SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[Educational Service: SNR Sons Charitable Trust]

[Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001:2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
Vattamalaipalayam, N.G.G.O. Colony Post, Coimbatore – 641 022.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Altran Training

Handled by:
Mr. R. Mohan Kumar, AP(Sr.G) / EEE
Mr. R. Krishnakumar, AP(Sr.G)
9/1/2023
/ EEE
16EE220 - Power System Protection and Switchgear 1
DC TRANSIENT
ANALYSIS

2
 DC TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
• Transient analysis is the analysis of the circuits during
the time it changes from one steady state condition to
another steady state condition.
• Electric circuits will be subjected to sudden changes
 Opening and closing of switches
 Sudden changes in sources
• Transient analysis will reveal how the currents and
voltages are changing during the transient period
 SUB - TOPICS
• NATURAL RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUIT
• NATURAL RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUIT
• STEP RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUIT
• STEP RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUIT

4
 OBJECTIVES
• To investigate the behavior of currents and
voltages when energy is either released or
acquired by inductors and capacitors when
there is an abrupt change in dc current or
voltage source.
• To do an analysis of natural response and step
response of RL and RC circuit.

5
 FIRST – ORDER CIRCUITS
• A circuit that contains only sources, resistor
and inductor is called and RL circuit.
• A circuit that contains only sources, resistor
and capacitor is called an RC circuit.
• RL and RC circuits are called first – order
circuits because their voltages and currents
are describe by first order differential
equations.

6
 R R

i i
Vs
+
L vs +
– C
–

An RL circuit An RC circuit

7
 Review (conceptual)
• Any first – order circuit can be reduced to a Thévenin (or
Norton) equivalent connected to either a single equivalent
inductor or capacitor. RTh

+
IN RN L VTh – C

- In steady state, an inductor behave like a short circuit.

- In steady state, a capacitor behaves like an open circuit.

8
• The natural response of an RL and RC circuit
is its behavior (i.e., current and voltage )
when stored energy in the inductor or
capacitor is released to the resistive part of
the network (containing no independent
sources)
• The steps response of an RL and RC circuits
is its behavior when a voltage or current
source step is applied to the circuit, or
immediately after a switch state is changed.
9
 NATURAL RESPONSE OF AN RL CIRCUIT

• Consider the following circuit, for which the switch is

closed for t<0, and then opened at t = 0:

t=0 i +
Is Ro L R V
–

• The dc voltage V, has been supplying the RL circuit

with constant current for a long time

10
 Solving for the circuit

• For t ≤ 0, i(t) = Io
• For t ≥ 0, the circuit reduce to

i +

Io Ro L R v
–

Notation:
 0  is used to denote the time just prior to switching.

 0 is used to denote the time immediately after switching.
11
 Continue…
• Applying KVL to the circuit:

v(t )  Ri (t )  0 (1)
di (t )
L  Ri (t )  0 (2)
dt
di (t )
L   Ri (t ) (3)
dt
di (t ) R
  dt (4)
i (t ) L
12
 Continue
• From equation (4), let say;
du R
  dv (5)
u L
• Integrate both sides of equation (5);
i ( t ) du R t
i (to ) u   L to dv (6)

• Where:
i(to) is the current corresponding to time to
i(t) ia the current corresponding to time t
13
 Continue
• Therefore,
i(t ) R
ln  t (7)
i(0) L
• hence, the current is

( R / L )t ( R / L )t
i(t )  i(0)e  I 0e

14
 Continue
• From the Ohm’s law, the voltage across the
resistor R is:

 ( R / L )t
v(t )  i (t ) R  I 0 Re
• And the power dissipated in the resistor is:

2 ( R / L ) t
p  vR i (t )  I Re
2
0

15
 Continue
• Energy absorb by the resistor is:

1 2 2( R / L )t
w  LI 0 (1  e )
2

16
 Time Constant, τ

• Time constant, τ determines the rate at which the

current or voltage approaches zero.

L
• Time constant,   (sec)
R

17
• The expressions for current, voltage, power and
energy using time constant concept:

 t /
i (t )  I 0 e
t / 
v(t )  I 0 Re
 2t /
p  I Re 2
0

1 2  2t /
w  LI 0 (1  e )
2
18
 Switching time

• For all transient cases, the following instants of

switching times are considered.
 t = 0- , this is the time of switching between -∞ to 0
or time before.
 t = 0+ , this is the time of switching at the instant
just after time t = 0s (taken as initial value)
 t = ∞ , this is the time of switching between t = 0+ to
∞ (taken as final value for step response)

19
• The illustration of the different instance of
switching times is:

-∞ ∞

 
t0 t0
20
 Example
• For the circuit below, find the expression of
io(t) and Vo(t). The switch was closed for a
long time, and at t = 0, the switch was
opened. 2Ω
i0
t=0 +
20A 0.1Ω 2H 10Ω 40Ω V
i
L

21
 Solution :

Step 1:
Find τ for t > 0. Draw the equivalent circuit. The
switch is opened.

RT  (2  10 // 40)  10
So;
L 2
    0.2
sec
RT 10
22
Step 2:
At t = 0- , time from -∞ to 0-, the switch was closed for
a long time. 2Ω

20A 0.1Ω 10Ω 40Ω

i (0-)
L

The inductor behave like a short circuit as it being

supplied for a long time by a dc current source. Current
20A thus flows through the short circuit until the switch
is opened.Therefore;
iL(0-) = 20A 23
Step 3:
At the instant when the switch is opened, the time t = 0+,
2Ω io(0+)
+
20A 2H 10Ω 40Ω vo(0+)
iL(0+)
–
The current through the inductor remains the same (continuous).
Thus, which is the initial current.
 
iL (0 )  iL (0 )  20 A
Only at this particular instant the value of the current through the
inductor is the same.
Since, there is no other supply in the circuit after the switch is
opened, this is the natural response case. 24
By using current division, the current in the 40Ω
resistor
10
is: io  iL  4 A
10  40

So, 5t
io (t )  4e A

Using Ohm’s Law, the Vo is:

Vo (t )  4  40  160
5t
So, V0 (t )  160e
25
 NATURAL RESPONSE OF AN RC
CIRCUIT
• Consider the following circuit, for which the switch is
closed for t < 0, and then opened at t = 0:

Ro t=0
+ +
Vo  R
C v
–
Notation:
 0- is used to denote the time just prior to switching
 0+ is used to denote the time immediately after switching.
26
 Solving for the voltage (t ≥ 0)

• For t ≤ 0, v(t) = Vo
• For t > 0, the circuit reduces to
i
Ro +
+
Vo  C v R
–

27
 Continue

• Applying KCL to the RC circuit:

iC  iR  0 (1)
dv(t ) v(t )
 0
C
dt R (2)
dv(t ) v (t )
 0 (3)
dt RC
dv (t ) v (t )
 (4)
dt RC
dv(t ) 1
v(t )

RC
dt (5)
28
 Continue
• From equation (5), let say:
dx 1 (6)
 dy
x RC
• Integrate both sides of equation (6):

v (t ) 1 1 t
Vo x
du  
RC  dy
0
(7)

• Therefore:
v(t ) t
ln  (8)
Vo RC

29
 Continue

• Hence, the voltage is:

 t / RC  t / RC
v(t )  v(0)e  Vo e
• Using Ohm’s law, the current is:

v(t ) Vo t / RC
i (t )   e
R R

30
 Continue

• The power dissipated in the resistor is:

2
V 2t / RC
p(t )  viR  o
e
R
• The energy absorb by the resistor is:

1  2 t / RC
w  CVo (1  e
2
)
2

31
 Continue

• The time constant for the RC circuit equal the

product of the resistance and capacitance,

• Time constant,   RC sec

32
• The expressions for voltage, current, power and
energy using time constant concept:
 t /
v(t )  Vo e
Vo t /
i (t )  e
R
Vo2  2t /
p (t )  e
R
1  2t /
w(t )  CVo (1  e
2
)
2
33
• For the case of capacitor, two important
observation can be made,

1) capacitor behaves like an open circuit when

being supplied by dc source
(From, ic = Cdv/dt, when v is constant, dv/dt = 0.
When current in circuit is zero, the circuit is open
circuit.)

2) in capacitor, the voltage is continuous / stays

the same that is, Vc(0+) = Vc(0-)

34
 Example

The switch has been in position a for a long time. At

Time t = 0, the switch moves to b. Find the
expressions
for the vc(t), ic(t) and vo(t) and hence sketch them for
t=
0 to t = 5τ.
5kΩ 18kΩ
a b
t=0 +
90V + 10kΩ Vo
 60kΩ
0.1μF 12kΩ –
35
 Solution
Step 1:
Find t for t > 5τ that is when the switch was at a. Draw
the equivalent circuit. 18kΩ

0.1μF 60kΩ 12k

Ω

RT  (18k  12k) // 60k  20k

  RT C  20 10  0.110  2ms

3 6
36
Step 2:
At t = 0, the switch was at a. the capacitor behaves
like
An open circuit as it is being supplied by a constant
source. 5kΩ

+
90V + 10kΩ Vc(0-

)
–

 10
vc (0 )   90  60V
15
37
Step 3:
At t = 0+, the instant when the switch is at b.
18kΩ

+
60V +
0.1μF 60kΩ 12k Vo
–
Ω –

The voltage across capacitor remains the same at

this
particular instant.

vc(0+) = vc(0-) = 60V 38

Using voltage divider rule,
 12
Vo (0 )   60  24V
30
Hence;
500t
vc (t )  60e V
 500t
vo (t )  24e V
 500t
ic (t )  0.03e A
39
 Summary

No RL circuit RC circuit
1 L
   RC
R
2 Inductor behaves like a Capacitor behaves like an
short circuit when being open circuit when being
supplied by dc source for a supplied by dc source for a
long time long time
3 Inductor current is Voltage across capacitor is
continuous continuous
iL(0+) = iL(0-) vC(0+) = vC(0-)
40
 Step Response of RL Circuit

• The switch is closed at time t = 0.

i
t=0 +
+ R
Vs 
L v(t)
–

• After switch is closed, using KVL

di
Vs  Ri (t )  L (1)
dt
41
 Continue

• Rearrange the equation;

di (t )  Ri (t )  Vs  R  Vs 
   i (t )   (2)
dt L L  R

 R  Vs 
di   i  dt (3)
L  R
R di
dt  (4)
L i(t )  Vs R
R t i (t ) du
  dv   (5)
L 0 0 u  (Vs R) 42
 Continue
• Therefore:
R i (t )  (Vs R)
 t  ln (5)
L I 0  (Vs R )

• Hence, the current is;

Vs  Vs  ( R / L )t
i (t )    I o  e
R  R

• The voltage;
 ( R / L )t
v(t )  (Vs  I o R)e 43
 Example
The switch is closed for a long time at t = 0, the
switch
opens. Find the expressions for iL(t) and vL(t).
t=0

2Ω 3Ω
10V +
 1/4H

44
 Solution
Step 1:
Find τ for t > 0. The switch was opened. Draw the
equivalent circuit. Short circuit the voltage source.

2Ω 3Ω
1/4H

RT  (2  3)  5
L 1
  s
RT 20
45
 Continue

Step 2:
At t = 0-, the switch was closed. Draw the equivalent
circuit with 3Ω shorted and the inductor behaves like
a short circuit.

+ 2Ω
10V  iL(0-)


iL (0 )  10 / 2  5 A
46
 Continue
Step 3:
At t = 0+, the instant switch was opened. The current
in inductor is continuous.
 
I 0  iL (0 )  iL (0 )  5 A
Step 4:
At t =∞, that is after a long time the switch has been
left opened. The inductor will once again be
behaving like a short circuit.

47
 Continue

2Ω 3Ω
10V +
 iL(∞)

iL ()  Vs / RT  2 A
Hence:
Vs  Vs  ( R / L ) t
iL (t )    I o  e
R  R

iL (t )  2  3e 20t A
48
 Continue

• And the voltage is:

 ( R / L )t
vL (t )  (Vs  I o R)e
20t
vL (t )  15e V

49
 Step Response of RL Circuit

• The switch is closed at time t = 0

t=0 +
Is R C vc(t)
i –

• From the circuit;

dvc vc
Is  C  (1)
dt R
50
 Continue
• Division of Equation (1) by C gives;
I s dvc vc
  (2)
C dt RC
• Same mathematical techniques with RL, the voltage
is:
 t / RC
vc (t )  I s R  (Vo  I s R)e

• And the current is:

 Vo  t / RC
i (t )   I s  e
 R 51
 Example

The switch has been in position a for a long time. At t =

0,
the switch moves to b. Find Vc(t) for t > 0 and calculate
its
value at t = 1s and t = 4s.

3kΩ a b 4kΩ

t=0
+ +
24V + 5kΩ
 Vc  30V
– 0.5mF
52
 Solution
Step 1:
To find τ for t > 0, the switch is at b and short circuit
the
4kΩ
voltage source.

0.5mF

  RC  2s

53
 Continue
Step 2:
The capacitor behaves like an open circuit as it is
being
supplied by a constant
3kΩ dc source.

+
24V + 5kΩ Vc (0-)

–

From the circuit,  5

Vc (0 )  24   15V
8 54
 Continue
Step 3:
At t = 0+, the instant when the switch is just moves to
b.
Voltage across capacitor remains the same.
 
Vc (0 )  Vc (0 )  15V
Step 4:
At t = ∞, the capacitor again behaves like an open
circuit since it is being supplied by a constant
source. 4kΩ
Vc ()  30V
+ + 30V
Vc(∞) 
– 55
 Continue

Step 5:
Hence,
0.5t 0.5t
Vc (t )  30  (15  30)e  30  15e V
At t = 1s, Vc(t) = 20.9V
At t = 4s, Vc(t) = 28 V

56
THE END

57