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Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry deals with calculating quantities in chemical reactions based on mole ratios. It can be used to determine amounts of products formed from given reactants or percent yields. Stoichiometric calculations are based on the law of conservation of mass, where mass is balanced between reactants and products. Common types of chemical reactions include combustion, hydration, displacement, and neutralization reactions.

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82 views5 pages

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry deals with calculating quantities in chemical reactions based on mole ratios. It can be used to determine amounts of products formed from given reactants or percent yields. Stoichiometric calculations are based on the law of conservation of mass, where mass is balanced between reactants and products. Common types of chemical reactions include combustion, hydration, displacement, and neutralization reactions.

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Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products in


chemical reactions. In a balanced chemical reaction, the relations among
quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of whole numbers.
For example, in a reaction that forms ammonia (NH3), exactly one molecule
of nitrogen (N2) reacts with three molecules of hydrogen (H2) to produce two
molecules of NH3

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Stoichiometry can be used to calculate quantities such as the amount of


products (in mass, moles, volume, etc.) that can be produced with given
reactants and percent yield (the percentage of the given reactant that is
made into the product). Stoichiometry calculations can predict how elements
and components diluted in a standard solution react in experimental
conditions. Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass: the
mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products.

The Periodic Table and Charges:

Group 1 2 Transition 3 4 5 6 7
(Charge) (+1) (+2) metals (+3) (±4) (-3) (-2) (-1)
Be2+ Cu2+ / Cu+ F-
Li+ C
Ions Mg2+ Fe2+ / Fe3+ N3- O2- Cl-
Na+ Al3+ Si
present Ca2+ Zn2+ P3- S2- Br-
K+ Pb2+
Ba2+ Ag+ I-

Compound Ions:

They are like molecules but with a charge on them:

Oxidation State Name Symbol


+1 Ammonium Ion NH4+
-1 Hydroxide Ion OH-
Nitrate Ion NO3-
Nitrite Ion NO2-
Manganate(VII) Oxide Ion MnO4-
Hydrogen Carbonate Ion HCO3-
Carbonate Ion CO32-
Sulfate Ion SO42-
-2
Sulfite Ion SO32-
Dichromate (Vi) Ion Cr2O72-
Phosphate Ion PO43-
-3
Phostphite Ion PO33-

Acids and Their Formulae:

Acid Formula
Carbonic Acid H2CO3
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Nitric Acid HNO3
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4

Chemical Changes:

When chemical reactions take place, a certain change is certain. This


change could be in color, energy or something like bubbles or a precipitate
formation.

Color Change in Reactions:

When iron, which is grey, reacts with sulfur, which is yellow, a black solid,
iron sulfide is formed. The color changed from grey and yellow to black.

Iron
Iron + Sulpher →
Sulfide
(grey (yellow (black solid)
fillings) powder)
Energy Change in Reactions:

Energy is not necessarily heat, there are several forms of energy like Light
and sound energy too.

When magnesium reacts with oxygen in air to make a combustion reaction, it


burns with a very bright flame forming magnesium oxide. This bright flame is
light energy which indicates a reaction took place.

Some reactions also release energy in form of sound like explosive reactions.

Effervescence in Reactions:

In some reactions, bubbles are formed rapidly. Those bubbles are indication
that a gas was formed which is a new substance, this means a reaction took
place.

When calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide gas is
released in bubbles.

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Precipitation in Reactions:

When two solutions react together, sometimes one of the products is an


insoluble solid called precipitate. When silver nitrate solution reacts with a
potassium chloride solution, white insoluble silver chloride is formed which
is a precipitate.

AgNO3 + KCl → AgCl + KNO3

Writing and Balancing Equations:

Chemical reactions are always represented by chemical equations to show


the reactants and the products. There are two types of chemical equations.
These are word equations and symbolic equations.

For example if we want to represent the reaction between sodium and


chlorine which produces sodium chloride as a word equation it will be like
this:
Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium Chloride

If we want to represent the same reaction by a symbolic equation it will be


like this:

Na + Cl2 → NaCl

The above symbolic equation however, is not chemically accurate. This is


why chemists prefer to use what’s called a balanced symbolic equation. In
this type of equation, we make sure that the number of atoms of each
element in the reactants is the same in the products. If you look at the
equation above you will find that we have one Na atom in the reactants and
one Na+ ion in the product, but we have 2 Cl atoms in the reactants and only
one Cl ion in the product. This is why this equation needs to be balanced as
follows:

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Combustion (oxidation) Reactions:

These are reactions between metals and oxygen or the oxidation of any
other element.

2Mg + O2 → 2Li2O
(Magnesium (Oxygen (Magnesiu
) ) m Oxide)

Hydration Reactions:

These are reactions between metals and water forming a metal hydroxide
and hydrogen gas. It could also be a reaction between a salt and water
forming a hydrated salt.

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2


(Sodium) (Water) (Sodium (Hydrogen)
Hydroxide)

 
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4.5H2O
(Copper (Water) (Hydrated Copper
Sulfate) Sulfate)

Displacement Reactions:

These are the reactions in which the more reactive metal displaces the less
reactive positive ion. In the following reaction, sodium displaces Hydrogen
ion from the hydrochloric acid because sodium is more reactive. The
products are sodium chloride and hydrogen gas.

2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2


(Sodium) (Hydrochloric (Sodium (Hydrogen)
Acid) Chloride)

Neutralization Reactions:

These are reactions between an alkaline compound or and alkali and an


acidic compound or an acid forming a salt, water and sometimes carbon
dioxide.

In the following reaction sodium hydroxide is a base which reacts with


sulfuric acid. Neutralization takes place producing a salt called sodium
sulfate and water.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O


(Sodium (Sulfuric (Sodium (Water)
Hydroxide) Acid) Sulfate)

In the following reaction calcium carbonate which is a basic compound


reacts with nitric acid forming a salt called calcium nitrate, water and
carbon dioxide.

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2


(Calcium (Nitric (Calcium (Water) (Carbon
Carbonate) Acid) Nitrate) dioxide)

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