanced economies in the world. It democratic governance and fiscal problems are known
rests on the fact that the entire world's industrially developed challenging facing countries of the region. Latin and Caribbean
countries lie to the north of its developing countries. countries are described as countries that have experienced "lost
development" because of missed economic opportunities
especially in the 60s and 70s.
Causes of Global Divide
1. Globalization in the 1990
The economic intensification observed in the 90s fueled
countries to establish boundaries. Poor countries that can not cope with
the demands of the rich and developed countries suffer most of the
potential damage of globalization. Countries of the global south
especially under unstable governments and weak economics failed to
produce outputs as a response to the internationalization system of
economy and government.
2. Uneven Immigration
The pattern of migration in the last three decades saw an
unprecedented rise of migrant workers and citizens seeking greener
opportunities in other countries. People from Asia targeted Western
Europe and America as ideal point of employment. Developed countries
that are on the height of technological development, advancement, and
high quality of social services became the man venues accepting
migrants.
3. The hegemonic nature of international economic relations
The global problem of poverty and inequality are outcomes of
the evil practices of western countries. These problems are associated
with the abuse of capitalists who control most of the world's wealth.
International institutions that have the power and resources are very
silent and unresponsive in this problems experiencing countries in the
global south. Countries in the global south are trapped in the hands of
developed countries where rising financial obligations like loam
programs are continuously punishing economies of the south.