Scribd
Upload
26 views6 pages

Unit 1

The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining key terms like data, population, sample, and frequency. It explains how data is collected, classified, and tabulated for statistical analysis. Various types of data, sampling methods, and presentations of data are also described.

Uploaded by

subhankar fc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views6 pages

Unit 1

The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining key terms like data, population, sample, and frequency. It explains how data is collected, classified, and tabulated for statistical analysis. Various types of data, sampling methods, and presentations of data are also described.

Uploaded by

subhankar fc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

UNIT 1:

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Meaning of Statistics
Statistics stands for the numerical information from which certain conclusions can be
drawn.So the word statistics is used as "figures of numerical information".

Statistics stands for the collection,presentation,analysis and interpretation of numerical


information.That is to collect,represent,analyse and draw valid conclusions on the basis
of numerical data.

Definition of statistics according to Prof.Horace Secrist


or Define statistics in plural sense
(Same answer for both the questions)

Statistics in plural sense or as per Prof.Horace Secrist is defined as "the aggregate of facts
affected to a marked extend by multiplicity of causes numerically expressed enumerated or
estimated according to a reasonable standard of accuracy collected in a systematic manner
for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other.

Mention any two functions of statistics


• It presents the facts in a definite form
• It simplifies and condenses the size of the data
• It facilitates comparison
• It helps in formulating policies
• It helps in business forecasting

The features or characteristics of statistics


• The statistics are aggregate of facts
• They are affected to a marked extend by multiplicity of causes
• Statistics are numerically expressed
• Statistics are estimated according to a reasonable standard of accuracy
• Statistics are collected in a systematic manner
• Statistics are collected for predetermined purpose
• Statistics must be placed in relation to each other
Limitations of Statistics
• It does not deal with individuals
• It does not deal with qualitative data
• Statistical laws are true only on an average
• Only experts can make best use of statistics
• For statistical analysis uniformity and homogeneity of data is essential.

Important Terminologies in Statistics


Data

A set of outcomes or possible observations that can be separated into two groups quantitative
and qualitative.

Raw Data or Primary data

Data which are collected for the first time directly from the field by the investigator is called
primary data.They are original in nature.It is also called first hand data.

Primary data can be collected using the following methods:

• Direct personal observation


• Indirect oral interview
• Information through agencies
• Mailed questionnaires
• Schedules sent through enumerator

Secondary Data

Secondary data is the data which has been already collected and analysed by enumerators.It is
also called second hand data.

The sources of secondary data can be categorised as published sources or unpublished


sources.

Population or universe

The totality of units under consideration is called population or universe.

A population which contains finite number of units is called finite population and that which
contains infinite number of units is called infinite population.

Census
A census is a survey conducted on full set of observation objects belonging to a given
population or universe.

Survey

-A survey is an investigation about the characteristics of a given population by means of


collecting data from a sample of that population and estimating their characteristics through
the systematic use of statistical methods.

Samples

The representative units of a population is called a sample.

Sample Survey

The representative units of a population is called a sample.An enumeration based on sample


is called sample survey

Sampling

The process of extracting sample from the population is called sampling.The following
methods are

• Simple random sampling


• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling

Parameter

A parameter is quantitative characteristic of the population that you are interested in


estimating or testing

For eg. the mean or proportion of a population

Units or individuals

The units whose characteristics are studied in any statistical survey are called units or
individuals.

Variable

A quantitative characteristic which varies from unit to unit is called a variable.

Eg. Height/weight of students, number of students etc.

Attribute

A qualitative characteristic which varies from unit to unit is called as an attribute

Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of times an observation is repeated.In statistics the frequency
of an event is the number of times the event occurred in the experiment or study.

Discrete frequency distribution

A frequency distribution is a systematic presentation of the values taken by a variable along


with their frequencies.While framing a frequency distribution if class intervals are not
considered it is called discrete frequency distribution.

Continuous frequency distribution

While framing a frequency distribution if class intervals are considered it is called discrete
frequency distribution.

Classification of data
Classification is the process of arranging the data into groups or classes according to common
characteristics possessed by the items of the data

Types of classification of data


1. Chronological (temporal) classification
2. Geographical (spatial) classification
3. Qualitative classification
4. Quantitative classification

1.Chronological classification

If the data is arranged over a different period of time,then the type of classification is called
chronological classification.

2.Geographical classification

If the data is classified on the basis of geography location or area wise it is called
geographical classification

3.Qualitative classification
If data is classified on the basis of the qualitative characteristics or attributes such as
sex,literacy, employment ,religion etc it is called as qualitative classification

4.Quantitative classification

the classification of units on the basis of quantitative characteristic or variable such as


height,weight,number of children etc is called as quantitative classification
Chapter 2 Tabulation and Presentation of Data

Tabulation refers to the system of processing data by arranging it in a


table. In tabulation numerical data is arranged into rows and columns
logically and systematically for statistical analysis.

Parts of a statistical table

1.Table number
It is given on the top of the table for easier identification and
reference

2.Title of the table


It describes the contents of the table

3.Head note
It is presented just below the title and provides information about the
unit of data in the table

4.Column headings or captions


Column headings explain the figures under each column

5.Row headings or stubs

6.Body of the table


The body of the table contains numeric information which is collected
from the investigation.
7.Foot note
It is used to state any fact that is not clear from the table's title,
heading or captions and stub.

8.Source note
Indicates the source from which information is collected.

Problem 1
Town A
Females were 40%
Total coffee drinkers were 45%
Male non coffee drinkers were 20%

Town B
Males were 55%
Male non coffee drinkers were 30%
Female coffee drinkers were 15%

You might also like