Heat Transfer II(ME-3205)
(Lecture 12)
Course coordinator: Zahir U. Ahmed
Designation : Assistant Professor
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
Energy Balance
An energy balance can be applied to determine the variation of
Tm(x) and how convection heat transfer is related to the tube
inlet and outlet temperature difference.
Simplified energy balance equation:
qconv mC p Tm,o Tm,i
Applying this into the differential control volume:
dqconv mC p Tm dTm Tm mC p dTm 2
Energy Balance
The equation can be cast in a convenient form,
dqconv qPdx where P the surface perimeter.
From these two relations,
dTm qP P
h Tw Tm
dx mC p mC p
This is an very useful expression from which the axial variation of
Tm can be determined.
The solution of it depends on the surface thermal condition i.e.
constant surface heat flux and constant surface temperature. 3
Constant Surface Heat Flux
For constant surface heat flux, the total heat transfer,
Qconv q PL where P the surface perimeter.
It can also be shown,
dTm qP
constant f ( x)
dx mC p
By integrating,
qP
Tm x Tm,i x q constant
mC p
Thus the mean temperature varies linearly with x along the tube.
4
Constant Surface Heat Flux
The difference Ts-Tm is initially small, due to large value of h in the
entrance region, and then the difference increases with x due to
decrease in h as the boundary layer develops.
Since h is constant in the fully developed region, Ts-Tm should also
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be constant, and is shown in the figure.
Constant Surface Temperature
In this case,
dTm d T P
hT T Ts Tm
dx dx mC p
By separating variables and integrating,
To d T P L
Ti T
mC p 0
hdx
or, To PL 1 L PL
ln 0 hdx h
Ti mC p L mC p
Rearranging,
To Ts Tm,o PL
exp h
Ti Ts Tm,i mC
p
Thus the temperature difference decays exponentially with x along
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the tube.
Constant Surface Temperature
Now,
Qconv mC p Ts Tm,i Ts Tm,o mC p Ti To
To PL
PL mC p h
From, ln h T
Ti mC p ln o
Ti
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Constant Surface Temperature
Thus, To Ti
Qconv h PL Tlm where, Tlm
ln To / Ti
is the average of the temperature difference over the tube length
What if the fluid temperature is constant rather than tube
surface temperature
In this case, Ts is replaced by T∞, h is replaced by U
Thus, these equations reduce to
To T Tm,o UPL
exp
Ti T Tm,i mC and q U PL Tlm
p 8
Problem
A water heating system where water passes through a thick-walled
tube having inner and outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm. A
uniform heat generation rate of 106 W/m3 is provided via
electrical heating, and the outer surface of the tube is well
insulated. The system heats water from an inlet temperature of
20oC to an outlet temperature of 60oC.
1. For a water mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s, how long must the
tube be to achieve the desired outlet temperature?
2. If the inner surface temperature of the tube is 70oC at the
outlet, what is the local convection heat transfer coefficient at
the outlet?
Solution: Given,
Di 20 mm, Do 40 mm, q 106 W / m3
Tm,i 20o C , Tm,o 60o C , m 0.1 kg / s 9
Problem
A water heating system where water passes through a thick-walled tube having inner and
outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm. A uniform heat generation rate of 106 W/m3 is
provided via electrical heating, and the outer surface of the tube is well insulated. The
system heats water from an inlet temperature of 20oC to an outlet temperature of
60oC.
1. For a water mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s, how long must the tube be to achieve the
desired outlet temperature?
2. If the inner surface temperature of the tube is 70oC at the outlet, what is the local
convection heat transfer coefficient at the outlet?
Solution:
E g Qconv Eg q
4
Do2 Di2 L
So,
q
4
Do2 Di2 L mC p Tm,o Tm,i
or,
L 17.7 cm 10
Problem
A water heating system where water passes through a thick-walled tube having inner and
outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm. A uniform heat generation rate of 106 W/m3 is
provided via electrical heating, and the outer surface of the tube is well insulated. The
system heats water from an inlet temperature of 20oC to an outlet temperature of
60oC.
1. For a water mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s, how long must the tube be to achieve the
desired outlet temperature?
2. If the inner surface temperature of the tube is 70oC at the outlet, what is the local
convection heat transfer coefficient at the outlet?
Solution:
From Newton’s law of cooling at the tube exit,
q
ho
Ts ,o Tm,o
q Do2 Di2
Eg
Now, q
Di L 4 Di
So, h 1500 W / m 2 .K 11
o
Problem
Steam condensing on the outer surface of a thin-walled circular
tube of diameter D = 50 mm and length L = 6 m maintains outer
surface temperature of 100oC. Water flows through the tube at a
rate of 0.25 kg/s, and its inlet and outlet temperatures are 15oC
and 57oC. What is the average convection coefficient associated
with the water flow?
Solution: Given,
D 50 mm, L 6 m, m 0.25 kg / s
Tm,i 15o C , Tm,o 57o C , Ts 100o C
We know, for constant temperature surface,
mC p Tm,o Tm,i
Tlm
Ts Tm,o Ts Tm,i
h
DL Tlm ln Ts Tm,o / Ts Tm,i
h 755 W / m2 .K 12
Thank you
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