Math 1 (MA111)

Lecture # 1
Integration and Applications
 Main
objectives

1. Introduce the technique of integration by parts.

1. Learn when to use this technique.

1. Study some useful applications where integration

by parts is involved.

1. Use integration by parts to obtain a reduction

formula for certain integrals.

2
 1.1 Integration by parts

 f((xx)⇒
uu=f du  ' (f x()xdx
) du=f )dx
 g ( x))
vv=g dv  g' ((xx))dx
⇒ dv=g
Start with the
differential d(uv)

Practical
formula

'
∫ f ( x ) g( x )dx=[ ∫ f ( x )dx ] g( x )−∫∫
[ f ( x )dx ] g ( x )dx
3
 Main integrals to be calculated using integration by parts

Group #1 Group #2 Group #3

 e ax  (ln x) m 3
   sec x dx
 sin ax  sin 1
ax e ax
cos bx dx
n 
 x n
. dx 
 x . cos ax dx
 sinh ax  cos 1 ax ...........
 using simple

substitutions
 cosh ax  .........
4
u dv Group #1

v u v
du

5
 Using tabular integration

Differentiate Integrate
x2 (+) e-x

2x - e-x
(-)

2 (+) e-x

0 - e-x

2 2 x−x 2 2  x−x −x −x

∫x xe e dxdx=−x
x x
  x e e −2
2 xexe −2 C
2ee +C 6
7
 Group #2

( 1) ∫ ln xdx ( 2 ) ∫ x 3 ln xdx
( 3 ) ∫ tan −1 xdx ( 4 ) ∫ x 2 tan−1 xdx
( 5) ∫ sin −1 xdx ( 6 ) ∫ sec−1 xdx
1
(1) ∫ ln xdx =∫ 1. ln xdx =x ln x −∫ x . dx =x ln x−∫ 1 dx =x ln x −x+C
x
x 4
1 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 x4 Solutions
(2) ∫ x ln xdx= ln x− ∫ x . dx= x ln x − ∫ x dx = x ln x− +C
3 3
4 4 x 4 4 4 16
1 1
(3 ) ∫ tan−1 xdx=∫ 1 . tan−1 xdx =x tan −1 x−∫ x . 2
dx =x tan −1 x − ln(1 +x 2 )+C
1 +x 2
2 x 3 −1 1 3 1 x 3 −1 1 x x 3 −1 1 2 1
(4 ) ∫ x tan xdx = tan x− ∫ x .
−1
dx = tan x− ∫ ( x − )dx= tan x− x + ln(1+x 2 )+C
3 3 1+x 2 3 3 1+x 2 3 6 6
1 1 2 −1/2 2
(5) ∫ sin xdx =x sin x−∫ x .
−1 −1
2
dx =x sin
−1
x+
2
∫ (1−x ) (−2 x )dx=x sin
−1
x+ √ 1−x +C
√ 1−x
1 1
(6 ) ∫ sec−1 xdx =x sec −1 x−∫ x . dx =x sec−1 x−∫ dx =x sec −1 x−cosh−1 x+C
x √ x 2 −1 √ x 2−1
M the
Use Amer 2011 y = lnx to reduce problem (1) into problem (1) of Group # 1
substitution
8
 Group #3: special integrals
In some cases when we apply integration by parts once or twice
we return back to the original integral ,hence we can use this idea to evaluate certain
:Integrals as in the following examples

( 1) ∫ sec 3 xdx ( 2 ) ∫ e 2 x cos3 xdx ( HW )( 3 ) ∫ x √ x+ 2 dx ( HW )

Solutions

(1 ) ∫ sec 3 xdx=∫ sec 2 x.sec xdx=tan x. sec x−∫ tan x. sec x tan xdx
tan x.sec x−∫ tan2 x .sec xdx= tan x. sec x−∫ (sec 2 x−1 ). sec xdx
∴∫ sec 3 xdx=tan x. sec x−∫ sec 3 xdx+∫ sec xdx
∴2 ∫ sec 3 xdx=tan x .sec x+∫ sec xdx=tan x . sec x+ ln|sec x+ tan x|+C ⇒
1
∫ sec xdx=2 (sec x tan x+ ln|sec x+ tan x|)+C
3

9
 Integration by parts twice

1 2x 3
( 2) I=∫ e cos3 x dx = e cos3 x+ ∫ e 2 x sin3 x dx
2x
2 2
1 2x 3 1 2x 3
e cos3 x+ [ e sin3 x− ∫ e 2 x cos3 x dx ]
2 2 2 2
1 2x 3 2x 9
e cos3 x+ e sin3 x − ∫ e 2 x cos3 x dx
2 4 4
1 2x 3 2x 9
e cos3 x+ e sin3 x − I
2 4 4
9 1 2x 3 2x
∴I+ I= e cos3 x+ e sin3 x
4 2 4
13 1 2x 3 2x
∴ I= e cos3 x+ e sin3 x
4 2 4
4 1 2x 3 2x
∴I= [ e cos3 x+ e sin3 x ]+C
13 2 4 10
 Method 1
Using integration by parts

2 3/ 2 2
( 3 ) I= ∫ x √ x+2 dx = x ( x+2 ) − ∫ ( x+ 2)3 / 2 dx
3 3
2 3/ 2 4
x ( x+2 ) − ( x+2 )5/ 2 +C
3 15
Method 2
Using substitution

( 3) I=∫ x √ x+ 2 dx , u=x+ 2 ⇒du=dx, x=u−2

∴I= ∫ ( u−2) √ u du=∫ u √ u du−∫ 2 √ u du
2 5/ 2 4 3/ 2
∫ u 3/ 2
du−2 ∫ u 1/ 2
du=
5
u − u +C
3 Notice that this
2 4 result can be
( x+2 ) − ( x+2 )3/ 2 +C
5/ 2
converted to the
5 3
previous one
11
 Integration using reduction formula

We mean by a reduction formula for an integral is to

express an integral involving powers of certain expression
in terms of another integral involving lower powers of that
expression. The following example explains how to do that:

Example

Find a reduction formula for the integral

I n =∫ cos x dx , then use it to find ∫ cos x dx.
n 4

13
 Solution

I n =∫ cos n x dx =∫ cos x . cos n−1 x dx

sin x cos n−1 x−(n−1 )∫ sin x . cos n−2 x (−sin x )dx
sin x cos n−1 x+(n−1) ∫ sin 2 x .cos n−2 x dx
sin x cos n−1 x+(n−1) ∫ (1−cos 2 x ) cos n−2 x dx
sin x cos n−1 x+(n−1) ∫ cos n−2 x dx−(n−1)∫ cosn x dx
sin x cos n−1 x+(n−1) I n−2 −( n−1 )I n
∴I n +(n−1) I n =sin x cos n−1 x+(n−1) I n−2
∴nI n =sin x cosn−1 x+(n−1) I n−2
1
∴I n = (sin x cos n−1 x+( n−1 )I n−2 )
n 14
From the definition of In : I 0 =∫ cos 0 xdx=∫ 1 dx= x
∫ xdx= I 4 , then using the reduction formula we get
cos 4

1 1
n= 2⇒ I 2 = (sin x cos x+I 0 )= (sin x cos x+x )
2 2
1
n= 4 ⇒ I 4 = (sin x cos 3 x+3 I 2 )
4
1 3 3
∴I 4 = [ sin x cos x+ (sin x cos x+x )]+C
4 2
Challenging exercises

(a ) Evaluate each of the following integrals:

π /3
2 2
(1)∫ ln ( x+x )dx( 2) ∫ x tan xdx ( 3) ∫ sin (ln x ) dx
0
(b ) Find a reduction formula for the integral
I n =∫ (sin−1 x )n dx . 15