GENERAL PHYSICS 1 ■ v = d/t

CALCULATED MOVES ■ Average speed ( V )  the total distance travelled

by a body per unit time of travel.
MOTION ?

■ Position  the location of an object with respect to a

Δd df −di
■ V = =
frame of reference. Δt tf −ti
■ Frame of reference  a system that allows an ■ Instantaneous speed (v)  the speed at a particular
observer to specify quantitatively where and when time, with ∆ t being extremely small. The speed
something is observed. indicated by a speedometer is instantaneous speed.

Study of motion can be divided into two: Quick Check

■ Kinematics  describes motion in terms of ■ The speedometer in every car has an odometer that
displacement, velocity, and acceleration. records the distance travelled. If the odometer reads
zero at the beginning of a trip and 35 km a half hour
■ Dynamics  relates forces and motion later, what is the average speed?
Translation ■ If the cyclist moves 30 km in 2 hr, its speed is
■ Term used in Physics for motion in a straight line. __________________.

■ It is commonly described by three quantities: Velocity

displacement, velocity and acceleration. ■ Velocity  the displacement of a body per unit time.
Scalar vs. Vector It is a vector quantity.

■ Scalar Quantities  described completely by their ■ v = d/t

magnitude and appropriate unit. ■ Average velocity  the total displacement per unit
■ Vector Quantities  completely described by their time.
magnitude, appropriate unit and direction.
d
■ V =
Quick Check t
1. 50 m. ■ Instantaneous velocity  the velocity at an instant
time.
2. 25 m/s North
Quick Check
3. 10 m upward
■ Harold travelled 25 km from their house to a
4. 0.98 km/hr shopping mall to meet his friend. Upon reaching the
5. 9.88 m/s mall, his friend texted that he cannot come. Sadly,
Harold went back home following the same path. (a)
Distance vs. Displacement What was the total distance Harold travelled? (b)
What was his displacement? If the entire trip took
■ Distance (d)  travelled by a body is the length of
Harold 0.75 hr. what were his (c) average speed and
the path taken by the body in moving from its initial
(d) average velocity?
to final position.
Acceleration
■ Displacement (d)  a vector with direction pointing
from initial to the final position and a magnitude or ■ The rate of change of velocity (a)
length equal to the straight-line distance from the
initial to the final position. ■ Three ways to change acceleration and velocity:

Quick Check 1. Change in speed

■ A car travels 10 km due to east and then makes a U- 2. Change in direction

turn back to travel a further distance of 7 km. 3. Change in both speed and direction
a) Calculate the distance travelled by the car
vf −vi
■ a=
b) What is the displacement of the car? t
Speed

■ Speed  a measure of how fast a body moves. It is a

scalar quantity.
 ■ The acceleration of a freely falling body is called
acceleration due to gravity and is equal to – 9.8 m/s 2
Quick Check
at the surface of Earth.
■ A car which starts from rest and achieves a velocity of
25 m/s in 10 s. experiences an acceleration of ■ g = 9.8 m/s 2
_______________.
■ d is replaced with d y and a with g
■ Suppose a car moving in a straight line steadily
increases its speed each second, first from 35 to 40 RULES
km/h, then from 40 to 45 km/h, then from 45 to 50
1. Distances above the origin are positive, while those
km/h. What is its acceleration?
below the origin are negative.
(LABORATORY)
2. Upward velocities are positive, while downward
Types of Motion velocities are negative.

Uniform motion 3. The acceleration due to gravity is always negative.

■ It is the simplest type of motion. Quick Check

■ For uniform motion, the velocity is constant, the ■ A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 4.9
acceleration is zero, and the instantaneous velocity is m/s. Find (a) the maximum height reached by the ball
equal to the average velocity and (b) its time of flight. (c) At what velocity would
the ball return to its starting point?
■ FIVE KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
■ A ball is dropped from the window of a three-storey
d apartment. How far has it fallen after one second?
1. v=
t What is the ball’s velocity after one second? How fast
does the ball fall during the next second? Assume no
vf −vi air resistance.
2. a=
t
Projectile Motion
vf + vi ■ The motion of a body is both vertically and
3. v=
2 horizontally.

1 2 ■ Trajectory  the path that a projectile follows.

2 at
4. d = vit +
■ Parabola  results of trajectory
2 2
5. 2ad = vf - vi ■ Range  from launching point to the point it landed.
Quick Check The Horizontal and Vertical Components of Projectile Motion
■ A body moving in a straight line with a velocity of 5
m/s accelerated to 12 m/s after 14 s. (a) What is the
acceleration of the body, assuming it is constant? (b)
How far did the body move during the time it was
being observed?

Free Fall

■ Aristotle and Galileo had conflicting theories on

falling bodies.

■ According to Aristotle, “ heavier objects fall faster

than lighter ones”

■ Galileo, “ in the absence of air resistance, all bodies

Quick Check
at the same location above Earth’s surface fall
vertically with the same acceleration, regardless of ■ A football is kicked with a velocity of 20 m/s and an
their size and weight”. angle of 30o with the horizontal. Find (a) the
■ David Scott (1971), performed a similar experiment horizontal and vertical components of its initial
on the surface of the moon by dropping a feather and velocity, (b) the time it took to reach its maximum
a hammer from the same height. height, (c) The time of flight, (d) the maximum height
it reached, and (e) the range it travelled.

■ (LABORATORY)
 ■ The property of a body that tends to resists a change
in its state of rest or motion.
Motion Graphs
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Graph the following (Law of Acceleration)
■ Object at rest “The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
■ Object moving with uniform velocity net applied on the object, is in the same direction as the net
force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.”
■ Object moving with increasing velocity
F = ma
■ Object moving with decreasing velocity
Newton (N)  the SI unit of force
■ Object accelerating
1 N = 1 kg.m/ s2
■ Object decelerating
1 dyne = 1 g.cm/ s2 or 10−5 N
Graph it
Quick Check
■ O  left home
■ A 5 kg crate initially at rest on a smooth surface is
■ O–A  moving with uniform
acted upon by two opposing forces: 50 N to the right
acceleration
and 30 N to the left. Find (a) the acceleration of the
■ A–B  moving with uniform speed block, (b) its velocity after 10 s starting from rest, and
(c) the distance it moves in 10 s.
■ B–C  moving with uniform deceleration
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
■ C–D  moving with uniform speed (speed (Law of Interaction)
lower than A – B )
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
■ D–E  moving with non-uniform deceleration
Balanced Force
■ E–F  not moving
■ Same amount of force
■ F–G  moving with non-uniform acceleration
■ Body remains stationary
■ G–H  moving with uniform deceleration
■ Body moves with constant velocity
■ H  reached school
Unbalanced Force
Newton’s Law of Motion
■ There is different amounts of force
Sir Isaac Newton
■ Body accelerates
■ He was born in England on December 25, 1642.
■ Body decelerates
■ He lived for 85 years.
■ (LABORATORY)
■ Isaac Newton was raised by his grandmother.
Law of Universal Gravitation
■ He went on to Trinity College of Cambridge
■ According to this law, every object in the universe
■ Newton received both a bachelors and masters exerts an attractive force on another object and this
degree force is called gravitational force.
■ Newton had new ideas about motion, which he called
m1 m2
his three laws of motion. ■ F=G 2
; G = 6.67 x 10−11 N . m 2 /kg2
d
■ He also had ideas about gravity, the diffraction of
light, and forces. ■ The value of G was accurately determined from
Henry Cavendish’s experiment using a torsion
Newton’s First Law of Motion balance
(Law of Inertia)

“An object that is at rest will remain at rest and an object in

motion will continue moving at a constant speed in a straight Quick Check
line unless acted upon by an external force.”
■ What is the force of gravity between two students of
masses 75 kg and 60 kg separated by 12 m?

Inertia
 ■ What is the gravitational force between the moon ■ Determine the horizontal force needed to accelerate
(7.38 x 1022 kg) and the earth (5.98 x 1024 kg), if a 25 kg grocery cart from rest to 0.45 m/s in 1.3 s if
their distance from each other is 384,790 km? the coefficient of friction between the cart and the
floor is 0.15.
Conservation Laws
■ (LABORATORY)
Law of Conservation of Energy

■ “energy can neither be created nor destroyed; but

can be changed from one form to another”

Prepared by: JAYMARK L. SANCHEZ

Law of Conservation of Mass PHYSICS TEACHER

■ Antoine Lavoisier

■ “the mass of the substance formed in a reaction must

equal to the mass of the substance that reacted”

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum

■ Impulse  the product of force and time during

which the force acts.

■ I = F∆ t

■ Momentum (p)  the product of mass of a moving

object and its velocity.

■ p = mv

■ “the total momentum before interaction is equal to

the total momentum after interaction”

Collision

■ Elastic Collision

 KE is conserved

■ Inelastic Collision  Some KE is lost

Quick Check

■ A marble of mass m1 = 0.04 kg is moving with a

speed v1 = 2 m/s strikes a second marble, initially at
rest, of mass m2 = 0.04 kg. as a result of the
collision, the first marble comes to rest and the
second one moves in the opposite direction. What is
the velocity of the second marble?

Friction on Solids

■ f = µFN

■ µ = f/ FN

■ f= frictional force

■ µ = coefficient of friction

■ FN = normal force

Quick Check