Differentiation Cheat Sheet Edexcel

EdexcelPure
PureYear
Year22
Previously in Pure Year 1, you only learnt how to differentiate simple expressions, such as 2𝑥 2 . In this chapter, we will learn Implicit differentiation
more rules and methods that will enable us to differentiate much more complicated functions. Equations of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are known as explicit equations. We have seen how to differentiate functions of this form many times. However,
Here are two examples showing the chain rule in action: not all equations are in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and some cannot even be rearranged into this form. These are known as implicit equations. To
Differentiating 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 differentiate equations of this type, we can use implicit differentiation.
𝑑 𝑑
You need to be know the following two results, and be able to prove 𝑑𝑥 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 from first 2 −4𝑥+2
Example 3: Differentiate (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)5 Example 4: Differentiate 𝑒 𝑥 Implicit differentiation is just another case of the chain rule, and can be summarised as:
principles.

𝑑
This is of the form [1], where This is of the form [2], where ▪
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑦)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
▪ [sin 𝑘𝑥] = 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑛 = 5. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 This means that if we are differentiating a function of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥, we simply differentiate the function with respect to 𝑦 and multiply the
▪ [cos 𝑘𝑥] = −𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 × 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
result by 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Example 1: Prove, from first principles, that the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. You may assume that as ℎ → 0, 𝑑𝑦
= 5[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]4 × (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ∴ = 𝑓 ′ [𝑔(𝑥)] × 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑑𝑥 Example 7: Find 𝑑𝑥 , given that 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 0.
→ 1 and → 0.
ℎ ℎ
4
= 5[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ [𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2] × (2𝑥 − 4) 𝑑 𝑑
Whenever you want to prove a result from first principles, we must use the following definition of the derivative: We differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥: [2𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦] = [0]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= 𝑒𝑥 −4𝑥+2
× (2𝑥 − 4) = (2𝑥 − 4)𝑒 𝑥 −4𝑥+2
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim [ ] [2𝑥 2 ] = 4𝑥 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 ln 3 × + 4𝑦 + 4𝑥 =0
ℎ→0 ℎ Using the addition formula, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The product rule 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Letting 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and using the above definition: [3 ] = 3𝑦 ln 3 × 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
When we want to differentiate an expression that is a product of two functions, we can use the product rule. The product rule is: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [3 ln 3 + 4𝑥] = −4𝑥 − 4𝑦 factorising out
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 A more convenient way to write this is
𝑑𝑦 Using the product rule:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim [ ] = lim [ ] = lim [ ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 ′ 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 − 4𝑦
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ▪ If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then =𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑢′ 𝑑𝑥
[4𝑥𝑦] = 4𝑦 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑢’ = 4 = making
𝑑𝑦
the subject
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 ln 3 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑣’ =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(sinh) where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both functions of 𝑥 where 𝑢′ and 𝑣′ are derivatives of 𝑢 and 𝑣 with respect 𝑑𝑥
= lim [ ] = lim [ + ] to 𝑥.
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ Using second derivatives
The quotient rule You need to be able to use the second derivative to figure out whether a curve is concave or convex on a given interval.
= lim[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(0) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(1)] = lim[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 When we want to differentiate an expression that is the quotient of two functions, we can use the quotient rule. The quotient rule is:
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 Factorising out 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in the numerator, and then ▪ The function 𝑓(𝑥) is concave on a given interval if and only if 𝑓′′(𝑥) ≤ 0 for every value of 𝑥 in that interval.
splitting up the fraction
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 A more convenient way to write this is
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥−𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑢 ′ −𝑢𝑣 ′
▪ If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then = = ▪ The function 𝑓(𝑥) is convex on a given interval if and only if 𝑓′′(𝑥) ≥ 0 for every value of 𝑥 in that interval.
Using the assumptions given to us in the question 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
where 𝑢′ and 𝑣′ are derivatives of 𝑢 and 𝑣 with respect Here are two examples showing what concave and convex functions look like.
The proof for the derivative of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is very similar. We would start by instead letting 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both functions of 𝑥
to 𝑥. Convex Concave

𝑥
Differentiating exponentials and logarithms Note that the product rule could always be used in place of the quotient rule. For example, to differentiate
(2𝑥+1)2
,
You should also remember the following results: 2
we could use the quotient rule with 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 1) , but if we rewrite the expression as 𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) −2
then we can also use the
𝑑
product rule with 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 1)−2 .
▪ [𝑒 𝑘𝑥 ] = 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
▪ [𝑎𝑘𝑥 ] = 𝑎𝑘𝑥 (𝑘 ln 𝑎) Differentiating trigonometric functions
𝑑𝑥
You need to learn and be able to prove the following results:
You also need to know the definition of a point of inflection and be able to determine if a given point is a point of inflection.
𝑑 1
▪ [ln 𝑥] = 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
▪ [tan 𝑘𝑥] = 𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑘𝑥 • A point of inflection is a point where 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) changes sign. To determine a point of inflection, you must show that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 at that
𝑑𝑥
point and that 𝑓′′(𝑥) has opposing signs on either side of the point.
𝑑
You need to know how to prove the second result. ▪ 𝑑𝑥
[cosec 𝑘𝑥] = −𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑥 cot 𝑘𝑥

Example 2: Show that the derivative of 𝑎 𝑥 is 𝑎 𝑥 (ln 𝑎). ▪

𝑑
[cot 𝑘𝑥] = −𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑘𝑥 Rates of change
𝑑𝑥 An equation involving a derivative is known as a differential equation. You need to be able to form differential equations using information given in
We start by letting 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 . Now using the following property of exponentials: 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑑 a question. You also need to be able to apply the chain rule to problems involving rates of change, where there are more than two variables
▪ [sec 𝑘𝑥] = 𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑥 tan 𝑘𝑥 involved.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln (𝑎 ) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑎)
To prove any of the above, you can rewrite the functions in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and differentiate using the chain rule and Here are some general tips to remember when dealing with rate of change problems:
𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑎) × 𝑒 𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑎) Using the result:
𝑑
[𝑒 𝑘𝑥 ] = 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥 with 𝑘 = ln 𝑎 product/quotient rules.
𝑑𝑥
• The units given in the question are helpful in interpreting the information given. In the below example, we are told “The rate at which
Example 5: Prove that the derivative of k𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 is −𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑥 cot 𝑘𝑥. fluid flows in m3min-1 is proportional to…”. The units m3 and min-1 represent volume and time which indicates this sentence is telling
But since we said in the first line that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑎) , we have that 𝑑𝑉
1 us about
𝑑𝑡
.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑥 = sin 𝑘𝑥 = (sin 𝑘𝑥)−1
= (ln 𝑎) × 𝑦 = = (ln 𝑎) × 𝑎 𝑥 as required. • When a quantity is decreasing with time, remember that your expression for the rate of change should be negative.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥
By the chain rule [1], we have that = −1(sin 𝑘𝑥)−2 × (𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑘𝑥
Example 8: Fluid flows out of a cylindrical tank with constant cross section. At time 𝑡 minutes, 𝑡 > 0, the volume of fluid remaining in the tank is
The chain rule cos 𝑘𝑥 1 𝑉 𝑚3. The rate at which fluid flows in m3min-1 is proportional to the square root of V.
= −𝑘 × = −𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑘𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑥 as required.
The chain rule is a powerful method used to differentiate composite functions (i.e. expressions where one function is contained sin 𝑘𝑥 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑑ℎ
2
in another function). An example of such a function would be 𝑒 𝑥 −3𝑥+1 , where the function 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 is contained inside the
Show that the depth, ℎ metres, of fluid in the tank satisfies the differential equation
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑘√ℎ, where 𝑘 is a positive constant.
function 𝑒 𝑥 . This rule allows us to differentiate seemingly complex expressions with ease and plays a pivotal role in this chapter.
The method for proving the other results is very similar. 𝑑𝑉
We are told the rate of fluid flow is proportional to the square root of V, so
𝑑𝑡
𝛼 √𝑉. We can write this as:
The chain rule is: 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑐 √𝑉 = − 𝑐√𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ since the tank is cylindrical and c is some constant. We have a negative sign because the volume in the
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 Parametric differentiation tank is decreasing with time, as fluid is flowing out of the tank.
▪ = × , where 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢 and 𝑢 is another function of 𝑥. To find the gradient of a function given in parametric form, you can use the following case of the chain rule:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉
We can write this in function notation, which tends to be easier to use in application: 𝑑𝑦
We currently have
𝑑𝑡
, but we want
𝑑𝑡
. This is where we need to use the chain rule to figure out how we can get from
𝑑𝑡
to
𝑑𝑡
.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
▪ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉
▪
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 × 𝑓′(𝑥) [1] 𝑑𝑥 By the chain rule, = × 𝑑𝑉 . This tells us we need to find 𝑑𝑉, then multiply by 𝑑𝑡 . Now recall again that the volume of the tank
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
is given by 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ. Differentiating this equation with respect to h:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
▪ If 𝑦 = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] then = 𝑓 ′ [𝑔(𝑥)] × 𝑔′(𝑥) [2] Example 6: Given that 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 = 4𝑡, find at 𝑡 = 𝜋.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 1
⇒ = 𝜋𝑟 2 , so = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝜋𝑟2
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 and =4⟹ = 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 1 𝑐√ℎ
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
When differentiating functions that are not of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the following case of the chain rule is useful: = × = 𝑐√𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ × 2 = .
𝑑𝑦 4 4
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉 𝜋𝑟 √𝜋𝑟 2
at 𝑡 = 𝜋, = = = −2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 2 cos 𝜋 −2
▪ = 𝑑𝑥 But since 𝜋, 𝑟 and 𝑐 are all constants, we can let √𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑘. ∴
𝑐 𝑑ℎ
= 𝑘√ℎ for some constant 𝑘, as required.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦

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