Edexcel IAL Physics A-Level
Topic 1.2 - Materials
Flashcards
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Define:
Pressure
Density
Volume
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Define: pressure,density and volume
Pressure: force per unit area (force / area) / Pa.
Density: mass per unit volume, mass/volume/kgm-3.
Volume: quantity of three-dimensional space
enclosed by a closed surface/m3.
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What is the rule of upthrust?
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What is the rule of upthrust?
The force of upthrust = weight of fluid
displaced.
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State Stokes’ Law and the meanings of
each term.
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State Stokes’ Law and the meanings of each term.
F = 6πηrv
F = viscous drag/N, η = viscosity/m2s-1,
r = radius of object/m, v = velocity of
-1
object/ms .
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What is the difference between laminar
flow and turbulent flow?
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What is the difference between laminar flow and
turbulent flow?
Laminar flow is when the layers flow parallel to each other
and don’t interact. It is a smooth flow and there is a constant
speed.
Turbulent flow is when the layers can cross over each other
and turn at angles. Eddy currents are also formed, therefore
there is not a constant speed.
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Why does Stokes’ Law only apply for
small objects and laminar flow?
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Why does Stokes’ Law only apply for small objects
and laminar flow ?
If the object is not small, there may be friction with the
sides of the tube it is going down, causing turbulent flow.
When there is turbulent flow, the characteristics of the
object’s movement are unpredictable, therefore the
velocity is not terminal/constant.
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What is Hooke’s law?
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What is Hooke’s law?
F = k∆x
F = force applied (N)
K = stiffness constant
∆x = extension (m)
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Write the equations for stress,strain and
young’s modulus then state the definition
of Young’s Modulus.
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Write the equations for stress,strain and young’s
modulus then state the definition of Young’s Modulus.
Stress = force / cross-sectional area (Nm-2 or Pa)
Strain = change in length / original length
Young’s Modulus = stress / strain (Nm-2 or Pa)
Young’s Modulus: measure of elasticity
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Explain the terms:
limit of proportionality
elastic limit
yield point
elastic deformation
plastic deformation
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Explain the terms: limit of proportionality, elastic limit,
yield point, elastic deformation and plastic deformation
Limit of Proportionality: the point beyond which Hooke's law is no longer true when stretching a
material.
Elastic Limit: the point beyond which the material you are stretching becomes permanently
stretched so that the material does not return to its original length when the force is removed.
Yield Point: the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
Elastic Deformation: The object will return to its original shape after the force is removed.
Plastic Deformation: The object will permanently deform.
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Give the equation that calculates elastic
strain energy in terms of spring constant
and extension.
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Give the equation that calculates elastic strain
energy in terms of spring constant and extension.
E=½ kΔL2
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How do you work out elastic strain
energy from which type of graph?
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How do you work out elastic strain energy from
which type of graph?
The area under a force-extension graph
is the equivalent to elastic strain energy:
½F∆x
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Define:
Hard
Brittle
Ductile
Malleable
Strong
Tough
Stiff
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Define hard, brittle, ductile, malleable, strong, tough, stiff.
● Hard - Can scratch or indent, and withstands being scratched.
● Brittle - Breaks without plastic deformation.
● Ductile - Can be drawn into a wire.
● Malleable - Can be reshaped.
● Strong - Withstands large static loads without breaking.
● Tough - Withstands large dynamic loads without breaking.
● Stiff - Resists deformation by tension or compression.
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What are the stiffness equations if
springs are in series/parallel?
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What are the stiffness equations if springs are in
series/parallel?
Series: k = 1 / ((1/k₁)+(1/k₂))
Parallel: k = k₁ + k₂
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Which of these two graphs represents a brittle
material?
A B
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
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Which of these two graphs represents a brittle
material?
Stress
Strain
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Which of these graphs would represent a wire which
has plastically deformed?
Key
force
Loading line
force
Unloading line
extension
extension
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Which of these graphs would represent a wire which
has plastically deformed?
Key
force Loading line
Unloading line
extension
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The diagram shows the stress against strain graph
for material X. Describe the properties of X.
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The diagram shows the stress against strain graph
for material X. Describe the properties of X.
Material X is brittle. There is no plastic
deformation (it is elastic) and returns to the same
length when the stress is removed.
It obeys Hooke’s law.
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The diagram shows the stress against strain graph
for material Y. Describe the properties of Y.
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The diagram shows the stress against strain graph
for material Y. Describe the properties of Y.
Material Y is a polymer. It is elastic and returns to
the same length when the stress is removed.
It does not obey Hooke’s law.
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What is the Ultimate Tensile Strength?
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What is the Ultimate Tensile Strength?
The maximum stress that the material can
withstand. At this point, breaking stress occurs
and the atoms of the material separate
completely, causing it to break.
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