PPET - Project Implementation

Project Planning and
Evaluation Techniques
URP:4102
Project Implementation
Planning
• Task specification
• Task timing
• Organizing
• Resource procurement and maintenance
• Staffing
• Financing
• Internal project organization
• Inter-institutional relationships
Project Implementation
Leading
• Leadership, teamwork, participation
• Conflict management
• Staff motivation and training
Controlling
• Accounting
• Reporting, public relations
• Time management
• Monitoring
• Evaluation
Gantt Chart
Gantt Chart method aims to
a. develop a schedule for all activities/tasks of a project.
b. identify intermediate milestones.
c. visualize interconnections between activities/tasks.
d. identify resource bottlenecks and adapt activities accordingly.
Elements of Gantt Chart
1. Task code (as in tasks specification form)
2. Short description of each task
3. Administrative responsibility for each task
4. Duration of each task
5. Exact starting/finishing time of each task
7. Manpower requirements of each task
8. Dependency links between tasks
9. Summary/activity bars
Project Network Analysis
Methods used for network planning are:
CPM= CRITICAL PATH METHOD
PERT= PROGRAMME EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE
Managing a project with network planning methods involves four steps:

1. Describing the Project.
2. Diagramming the Network.
3. Estimating time of completion.
4. Monitoring Project Progress.
Project Network Analysis
Concepts
• Activity
• Precedence relationship
• Successor
• Event
Network Analysis
1. Before an activity can begin, its preceding activities must be
completed.
2. Arrows indicate logical precedence.
3. Flow of the diagram is from left to right.
4. Arrows should not intersect.
5. Dangling should be avoided.
Network Analysis
ACTIVITY ON ARC(AOA):
• Uses arcs to represent activities and nodes
to represent events.
• It is Event Oriented.
3
1 2 6 7 8
4 5
Network Analysis
DUMMY ACTIVITY
requires the addition of a Dummy Activity to clarify the precedence relationships
between the two activities. It is a zero-time activity and consumes no resources.
Dummy Activity is used in two situations:
1) When two or more activities start and end at the same nodes
1 3
2
DUMMY ACTIVITY
2) When two or more activities share the same precedence activity but not
all the precedence are shared.
1 3 5
2 4 6
Network Analysis
Construct the network diagram for the following events:
i. B and C depends only on A
ii. D depends on B, but not on C
iii. E depends on C and B
iv. F must follow E, but cannot start until D and E are finished
v. The project is complete when F is done
ESTIMATING TIME OF COMPLETION
Time estimates include:

1) Calculate Earliest Occurrence time, EOT
2) Calculate latest occurrence time, LOT
6) FORWARD PASS:
The early start and early finish times are calculated by moving forward through
the network and considering the predecessor activities.
Considers maximum
7) BACKWARD PASS:
The latest start and finish times are calculated by moving backward through the
network.
Considers minimum
8) SLACK TIME:
Slack time for an activity is the difference between its earliest and latest start
time or between the earliest and latest finish time.
Critical path is the path of activities having zero Slack time.
Critical Path • Graphical networking technique
• Helps planning and managing the execution of activities in
programs and projects
• Requires that activities must be performed in a specific

time and sequence
• Identifies critical activities, requiring special attention by

the planner
• Helps estimating the minimum total time needed to

complete the entire project
PERT Analysis
Time Estimation for PERT
1. Optimistic
2. Pessimistic
3. Most likely
The following table shows time estimates for the
different activities
Activity Time (in week)

Optimistic Pessimistic Most likely
A-B 3 10 6
A-C 2 7 5
B-D 5 9 7
C-E 8 15 12
F-E 11 16 13
Finding out the critical path
B 2
3 4
7
C D F
A 2
3
5 5
E
Find out the critical path for the above network diagram.
Float Calculation
1. Free float = EOT (2) - EOT (1) - Duration (1-2)
2. Independent float = EOT (2) - LOT (1) - Duration (1-2)
3. Total float = LOT (2) - EOT (1) - Duration (2-4)

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PPET - Project Implementation

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Project Planning and

Managing a project with network planning methods involves four steps:

Time estimates include:

• Requires that activities must be performed in a specific

• Identifies critical activities, requiring special attention by

• Helps estimating the minimum total time needed to

Activity Time (in week)

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