PRECALCULUS

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION to conic sections and circles

Learning Outcomes of the Lesson:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
1. illustrate the different types of conic sections;
2. define a circle;
3. determine the standard equation of a circle; and
4. solve situational problems involving circles.
An Overview of
Conic Sections
Conic Sections double-napped right
circular cone
Conic sections are figures formed
by the intersection of a plane and a
double-napped right circular cone. upper nappe

vertex

lower nappe
plane

Axis of symmetry
When the plane intersects the double-
napped right circular cone horizontally

Circle
When the plane intersects only one
cone all the way through to form a
bounded curve but not parallel nor
perpendicular to its axis of symmetry

Ellipse
When the plane intersects the cone
parallel to its outside edge to form an
unbounded curve,

Parabola
When the plane intersects (not
necessarily vertical) both cones to
form two unbounded curves,

Hyperbola
Degenerate Cases
These are formed when the plane intersects the right
circular cone at its vertex.

Point One Line Two Intersecting Lines

 Non-degenerate Conics

Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola

Degenerate Conics

Point One Line Two Intersecting LInes

Ferris Wheel Satellite Dish Elliptical Orbit Cooling Tower
 Definition and
Equation of a Circle
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Definition
Let 𝐶 be a given point. The set of all points having the same distance
from 𝐶 is called a circle. The point 𝐶 is the center and the common
distance is the radius.

𝐵(6,5)

center
𝐴(−2,1)
𝐶(3,1)

radius 𝑃
𝑃𝐶 = 5

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let 𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘 be the center of the circle and 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point on the
circle with radius 𝑟 > 0. Then
Standard Equation of a Circle
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)

If the center is at the origin, the standard

equation will become

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
In each item, give the standard equation of the circle satisfying the
given conditions.

1. Center at the origin, radius 6

2. Center at −2, 3 , radius 3
3. Has a diameter with endpoints −1, −2 and 5,4
4. Center at 1,7 , tangent to the 𝑥-axis

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
1. Center at the origin, radius 6

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
2. Center at −2, 3 , radius 3

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
3. Has a diameter with endpoints −1, −2 and 5,4

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
4. Center at 1,7 , tangent to the 𝑥-axis

𝐶(1,7)

𝑟=7

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 PRECALCULUS

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

General Equation of
a Circle
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 Standard Equation of a Circle
2 2
𝑥−1 + 𝑦+2 =4

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0

General Equation of a Circle

𝑨𝒙2 + 𝑨𝒚2 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 0, 𝑨≠0
2 2
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 0
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Let’s Practice!
Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in
each item.

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 14 = 0
3. 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 − 315 = 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 14 = 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
3. 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 − 315 = 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 Shortcut Formula
2 2
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 0

𝐶 𝐷
Center = − ,−
2𝐴 2𝐴

1 𝐶 2 𝐷 2 𝐸
Radius = + −4
2 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Situational Problems
Involving Circles
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Problem 1
A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide, goes through a semicircular
tunnel with radius 12 ft. How high is the tunnel at the edge of each
lane?
𝑦

12
10
8 10, 𝑦
6
4
?
2
𝐶 0,0 𝑥
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12

10 10

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Problem 2
A ferris wheel is elevated 1 m above the ground. When a car reaches
the highest point on the ferris wheel, its altitude from ground level is
31 m. How far away from the center, horizontally, is the car when it is
at an altitude of 25 m?
𝑦
30
? 𝑥, 25
25

20
𝐶 0,16
15

10

5
𝑥
−15 −10 −5 5 10 15

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

parabolas
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
1. define a parabola;
2. determine the standard equation of a parabola; and
3. solve situational problems involving parabolas.

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Definition and Equation
of a Parabola

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Definition
Let 𝐹 be a given point, and 𝑙 be a given line not containing 𝐹. The set
of all points 𝑃 such that its distances from 𝐹 and from 𝑙 are the same,
is called a parabola. The point 𝐹 is its focus and the line 𝑙 its
directrix.
𝑦
𝐵 −8,8

5 𝑃
4

𝐹 0,2 2
𝐴 4,2
1
𝑥
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
𝑙: 𝑦 = −2
−2
𝐴𝑙 4, −2 𝑃𝑙
𝐵𝑙 −8, −2
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 axis of symmetry

focus

latus rectum

vertex directrix

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

opens upward

opens to the roght

opens downward opens to the left

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Consider a parabola opening upward with vertex
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 . Let the focus 𝐹 and directrix 𝑙 be 𝑐 units
𝐹 ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐
away from the vertex. Hence, 𝐹 ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐 and
directrix 𝑙 has an equation 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑐. Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be 𝑐

any point on the parabola. Then 𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘

𝑐
𝑙: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑐
2
𝑥−ℎ = 4𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑃𝑙 𝑥, 𝑘 − 𝑐

ENDPOINTS OF
ORIENTATION EQUATION VERTEX FOCUS DIRECTRIX AOS LATUS RECTUM

2 ℎ − 2𝑐, 𝑘 + 𝑐 ,
Opens Upward 𝑥−ℎ = 4𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐 𝑦 =𝑘−𝑐 𝑥=ℎ
ℎ + 2𝑐, 𝑘 + 𝑐

2 ℎ − 2𝑐, 𝑘 − 𝑐 ,
Opens Downward 𝑥−ℎ = −4𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 𝑦 =𝑘+𝑐 𝑥=ℎ
ℎ + 2𝑐, 𝑘 − 𝑐

2 ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − 2𝑐 ,
Opens to the Right 𝑦−𝑘 = 4𝑐 𝑥 − ℎ ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 𝑥 =ℎ−𝑐 𝑦=𝑘
ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + 2𝑐

2 ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − 2𝑐 ,
Opens to the Left 𝑦−𝑘 = −4𝑐 𝑥 − ℎ ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 𝑥 =ℎ+𝑐 𝑦=𝑘
ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + 2𝑐
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 ENDPOINTS OF
ORIENTATION EQUATION VERTEX FOCUS DIRECTRIX AOS LATUS RECTUM

2 ℎ − 2𝑐, 𝑘 + 𝑐 ,
Opens Upward 𝑥−ℎ = 4𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐 𝑦 =𝑘−𝑐 𝑥=ℎ
ℎ + 2𝑐, 𝑘 + 𝑐

2 ℎ − 2𝑐, 𝑘 − 𝑐 ,
Opens Downward 𝑥−ℎ = −4𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 𝑦 =𝑘+𝑐 𝑥=ℎ
ℎ + 2𝑐, 𝑘 − 𝑐

2 ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − 2𝑐 ,
Opens to the Right 𝑦−𝑘 = 4𝑐 𝑥 − ℎ ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 𝑥 =ℎ−𝑐 𝑦=𝑘
ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + 2𝑐

2 ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − 2𝑐 ,
Opens to the Left 𝑦−𝑘 = −4𝑐 𝑥 − ℎ ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 𝑥 =ℎ+𝑐 𝑦=𝑘
ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + 2𝑐

VERTEX FOCUS AND DIRECTRIX AXIS OF SYMMETRY LATUS RECTUM

the point midway the 𝑐 units away from the line passing through the chord perpendicular to the axis of
focus and directrix vertex vertex and focus symmetry passing through the focus
with its endpoints on the parabola. Its
length is 4𝑐.

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
Find the standard equation of the parabola which satisfies the given
conditions.

1. Vertex (1, −9), focus −3, −9

2. Focus (7,11), directrix 𝑥 = 1
3. Vertex (−5, −7), vertical axis of symmetry, through point 𝑃(7,11)

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
1. Vertex (1, −9), focus −3, −9
Solution
𝑦

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4

−6

−8
𝐹 −3, −9 𝑉 1, −9
−10

−12

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
2. Focus (7,11), directrix 𝑥 = 1
Solution
𝑦

12
1,11 𝐹 7,11
10

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
3. Vertex (−5, −7), vertical axis of symmetry, through point 𝑃(7,11)
Solution
𝑦
7,11
10

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4

−6
𝑉 −5, −7
−8

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

General Equation of
a Parabola
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
General Equation of a Parabola
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, where 𝐴, 𝐷 ≠ 0 or
𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, where 𝐵, 𝐶 ≠ 0

Let’s Practice!
Identify the vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry, and endpoints of
the latus rectum of the parabola with the given equation in each item.
Sketch its graph and indicate these points and lines.
1. 3𝑦 2 = 24𝑥
2. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 7
3. 16𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 − 112𝑦 = −221
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Let’s Practice!
1. 3𝑦 2 = 24𝑥

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

45
Let’s Practice!
2. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 7

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

47
Let’s Practice!
3. 16𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 − 112𝑦 = −221

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

49
Situational Problems
Involving Parabolas
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Problem 1
A satellite dish has a shape called a paraboloid, where each cross-section is a
parabola. Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will bounce off the surface of the
dish to the focus, the receiver should be placed at the focus. How far should the
receiver be from the vertex, if the dish is 12 ft across, and 4.5 ft deep at the
vertex?

6
12
5 6,4.5
4
3
4.5
2
𝑐? 1

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Problem 2
The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola. The towers
supporting the cable are 400 ft apart and 150 ft high. If the cable, at its lowest, is
30 ft above the bridge at its midpoint, how high is the cable 50 ft away
(horizontally) from either tower?

200
200,150

(150, 𝑦)
100
150

0,30 ?

−200 −100 100 200

50 50
400

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

ellipses
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
1. define an ellipse;
2. determine the standard equation of an ellipse; and
3. solve situational problems involving ellipses.

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Definition and Equation
of an Ellipse

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Definition
Let 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 be two distinct points. The set of all points whose
distances from 𝐹1 and from 𝐹2 add up to a certain constant, is called
an ellipse. The points 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are called the foci of the ellipse.

𝐹1 𝐹2

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 𝑊2
𝑃

𝑉1 𝑉2

𝐹1 𝐶 𝐹2

𝑊1 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = constant

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 Standard Equation of an Ellipse
ORIENTATION CENTER ℎ, 𝑘 CENTER 0,0

𝑥−ℎ 2
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 2
+ 2=1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏

HORIZONTAL

2 2
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 + 2=1
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎

Note: 𝑎 > 𝑏
VERTICAL
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 ORIENTATION EQUATION CENTER VERTICES COVERTICES FOCI

2 2
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘
Horizontal + =1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑉 ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 𝑊 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏 𝐹 ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘
𝑎2 𝑏2
2 2
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘
Vertical + =1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎 𝑊 ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘 𝐹 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐
𝑏2 𝑎2

CENTER - the point midway the foci, vertices, and covertices

VERTICES - 𝑎 units away from the center

- the segment 𝑉1 𝑉2 is called the major axis of length
2𝑎

COVERTICES - 𝑏 units away from the center

- the segment 𝑊1 𝑊2 is called the minor axis of
length 2𝑏 𝑐
𝑎
FOCI - 𝑐 units away from the center 𝑏
- for any point on the ellipse, the sum of its
distances from the foci is 2𝑎.
- that is, 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎.

NOTE: 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 ORIENTATION EQUATION CENTER VERTICES COVERTICES FOCI

2 2
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘
Horizontal + =1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑉 ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 𝑊 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏 𝐹 ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘
𝑎2 𝑏2
2 2
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘
Vertical + =1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎 𝑊 ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘 𝐹 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐
𝑏2 𝑎2

General Equation of an Ellipse

2 2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵 > 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
Find the standard equation of the ellipse which satisfies the given
conditions.

1. foci are 𝐹1 −21,10 and 𝐹2 3,10 , the sum of the distances of any
point from the foci is 30
2. center (−3, −7), vertical major axis of length 28, minor axis of
length 16
3. covertices −4, 8 and 10, 8 , a focus at 3, 12
4. focus −6, −2 , covertex −1, 5 , horizontal major axis

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
1. foci are 𝐹1 −21,10 and 𝐹2 3,10 , the sum of the distances of any
point from the foci is 30
𝑦
20

10

−20 −10 10

−10

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
2. center (−3, −7), vertical major axis of length 28, minor axis of
length 16

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
3. covertices −4, 8 and 10, 8 , a focus at 3, 12

12

10

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice!
4. focus −6, −2 , covertex −1, 5 , horizontal major axis
𝑦
10

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4

−6

−8

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice More!
Identify the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with the
given equation in each item. Sketch its graph and indicate these
points.

𝑥−7 2 𝑦+2 2
1. + =1
64 25
2 2
2. 4𝑥 + 13𝑦 = 52
3. 16𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 39 = 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice More!
𝑥−7 2 𝑦+2 2
1. + =1
64 25

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice More!
2. 4𝑥 2 + 13𝑦 2 = 52

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice More!
3. 16𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 39 = 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Situational Problems
Involving Ellipses
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 Problem 1
A tunnel has the shape of a semiellipse that is 15 ft high at the center, and 36 ft
across at the base. At most how high should a passing truck be, if it is 12 ft wide,
for it to be able to fit through the tunnel?
𝑦

18

15 6, 𝑦

12

9
15
6
?
3
𝐶 0,0 𝑥

−18 −15 −12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 9 12 15 18

12
18 18

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Problem 2
A whispering gallery has a semielliptical ceiling that is 9 m high and 30 m long.
How high is the ceiling above the two foci?
𝑦

10

8
12, 𝑦
6

9 4
? 12 ?
2
𝐶 0,0 𝑥

−16 −14 −12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

15 15

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Problem 3
The orbit of a planet has the shape of an ellipse, and on one of the foci is the star around which it
revolves. The planet is closest to the star when it is at one vertex. It is farthest from the star when it is at
the other vertex. Suppose the closest and farthest distances of the planet from this star, are 420 million
kilometers and 580 million kilometers, respectively. Find the equation of the ellipse, in standard form,
with center at the origin and the star at the x-axis. Assume all units are in millions of kilometers.
𝑦

580 420

𝐶 0,0 star 𝑥

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

HYPERBOLAS
Learning Outcomes of the Lesson:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
1. define a hyperbola;
2. determine the standard equation of a hyperbola; and
3. solve situational problems involving hyperbolas.
Definition and Equation
of a Hyperbola
 16
(−5, )
3 𝑃

𝐹1 𝐹2

15
( , 3)
4
Definition 𝑃
Let 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 be two distinct points. The
set of all points whose distances from 𝐹1
and from 𝐹2 differ to a certain constant,
is called a hyperbola. The points 𝐹1 and
𝐹2 are called the foci of the hyperbola.
𝐹1 𝑉1 𝐶 𝑉2 𝐹2

𝑃𝐹1 − 𝑃𝐹2 = constant

 Parts of the Hyperbola
CENTER - the point midway the foci and vertices
- Intersection of the asymptotes

VERTICES - 𝑎 units away from the center

- the segment 𝑉1 𝑉2 is called the
transverse axis of length 2𝑎

FOCI - 𝑐 units away from the center 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

- for any point on the hyperbola, the
absolute value of the difference of its
distances from the foci is 2𝑎.

ASYMPTOTES - extended diagonals of the

auxiliary rectangle

AUXILIARY - has two dimensions 2𝑎 and 2𝑏 with its diagonals intersecting

RECTANGLE at the center. The two sides are congruent and parallel to the
transverse axis and the other two sides are congruent and
parallel to the conjugate axis (its length is 2𝑏).
 Standard Equation of a Hyperbola
ORIENTATION CENTER ℎ, 𝑘 CENTER 0,0

𝑥−ℎ 2
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1 2
− 2=1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏

HORIZONTAL

2 2
𝑦−𝑘 𝑥−ℎ 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1 − 2=1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 2 𝑏

VERTICAL
 Table of Properties
ORIENTATION EQUATION CENTER VERTICES FOCI ASYMPTOTES
2 2 𝑏
𝑥−ℎ 𝑦−𝑘
Horizontal − =1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑉 ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 𝐹 ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 𝑦=± 𝑥−ℎ +𝑘
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎
𝑦−𝑘 2
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑎
Vertical − =1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎 𝐹 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐 𝑦 =± 𝑥−ℎ +𝑘
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏

General Equation of a Hyperbola

2 2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵 < 0
Let’s Practice!
Find the standard equation of the hyperbola which satisfies the given
conditions.

1. Foci are 𝐹1 (−5, −3) and 𝐹2 (9, −3) , the absolute value of the
difference of the distances of any point from the foci is 10.
2. Vertices 8, −2 and 8,8 , a focus 8,12
4 1 4 41
3. Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑥 + and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + , a vertex −1,7
3 3 3 3
Let’s Practice!
1. Foci are 𝐹1 (−5, −3) and 𝐹2 (9, −3) , the absolute value of the
difference of the distances of any point from the foci is 10.
𝑦
10

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4

−6

−8
Let’s Practice!
2. Vertices 8, −2 and 8,8 , a focus 8,12
𝑦
14

12

10

2
𝑥

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4
Let’s Practice!
4 1 4 41
3. Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑥 + and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + , a vertex −1,7
3 3 3 3
𝑦
14

12

10

2
𝑥

−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4
Let’s Practice More!
Identify the center, foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with
the given equation in each item. Sketch its graph and indicate these
points.

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − =1
16 20
2. 𝑥 − 1 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4
3. 25𝑥 2 − 39𝑦 2 + 150𝑥 + 390𝑦 + 225 = 0
Let’s Practice More!
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − =1
16 20
Let’s Practice More!
2
2. 𝑥−1 − 𝑦2 = 4

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Let’s Practice More!
3. 25𝑥 2 − 39𝑦 2 + 150𝑥 + 390𝑦 + 225 = 0

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

 Situational Problems
Involving Hyperbolas
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 Problem 1
An explosion was heard by two stations 1200 m apart, located at 𝐹1 −600,0 and 𝐹2 (600,0). If the
explosion was heard in 𝐹1 two seconds before it was heard in 𝐹2 , identify the possible locations of
the explosion. Use 340 m/s as the speed of sound.
𝑦
Time Difference = 2 s

400 Speed = 340 𝑚/s

200

𝐹1 (−600,0) 𝐹2 (600,0)
−600 −400 −200 200 400 600 𝑥

−200

−400

The difference of the distances of the explosion from the two stations is 680 m.

The difference of the distances of any point on the hyperbola from the two foci is constant.

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Problem 2
Two LORAN (long range navigation) stations 𝐴 and 𝐵 are situated along a straight shore, where 𝐴 is 200 miles west of 𝐵. These
stations transmit radio signals at a speed 186 miles per millisecond. The captain of a ship travelling on the open sea intends to
enter a harbor that is located 40 miles east of station 𝐴.

Due to its location, the harbor experiences a time difference in receiving the signals from both stations. The captain navigates
the ship into the harbor by following a path where the ship experiences the same time difference as the harbor.

a) What time difference between station signals should the captain be looking for in order the ship to make a successful
entry into the harbor?
b) If the desired time difference is achieved, determine the location of the ship if it is 75 miles offshore.
𝑦
140

120

100

Ship
𝑥, 75 80

60

75 40

20
𝐴 Harbor Shoreline 𝐵
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 20 40 60 80 100 𝑥
𝑎 = 60

𝑐 = 100
Speed = 186 mi/ms

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA | Special Science Teacher I | AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL