UNIT-III

TRANSPORT PHENOMENON IN
GASES
BY
Bhanudas Narwade
Asst. Prof.
Degloor College , Degloor
 TRANSPORT PHENOMENON IN GASES

Kinetic Theory: Random motion, Molecular collision

Molecules possesses mass , momentum and energy
If not in equilibrium state or steady state ,
transportation occurs
Transport Phenomenon:
Phenomenon explained on the basis of movement of gas molecules to bring
to steady state.
Viscosity : Transport of Momentum
Thermal conductivity : Transport of thermal energy
Self diffusion : Transport of mass
 Mean Free Path:

Free Path : Distance covered by a gas molecule between any

two successive collision

Mean free Path(): Average distance covered by a gas

molecule between any two successive collision

If S is total distance travelled after N collisions

Mean free path  = S/N
 Expression for mean free path:

For simplification Consider

i) Only the molecule under consideration is in motion and all other are at rest.
ii) The sphere of influence of has diameter “d”
v is the average velocity of molecule A
n is no. of molecules per cc
In one second A will collides with all molecules, the centre of which lies within radius d
of cylinder and length v
Volume of cylinder= 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣
No. of molecules in a cylinder= 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣𝑛
No. of collision in a second= 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣𝑛
1
Average time interval between two successive collision= sec
𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣𝑛
1 1
Average distance between two successive collision= xv =
𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣𝑛 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛
 Expression for mean free path:

1
The mean free path () = 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛
(i)
𝜋𝑑 2 =  is microscopic collision cross section of molecule
1
 = (ii)
𝑛
Claussius expression
3
𝜆 = 4𝜋𝑑2 𝑛 (iii)
Maxwell’s expression
1
𝜆= 2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛
(iv)
1
From eqn I to iv 𝜆 ∝ 𝑑2 if m is mass of each molecule density 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑛
1 𝑚 1 𝑃
𝜆= 2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝜌
ie 𝜆∝𝜌 If P is pressure then P =nkT ∴ 𝑛 = 𝑘𝑇
1 𝑘𝑇
𝜆=
2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑃

𝜆∝𝑇
 Expression for mean free path:

CONCLUSION:
1
1. Smaller the size of molecule , larger mean free path (𝜆 ∝ )
𝑑2
2. Increase in temperature ,increases separation of molecules and causes increase in mean
free path(𝜆 ∝ 𝑇)
3. Decrease in density means molecules are widely separated resulted in increase in mean
free path
4. Reduction of pressure of gas ,increases the molecular distance hence mean free path
1
increases (𝜆 ∝ )
𝑃
 UNIT-III

TRANSPORT PHENOMENON IN
GASES
BY
Bhanudas Narwade
Asst. Prof.
Degloor College , Degloor
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum
Different layers of gas may have different velocities
Relative motion of layers of gas wrt other
To be steady state , layers moving faster will transfer momentum to slower
This phenomena is viscosity of gas
Phenomena of viscosity of gas is due to transfer of momentum
Viscosity is property of fluid
Occurs due to frictional forces between adjacent layers moving parallel to each others
Definition :
Tangential force per unit area required to maintain unit velocity gradient
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum E F
B
Newtons equation for viscosity is
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = −𝜂 𝐴 ------(1)
𝑑𝑧
D
Suppose gas flows over horizontal surface OX
Velocity of layer in contact with OX is zero and
gradually increases along OZ
The change is unform with rate dv/dz
Consider layer AB at certain distance from OX
Velocity of layer AB is v
Consider two layers EF and CD above and below AB
respectively at a distance mean free path 
𝑑𝑣
Velocity of gas in layer EF = v + 
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑣
Velocity of gas in layer CD = v − 
𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum E F
B
As molecules are moving in all possible direction
parallel to X,Y, and Z axes
1/6 molecules moving parallel to any one axis in one D
particular direction
m is mass of each molecule and n is number of
molecules per cc and c is average speed
Number of molecules passing downward from EF to
𝑛𝑐
CD per unit area of layer AB in one second=
6
Momentum carried downward from EF to CD per unit
𝑚𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑣
area of layer AB in one second= 𝑣+ 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum E F
B
Similarly number of molecules passing upward from
𝑛𝑐
CD to EF per unit area of layer AB in one second=
6
Momentum carried upward from CD to EF per unit D
𝑚𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑣
area of layer AB in one second= 𝑣− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧
Net momentum lost by layer EF and gain by CD per
unit area of layer AB in one second
𝑚𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣+ 𝜆 − 𝑣− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧 6 𝑑𝑧
𝑚𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣+ 𝜆 − 𝑣− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝜆 this is rate of change of momentum
3 𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum
1 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝜆 this is rate of change of momentum
3 𝑑𝑧
According to Newton’s second law of motion
Rate of change of momentum is force
1 𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝜆 ---(2)
3 𝑑𝑧
From equation (1) and (2)
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣
𝜂𝐴 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝜆
𝑑𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧
For unit area A=1
1 1
∴ 𝜂 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝜆 = 𝜌𝑐𝜆 since 𝑚𝑛=𝜌
3 3
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum
1
𝜂 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝜆
3
1
But 𝜆 =
2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛
1 1
𝜂 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐
3 2 𝜋𝑑2 𝑛
𝑚𝑐
𝜂=
3 2 𝜋𝑑 2

As 𝑐 ∝ 𝑇 , 𝜂 ∝ 𝑇

1
𝜌 ∝ 𝑝 and 𝜆 ∝ , then 𝜌𝜆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜂 is independent of pressure
𝑃
 Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity: Transport of momentum
CONCLUSION:
1. Viscosity phenomena is due to transport of momentum

2. With increase of temperature, thermal agitation increases, velocity in a

direction also increases resulting in increase of viscosity with
temperature (𝜂 ∝ 𝑇)

1. At sufficiently high pressure coefficient of viscosity of gas is

independent of pressure
 Transport Phenomena:
Thermal conductivity of gases: Transport of Energy
Different layers of gas may have different temperatures
The molecules at higher temperature will have greater energy
To be steady state , molecules will transfer energy from region of higher temperature to
lower temperature
This phenomena is thermal conductivity of gases
Phenomena of thermal conductivity of gases is due to transfer of energy
Thermal conductivity occurs when temperature gradient exists
Definition :
Amount of heat conducted per unit time per unit area per unit temperature gradient
when material is in steady state
 Transport Phenomena: 𝒅𝜽
𝜽+ 𝝀
Thermal conductivity of gases: 𝒅𝒁
Transport of Energy E F

Equation of thermal conductivity of gas is 𝜽 B

𝑑
𝑄=𝐾𝐴 𝑡 ------(1) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
D 𝜃 − 𝜆
Suppose gas flows over horizontal surface OX 𝑑𝑍

The layer in contact with OX is cold and and

temperature gradually increases along OZ
The change is unform with rate d /dz
Consider layer AB at certain distance from OX
Temperature of layer AB is 
Consider two layers EF and CD above and below AB
respectively at a distance mean free path 
𝑑𝜃
Temperature of gas in layer EF =𝜃 + 𝜆
𝑑𝑍

𝑑𝜃
Temperature of gas in layer CD = θ − 
𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena: 𝒅𝜽
𝜽+ 𝝀
Thermal conductivity of gases: 𝒅𝒁
Transport of Energy E F
B
As molecules are moving in all possible direction 𝜽
parallel to X,Y, and Z axes
𝑑𝜃
1/6 molecules moving parallel to any one axis in one D 𝜃 −
𝑑𝑍
𝜆
particular direction
m is mass of each molecule and n is number of
molecules per cc and c is average speed cv is specific
heats of gas
Energy of molecule of gas 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝜃
Number of molecules passing downward from EF to
𝑛𝑐
CD per unit area of layer AB in one second=
6
Energy carried downward from EF to CD per unit area
𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝜃
of layer AB in one second= 𝜃 + 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena: 𝒅𝜽
𝜽+ 𝝀
Thermal conductivity of gases: 𝒅𝒁
Transport of Energy E F
B
Similarly number of molecules passing upward from CD 𝜽
𝑛𝑐
to EF per unit area of layer AB in one second= 𝑑𝜃
6
D 𝜃 − 𝜆
Energy carried upward from CD to EF per unit area of 𝑑𝑍
𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝜃
layer AB in one second= 𝑉
𝜃− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧
Net energy lost by layer EF and gain by CD per unit area
of layer AB in one second
𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝜃 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝜃
= 𝜃+ 𝜆 − 𝜃− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧 6 𝑑𝑧

𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝜃+ 𝜆 − 𝜃− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆 𝑑𝑣
= this is rate of change of energy
6 𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena:
Thermal conductivity of gases: Transport of Energy
𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆 𝑑
= −−−(2) this is rate of change of energy i.e. Heat
3 𝑑𝑧
From equation (1) and (2)

𝑑 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆 𝑑
𝑄=𝐾𝐴 𝑡=
𝑑𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧

For unit area A=1

1 1
∴ 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆 = 𝜌𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆 since 𝑚𝑛=𝜌 is density of gas
3 3
 Transport Phenomena:
Thermal conductivity of gases: Transport of Energy
1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆
3
1
But 𝜆 =
2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛

1 1
K= 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉
3 2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛

𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑉
K=
3 2 𝜋𝑑 2

As 𝑐 ∝ 𝑇 , K∝ 𝑇

1
𝜌 ∝ 𝑝 and 𝜆 ∝ , then 𝜌𝜆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐾 is independent of pressure
𝑃
 Transport Phenomena:
Thermal conductivity of gases: Transport of Energy
1 1
𝐾= 𝑚𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑉
3 2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑛
𝑀 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
But 𝑚 = i.e. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 =
𝑁 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑪𝑣 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝.ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠

And 𝑐𝑣 = i.e. 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝. ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 =
𝑀 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

1 𝑐 𝑀 𝐶𝑣
K=
3 2 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑁 𝑀

1
𝐶𝑣
𝐾= 2
𝑐
3 2 𝑁𝜋𝑑
8𝐾𝑇
But average speed 𝑐 = Thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to sq.
𝜋𝑚
root of mass of molecule
 Transport Phenomena:
Thermal conductivity of gases: Transport of Energy

CONCLUSION:
1. Thermal conductivity of gas phenomena is due to transport of energy

2. With increase of temperature, thermal agitation increases, resulting in increase

of Thermal conductivity with temperature (𝐾 ∝ 𝑇)

3. At sufficiently high pressure coefficient of Thermal conductivity of gas is

independent of pressure
4. Mass of hydrogen is least, the thermal conductivity of hydrogen will be larger
 Transport Phenomena:
Diffusion of gas: Transport of mass
Different layers of gas may have different concentration i.e.(number of molecules per cc
The molecules at higher concentration will transfer to lower concentration
To be steady state , molecules diffuse from higher concentration region to lower
concentration region
This phenomena is diffusion of gases
Phenomena of diffusion of gases is due to transfer of mass
Coefficient of diffusion : is defined as ratio of number of molecules crossing per unit area
in one second to the rate of change of concentration with distance
 Transport Phenomena: 𝒏+
𝒅𝒏
𝝀
Diffusion of gas: Transport of mass 𝒅𝒁
E F

Equation of coefficient of diffusion of gas is n B

𝑑𝑁ൗ
𝑑𝑡
𝐷= 𝑑𝑛ൗ ------(1) 𝑑𝑛
𝑑𝑧
D 𝑛− 𝜆
𝑑𝑍
Suppose gas flows over horizontal surface OX
The layer in contact with OX is at lower concentration
and concentration gradually increases along OZ
The change is unform with rate d𝑛/dz
Consider layer AB at certain distance from OX
Concentration of layer AB is 𝑛
Consider two layers EF and CD above and below AB
respectively at a distance mean free path 
 𝒅𝒏
Transport Phenomena: 𝒏+
𝒅𝒁
𝝀

Diffusion of gas: Transport of mass E F

𝒏 B
𝑑𝑛
Concentration of gas in layer EF =𝑛 + 𝜆
𝑑𝑍
𝑑𝑛
D 𝑛 − 𝜆
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑍
Concentration of gas in layer CD = 𝑛 − 
𝑑𝑧
As molecules are moving in all possible direction
parallel to X,Y, and Z axes
1/6 molecules moving parallel to any one axis in one
particular direction
If c is average speed of molecules
Number of molecules passing downward from EF to
CD per unit area of layer AB in one second
𝑐 𝑑𝑛
= 𝑛+ 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena: 𝒏+
𝒅𝒏
𝝀
𝒅𝒁
Diffusion of gas: Transport of mass E F
B
Similarly number of molecules passing upward from CD 𝒏
to EF per unit area of layer AB in one second
𝑑𝑛
𝑐 𝑑𝑛 D 𝑛 − 𝜆
= 𝑛− 𝜆 𝑑𝑍
6 𝑑𝑧
Net number of molecules lost by layer EF and gain by CD
per unit area of layer AB in one second
𝑐 𝑑𝑛 𝑐 𝑑𝑛
= 𝑛+ 𝜆 − 𝑛 − 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧 6 𝑑𝑧

𝑐 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
= 𝑛+ 𝜆 − 𝑛− 𝜆
6 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1 𝑑𝑛
= cλ Gives rise to phenomenon of diffusion
3 𝑑𝑧
 Transport Phenomena:
Diffusion of gas: Transport of mass
From equation (1) and (2)

𝑑𝑁ൗ 1 𝑑𝑛
𝐷= 𝑑𝑡 = cλ
𝑑𝑛ൗ 3 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧

1
∴ 𝐷 = 𝑐𝜆
3
𝑇
As 𝑐 ∝ 𝑇 , And 𝜆 ∝ D ∝ 𝑇 3/2
𝑃
 Transport Phenomena:
Diffusion of gas: Transport of mass
CONCLUSION:
1. Diffusion of gas phenomena is due to transport of mass

2. With increase of temperature, rate of flow of molecules increases (D ∝ 𝑇 3/2 )

1
3. At low pressure , rate of flow of molecules decreases (𝐷 ∝ )
𝑃
 Inter Relation Between Three Transport Coefficients:

1
Coefficient of viscosity of gas = 3 𝜌𝑐𝜆 ------(1)
1
Coefficient of thermal conductivity of gas K= 𝜌𝑐𝑐𝑉𝜆----(2)
3
1
Coefficient of Diffusion of gas 𝐷= 𝑐𝜆 -------(3)
3
From equation 1 and 2
𝜂 1 𝐾
= OR 𝜂 = OR 𝐾 = 𝜂𝑐𝑣
𝐾 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑣
From equation (2 ) and (3)
𝐷 1 𝐾
= OR 𝐷= OR 𝐾 = 𝐷𝜌𝑐𝑣
𝐾 𝜌𝑐𝑣 𝜌𝑐𝑣
From equation (1 ) and (3)
𝜂 𝜂
=𝜌 OR 𝜂 = 𝐷𝜌 OR 𝐷=
𝐷 𝜌