BS EN ISO 12781-1-2011 - Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Flatness - Part 1 - Vocabulary and Parameters of Flatness

BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
BSI Standards Publication
Geometrical product
specifications (GPS)
— Flatness
Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters
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of flatness
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BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of
EN ISO 12781-1:2011. It supersedes
DD CEN ISO/TS 12781-1:2007, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to
Technical Committee TDW/4, Technical Product Realization.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© BSI 2011
ISBN 978 0 580 66726 8
ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2011.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 12781-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2011
ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20 Supersedes CEN ISO/TS 12781-1:2007
English Version
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Flatness - Part 1:

Vocabulary and parameters of flatness (ISO 12781-1:2011)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - Planéité - Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Ebenheit - Teil
Partie 1: Vocabulaire et paramètres de planéité (ISO 1: Begriffe und Kenngrößen der Ebenheit (ISO 12781-
12781-1:2011) 1:2011)
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This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 February 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 12781-1:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011 EN ISO 12781-1:2011 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 12781-1:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213 "Dimensional
and geometrical product specifications and verification" in collaboration with Technical Committee
CEN/TC 290 “Dimensional and geometrical product specification and verification” the secretariat of which is
held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by October 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN ISO/TS 12781-1:2007.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 12781-1:2011 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 12781-1:2011 without any
modification.
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3
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
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3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................1
3.1 General terms ........................................................................................................................................1
3.2 Terms relating to the surface ...............................................................................................................2
3.3 Terms relating to the reference plane .................................................................................................3
3.4 Parameters .............................................................................................................................................5
4 Straightness deviations ........................................................................................................................5
Annex A (informative) Mathematical definition of flatness tolerances of nominal integral features .........6
Annex B (informative) Synoptic tables of terms, abbreviations and parameters ........................................7
Annex C (informative) Relationship to the GPS matrix model .......................................................................9
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................11
© ISO
Copyright European Committee 2011 – All rights reserved
for Standardization iii
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12781-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification.
This first edition of ISO 12781-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 12781-1:2003, which has been technically
revised.
ISO 12781 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geometrical product specifications (GPS) —
Flatness:
⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of flatness
⎯ Part 2: Specification operators
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iv Committee for Standardization

Copyright European © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 12781 is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a
general GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638). It influences chain link 2 of the chain of standards on form of a
surface (independent of a datum).
The ISO/GPS Masterplan given in ISO/TR 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this part
of ISO 12781 is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this part of ISO 12781
and the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this part
of ISO 12781, unless otherwise indicated.
For more detailed information on the relationship of this part of ISO 12781 to other standards and the GPS
matrix model, see Annex C.
This part of ISO 12781 defines terms and concepts necessary for defining the specification operators
according to ISO 17450-2 for flatness of integral features.
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Extracting data always involves applying a certain filtering process. An additional filtering of the extracted data
might or might not be applied. This additional filter can be a mean line filter (Gaussian, spline, wavelet, etc.) or
a non-linear filter (e.g. morphological filter). The type of filtering influences the definition of flatness and the
specification operators and, therefore, needs to be stated unambiguously.
This part of ISO 12781 is not intended to disallow any means of measuring flatness.
© ISO
for Standardization v
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
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BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Flatness —

Part 1:
Vocabulary and parameters of flatness
1 Scope
This part of ISO 12781 defines the terms and concepts related to flatness of individual complete integral
features only.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14660-1:1999, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 1: General
terms and definitions
ISO 14660-2:1999, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 2: Extracted
median line of a cylinder and a cone, extracted median surface, local size of an extracted feature
ISO 17450-1:— 1 ), Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 1: Model for
geometrical specification and verification
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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14660-1, ISO 14660-2, ISO 17450-1
and the following apply.
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
flatness
property of a plane
3.1.2
nominal plane
mathematically defined plane as specified by the design
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-1:2005).
© ISO
for Standardization 1
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
3.2 Terms relating to the surface
3.2.1
extracted surface
〈flatness〉 digital representation of the real surface
See Figure 1.
NOTE The extraction conventions for flatness are given in ISO 12781-2. This extracted surface is an extracted
integral feature as defined in ISO 14660-1.
Key
1 extracted surface
2 real surface
Figure 1 — Extracted surface
3.2.2
flatness surface
extracted surface (type plane) intentionally modified by a filter
NOTE 1 This is the surface to which the concepts and parameters of this part of ISO 12781 can be applied.
NOTE 2 The areal Gaussian filter is a convolution of two orthogonal profile Gaussian filters.
3.2.3
local flatness deviation
deviation of a point on a flatness surface from a reference plane, the deviation being normal to the reference
plane
See Figure 2.
NOTE 1 The deviation is negative if from the reference plane the point lies in the direction of the material.
NOTE 2 For reference plane, see 3.3.1.
2
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Copyright European Committee for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Key
1 any reference plane
a Negative local flatness deviation.

b Positive local flatness deviation.
Figure 2 — Local form deviation for flatness
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3.3 Terms relating to the reference plane
3.3.1
reference plane
associated plane fitting the flatness surface in accordance with specified conventions, to which the deviations
from flatness and the flatness parameters are referred
3.3.1.1
minimum zone reference planes
two parallel planes enclosing the flatness surface and having the least separation
NOTE The abbreviated term MZ is used to refer to minimum zone reference elements.
See Figure 3.
3.3.1.1.1
outer minimum zone reference plane
minimum zone reference plane outside the material
See Figure 3.
3.3.1.1.2
inner minimum zone reference plane
minimum zone reference plane inside the material
See Figure 3.
3.3.1.1.3
mean minimum zone reference plane
arithmetic mean plane of the minimum zone reference planes
See Figure 3.
© ISO
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Key
1 outer minimum zone reference plane
2 mean minimum zone reference plane
3 inner minimum zone reference plane
a Least separation.
Figure 3 — Minimum zone reference planes
3.3.1.2
least squares reference plane
plane such that the sum of the squares of the local flatness deviations is a minimum
NOTE The abbreviated term LS is used to refer to least squares reference elements and the abbreviated term G
(for Gaussian) is used as a prefix for parameters based on least squares reference elements.
See Figure 4.
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Key
1 least squares reference plane
a Negative local flatness deviation.

b Positive local flatness deviation.
Figure 4 — Least squares reference plane
4
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
3.4 Parameters
3.4.1
peak-to-valley flatness deviation
value of the largest positive local flatness deviation added to the absolute value of the largest negative local
flatness deviation
NOTE 1 The peak-to-valley flatness deviation is defined for all reference planes.
NOTE 2 The peak-to-valley straightness deviation is the only parameter that is defined for minimum zone reference
planes.
NOTE 3 The modifier GT is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the peak-to-valley
deviation relative to the least squares reference element.
3.4.2
peak-to-reference flatness deviation
value of the largest positive local flatness deviation from the least squares reference plane
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NOTE 1 The peak-to-reference flatness deviation is only defined for least squares reference planes.
NOTE 2 The modifier GP is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the peak-to-reference
3.4.3
reference-to-valley flatness deviation
absolute value of the largest negative local flatness deviation from the least squares reference plane
NOTE 1 The reference-to-valley flatness deviation is only defined for least squares reference planes.
NOTE 2 The modifier GV is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the reference-to-valley
3.4.4
root-mean-square flatness deviation
ΔFrms
square root of the sum of the squares of the local flatness deviations from the least squares reference plane
NOTE 1 The root-mean-square flatness deviation is only defined for least squares reference planes.
NOTE 2 The modifier GQ is used in specifications to indicate that a form tolerance applies to the root-mean-square
NOTE 3 The root-mean-square flatness deviation is given by:
1
ΔF rms =
A ∫
ΔFl 2 dA
A
where
ΔFrms is the root-mean-square flatness deviation;
ΔFl is the local flatness deviation;
A is the surface area of the flatness feature.
4 Straightness deviations
The deviations of the local straightness profiles of the flatness features are specified in ISO 12780-1.
© ISO
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Mathematical definition of flatness tolerances of nominal integral

features
G
A flatness tolerance zone (see Figure A.1) of a nominal integral feature consists of a set of points, Pi , subject
to the following conditions:
G
L, Nˆ In a coordinate system
G of arbitrary origin and orientation, a reference plane is
defined by a point, L, and a unit direction, Nˆ .
G G G
d i = Nˆ • Pi − L ( ) Points Pi are a normal, signed distance, di, from the reference plane.
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G
b u di u a Points Pi are restricted to being between two planes, each oriented parallel to the
reference plane and separated from each other by the flatness tolerance, t.
t = a − b, t > 0
NOTE These two planes need not be equally disposed about the reference plane.
Figure A.1 — Flatness tolerance zone of a nominal integral feature
6
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Synoptic tables of terms, abbreviations and parameters
The indications of form requirements are based on combinations of symbols and modifiers that uniquely
describe the specification operator in a brief form on a drawing. However, there is a need to be able to
describe specification and verification operators, e.g. in measurement reports and other technical
documentation where it is impractical to rely on drawing symbols. This annex provides textual equivalents for
the terms and parameters defined in ISO 12180-1, ISO 12181-1, ISO 12780-1 and this part of 12781, which
are recommended for use in those situations.
Table B.1 — Terms and abbreviated terms
Abbreviated
Term Defined in
term
LSCI Least squares reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.2

LSCY Least squares reference cylinder ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LSLI Least squares reference line ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LSPL Least squares reference plane ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.3.1.2
LCD Local cylindricity deviation ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.2.3
LFD Local flatness deviation ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.2.3
LRD Local roundness deviation ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.2.3
LSD Local straightness deviation ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.2.3
MICI Maximum inscribed reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.4
MICY Maximum inscribed reference cylinder ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.4
MCCI Minimum circumscribed reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.3
MCCY Minimum circumscribed reference cylinder ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.3
MZCI Minimum zone reference circles ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
MZCY Minimum zone reference cylinders ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
MZLI Minimum zone reference lines ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
MZPL Minimum zone reference planes ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.3.1.1
UPR Undulations per revolution ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.4.1
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© ISO
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Table B.2 — Parameters and abbreviated terms
Abbreviated
Parameter Defined in
term
CYLrr Cylinder radii peak-to-valley ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.7
CYLtt Cylinder taper (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.5
CYLat Cylinder taper angle ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.8
STRsg Generatrix straightness deviation ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.3
STRlc Local generatrix straightness deviation ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.2
CYLp Peak-to-reference cylindricity deviation (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.2
FLTp Peak-to-reference flatness deviation (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.2
RONp Peak-to-reference roundness deviation (LSCI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.2
STRp Peak-to-reference straightness deviation (LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.2
CYLt Peak-to-valley cylindricity deviation (MZCY, LSCY, MICY, MCCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.1
FLTt Peak-to-valley flatness deviation (MZPL), (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.1
RONt Peak-to-valley roundness deviation (MZCI, LSCI, MCCI, MICI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.1
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STRt Peak-to-valley straightness deviation (MZLI, LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.1
CYLv Reference-to-valley cylindricity deviation (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.3
FLTv Reference-to-valley flatness deviation (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.3
RONv Reference-to-valley roundness deviation (LSCI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.3
STRv Reference-to-valley straightness deviation (LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.3
CYLq Root-mean-square cylindricity deviation (LSCY)a ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.1.4
FLTq Root-mean-square flatness deviation (LSPL)a ISO 12781-1:2011, 3.4.4
RONq Root-mean-square roundness deviation (LSCI)a ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.6.1.4
STRq Root-mean-square straightness deviation (LSLI)a ISO 12780-1:2011, 3.5.4
STRsa Straightness deviation of the extracted median line ISO 12180-1:2011, 3.5.2.1
a The abbreviated terms given in parentheses after the parameter names indicate the reference elements to which the parameter
can be applied.
8
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Relationship to the GPS matrix model
C.1 General
For full details about the GPS matrix model, see ISO/TR 14638.
The ISO/GPS Masterplan given in ISO/TR 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this part
of ISO 12781 is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this part of ISO 12781
and the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this part
of ISO 12781, unless otherwise indicated.
C.2 Information about this part of ISO 12781 and its use
This part of ISO 12781 defines terms and concepts necessary for defining the specification operators
according to ISO 17450-2 for flatness of integral features.
C.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

This part of ISO 12781 is a general GPS standard, which influences chain link 2 of the chain of standards on
form of surface independent of datum in the general GPS matrix, as graphically illustrated in Figure C.1.
Global GPS standards
General GPS standards

Chain link number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Size
Distance
Radius
Angle
Form of line independent of datum
Form of line dependent on datum
Fundamental
Form of surface independent of datum
GPS
standards Form of surface dependent on datum
Orientation
Location
Circular run-out
Total run-out
Datums
Roughness profile
Waviness profile
Primary profile
Surface defects
Edges
Figure C.1 — Position in the GPS matrix model

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© ISO
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
C.4 Related International Standards

The related International Standards are those of the chains of standards indicated in Figure C.1.
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10
BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011
ISO 12781-1:2011(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 1101, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form,
orientation, location and run-out
[2] ISO 8015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Fundamentals — Concepts, principles and
rules
[3] ISO 11562, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters
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[4] ISO 12180-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Cylindricity — Part 1: Vocabulary and
parameters of cylindrical form
[5] ISO 12181-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Roundness — Part 1: Vocabulary and
parameters of roundness
[6] ISO 12780-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Straightness — Part 1: Vocabulary and
parameters of straightness
[7] ISO 12780-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Straightness — Part 2: Specification
operators
[8] ISO 12781-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Flatness — Part 2: Specification operators
[9] ISO 14253-1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces
and measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformance or non-conformance with
specifications
[10] ISO/TR 14638, Geometrical product specification (GPS) — Masterplan
[11] ISO 17450-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 2: Basic tenets,
specifications, operators and uncertainties
© ISO
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BS EN ISO 12781-1-2011 - Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Flatness - Part 1 - Vocabulary and Parameters of Flatness

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BS EN ISO 12781-1-2011 - Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Flatness - Part 1 - Vocabulary and Parameters of Flatness

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BS EN ISO 12781-1:2011

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Copyright European Committee for Standardization

ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20 Supersedes CEN ISO/TS 12781-1:2007

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Flatness - Part 1:

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

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This document supersedes CEN ISO/TS 12781-1:2007.

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⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of flatness

⎯ Part 2: Specification operators

iv Committee for Standardization

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Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Flatness —

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 General terms

1) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-1:2005).

3.2 Terms relating to the surface

Figure 1 — Extracted surface

NOTE 2 For reference plane, see 3.3.1.

a Negative local flatness deviation.

Figure 2 — Local form deviation for flatness

Figure 3 — Minimum zone reference planes

a Negative local flatness deviation.

Figure 4 — Least squares reference plane

NOTE 3 The root-mean-square flatness deviation is given by:

ΔFrms is the root-mean-square flatness deviation;

ΔFl is the local flatness deviation;

A is the surface area of the flatness feature.

Mathematical definition of flatness tolerances of nominal integral

Figure A.1 — Flatness tolerance zone of a nominal integral feature

Synoptic tables of terms, abbreviations and parameters

Table B.1 — Terms and abbreviated terms

LSCI Least squares reference circle ISO 12181-1:2011, 3.3.1.2

Table B.2 — Parameters and abbreviated terms

Relationship to the GPS matrix model

C.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

Global GPS standards

General GPS standards

Figure C.1 — Position in the GPS matrix model

C.4 Related International Standards

[10] ISO/TR 14638, Geometrical product specification (GPS) — Masterplan

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