Assignment of principle & application of PV system

Student ID: 1911521121 Name: CHOLA CHIBUYE

Grade & Class: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

1. Please write down the Basic Unit and Symbol of seven fundamental quantities of
the International System of Units?
(The seven fundamental quantities are as follows: length, mass, time, electric
current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity. For
example, length, meter, m)
Quality Basic unit Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram Kg
time second s
Electric circuit ampere A
Thermodynamics kelvin K
temperature
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

2. Please fill the blanks about derived units in SI.

Quantity Unit name(symbol) Formula
Frequency hertz(Hz) s-1
Force Newton (N) kg.m.s-
Energy or Work Joule (J) kg.m2 .s -
Power Watt (W) kg.m2 .s -
Electric charge Coulomb(C) s.A
Electric potential Volt (V) kg.m2 .s -3 .A-
Electric resistance Ohm(Ω) kg.m2 .s -3 .A-2
Electric conductance Siemens(S) kg -1 .m -2 .s
3 .A2
Electric capacitance Farad (F) kg -1 .m -2 .s 4 .A
Magnetic flux Weber(Wb) Kg.m2 .s -2 .A-
Inductance Henry (H) Kg.m2 .s -2 .A-

3. The concepts of voltage and current are useful from a engineering point of view.
Please write down the definition of voltage and current.
solution:
Voltage: Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes
charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such
as illuminating a light. In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V).
Current : Current is a charged particles what can be moved through conductor due to
voltage. It moves from high potential area to low potential area.

4. Give the definition of power and derive the relationship of p,v,i.

Solution:
dw dwdq
p= =
dt dqdt
= vi

5. State Kirchhoff’s Law.

Kirchhoff’s current law(KCL): the algebraic sum of all the current at any node in a
circuit equals zero. Kirchhoff’s voltage law(KVL): the algebraic sum of all the
voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.

6. An inductor is an electrical component that opposes any change in electrical

current. It is composed of a coil of wire wound around a supporting core whose
material maybe magnetic or nonmagnetic. The circuit parameter of inductance
relates the induced voltage to the current. The capacitance relates the
displacement current to the voltage. Please write down the basic v-i equation
and deduce the energy expression of the inductor and capacitor.

di dw ; p= vi= vc= dw dw
p=vi=li =
dt dt dt dt
dw =lidw ; dw=Cvdv
w i
1
∫ dx=¿∫ Lydy=w= 2=
1
¿
0 0 2 Cv2
2 Li

7. Give the voltage equation of the two loops, in which M is the mutual inductance.

d i2 di 1
− vg+i 1 r − M + Li =0
1
dt dt
di2 d I1
i 2 r 2+ L 2 −M =0
dt dT
8. A sinusoidal voltage is given by the expression

a) what’s the period in milliseconds and the frequency in hertz?

b) What’s the magnitude of at t=2.778ms?

c) What’s the rms value of ?

d) Translate it to a sine expression

9. If , ,express as a single

sinusoidal function by using the phasor concept.

Solution:

10. If the v and I expression are given by:

;

Please give out the expression of instantaneous power, average(real) power,

reactive power, power factor angle, power factor (lagging and leading), rms (root
mean square) value (effective value), complex power.
Solution:
lagging power factor impliesthat current lags voltage – hence an inductive load.
Leading power factor implies that current leads voltage – hence an capacitive load.

11.

The flow chart of incremental conductance method(ICM) of MPPT is shown in above figure.
In term of this, present the principle and working process of ICM.
Principles: ICM is a common method in MPPT also. ICM is used to change the
control signal of the system by comparing the conductance increment and
instantaneous conductance. This method is accurate and fast, and is suitable for
the case of continuous variable illumination intensity. But the hardware,
especially the sensor precision requirements are relatively high, so the whole
 system hardware cost is also higher. Working Process: According to the working
characteristic curve of PV cell, the output power PPV and output voltage UPV at
the maximum power point meet the requirement of
,

Yields

where, G is the conductance of the output characteristic curve; dG is the increment of

conductance G. For the increment dUPV and dIPV can be superseded approximately
by ΔUPV and ΔIPV

Yield

According to the above formula, the criterion of operating point and maximum power
point can be obtained: ① G+dG>0 ， then UPV<UMPP ， increase the reference
voltage to achieve the MPP ； ② G+dG<0 ， then UPV>UMPP ， reduce the
reference voltage to achieve the MPP； ③ G+dG=0，then UPV=UMPP，

System is operating at MPP

12.

Explain the working process of Boost and illustrate how the MPPT is achieved in the main
circuit.
In the Boost circuit, the MPPT control is achieved by controlling the duty cycle of the
converter switch. Therefore, the variation of duty cycle is the perturbation step. At the
k+l moment, the sampling of the disturbance duty cycle is
where ， Ta and ΔD(>0) are the sampling interval and the amplitude of disturbance
duty cycle respectively. Choosing a smaller ΔD can reduce the power loss caused by
the oscillation near the maximum power point, but it will reduce the tracking
efficiency when the external conditions change rapidly. The optimization of the
control step size ΔD must consider the dynamic characteristics of the PV cell and the
converter. At the maximum power point, the matching load resistance R is equal to the
absolute value of the internal resistance RMPP of the photovoltaic cell. If the
operating point of the photovoltaic cell is close to the maximum power point, the
converter power obtained from the photovoltaic cell panel can be expressed as ：
 Above figure is about grid connected inverter with power frequency isolation transformer.
Please indicate the advantages and disadvantages of the system and explain the functions of each
part.
There are two major types of PV inverters, transformer-less and transformer isolated
ones. Transformer-less inverters can suffer from large ground leakage current and
injected dc current because of large panel capacitance and lack of isolation between
the PV panel and ac grid, as shown in Figure 1(a). A dc component in the injected ac
currents into the grid is less than desirable as it can potentially saturate distribution
transformers. There are strict grid requirements for the amount of dc injection in many
safety standards and, in some cases, transformer isolation is mandatory. Transformer
isolation between the panel and grid would eliminate such a dc injection path arising
from the voltage variation of the panel relative to the grid, as shown in Figure 1(b).
Besides dc injection, grid-tied inverters need to meet other grid requirements, such as
total harmonic distortion and individual harmonic current levels, power factor, and
detection of island operation. The grid voltage and the current injected into the grid
need to be monitored accurately. If the controller to perform MPPT and the gate
driving function sits on the panel side, these measurements need to be isolated. To
operate the PV panel for maximum efficiency, maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithms need to be used. To achieve MPTT, the panel voltage and current
also need to be monitored. The panel voltage can get quite high as people try to
connect many PV inverters in series to minimize the number of inverters needed. The
current measurement from the high side terminal of the PV panels also needs to be
isolated.
Isolation transformers provide separation from the power line ground
connection to eliminate ground loops and inadvertent test equipment grounding.
They also suppress high frequency noise riding on the power source.

PV Isolation resistance monitoring for peace of mind at higher voltages The MPPT
RS continuously monitors the PV array and can detect if there are faults that
reduce the isolation of the panels to unsafe levels.

PV Isolation resistance monitoring for peace of mind at higher voltages The MPPT
RS continuously monitors the PV array and can detect if there are faults that
reduce the isolation of the panels to unsafe levels.

PV Isolation resistance monitoring for peace of mind at higher voltages The MPPT
RS continuously monitors the PV array and can detect if there are faults that
reduce the isolation of the panels to unsafe levels.

A power supply circuit board should contain the majority of the components needed
to transform and supply power to the equipment it is used in. These boards can be
found in equipment that is plugged into an outlet supplying alternating current (AC)
or battery-operated devices running on direct current (DC)

A power supply circuit board should contain the majority of the components needed
to transform and supply power to the equipment it is used in. These boards can be
found in equipment that is plugged into an outlet supplying alternating current (AC)
or battery-operated devices running on direct current (DC)

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer

display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden. For instance: preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital
clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays.
Touch-sensitive buttons are often found on the front, bottom edge. Power - Turns the
monitor on or off. Brightness - Using this button or wheel the user can increase and
decrease the brightness on the screen. Contrast - Using this button or wheel can
increase and decrease the amount of contrast on the screen

Power devices today are the technology enabling future development of power

converters and systems. They are responsible for precisely controlling electrical
energy from the source to the load according the load demand, at high efficiency and
with outstanding reliability.
PinballControllers.com Driver Boards contain circuits that turn on/off external
devices, such as those commonly found on pinball machines. Unlike with traditional
pinball machine power/driver boards, multiple PinballControllers.com Driver Boards
can be used at the same time in a machine.