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    Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shaheer Hussain
    This document discusses different types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals where the metal loses electrons and the non-metal gains electrons. Covalent bonds form between non-metals where electrons are shared. Metallic bonds form between transition metals where electrons are delocalized and shared among the whole structure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shaheer Hussain
    47 views27 pages
    This document discusses different types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals where the metal loses electrons and the non-metal gains electrons. Covalent bonds form between non-metals where electrons are shared. Metallic bonds form between transition metals where electrons are delocalized and shared among the whole structure.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses different types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals where the metal loses electrons and the non-metal gains electrons. Covalent bonds form between non-metals where electrons are shared. Metallic bonds form between transition metals where electrons are delocalized and shared among the whole structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views27 pages

    Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shaheer Hussain
    This document discusses different types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals where the metal loses electrons and the non-metal gains electrons. Covalent bonds form between non-metals where electrons are shared. Metallic bonds form between transition metals where electrons are delocalized and shared among the whole structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    "BONDING"

    "BONDING
    Il

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    Ionic Band Covalent Bond
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    Q. Draw the standine


    of present
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    SoB? (Praw outie only)


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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    S (GroupI) Bo G roup IIIC


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    opposite
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sites
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    Nau, MO, NacO, MgE
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    Nachv MgOv
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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Q. State
    explain in latrons
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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    and structure
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ·
    Why
    Hall has
    high MP?
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Nall is a
    giant ionic lattice will
    shing
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    force of between ions
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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    that is
    whyto
    Nall requires qualit
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    energy
    21 2-

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    Q. Explain why 190
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    MP tian Nall? attache
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    w
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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    The electrostatic
    force of attraction
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    of
    the is
    between ions
    Migo
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    force
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    electiostatic
    the
    greate than
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    between the
    attraction
    ofThat ions
    of Mall.
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    greate
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    go requires
    why
    is
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    to overcome tha Nall_
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    following
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    allactions Electrostatic
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    -

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    stuctine -Giant lattie Statue
    of
    Lit
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    &- State in terms elections. How
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Naz0
    formed?
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    Natur sodiumatoms
    each lose
    Kansfer
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    bolt the elections are
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    atem.
    S
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    formed? of
    Explain in lines elections, How
    NgE
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    S of
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    An atan
    elections Magnesium theseelechas
    loses 2
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    and
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    94 (2,7)
    are

    Each
    received
    Flownie receive
    by 2 atans
    1
    of Flourne
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    electron
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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    Physical popes:
    - -
    -

    Compound)
    (Ionic
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    solid
    (Non-volatile)
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    · atr.t.p
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    have high and


    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    MP BP.
    ·

    They
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    NaCl. 801°
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    soluble water.
    They
    · are in
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    conduct
    electricityin
    They can
    ⑧
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    molten and state but
    aqueous
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    not in solid
    state -

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Compound (Ions)
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ionic
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (free moving icns)


    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Mollen and Aqueous
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [eso free moving ics)


    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    solid
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -Tonicpou e
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Q: Writedown
    -
    Lis characteristics
    of KBO?
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    has
    high melting point. [2]

    ⑰
    1. KBO
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    has Point.
    high Boiling
    I

    2. KBO
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ⑧
    has
    high melting point
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    1. KBs
    /z
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    conduct
    2. KBs can
    electricity complete not
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    liquid at1tp
    0
    1 kBD is -x
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -

    2. KBO is soluble watte-v


    in
    Az
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    conduct
    3- KBO Ram
    electricity in
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    s tate-
    mollen e
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    kB is solid at
    1.
    e.tip.
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    has
    2. KBO
    high MP-
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3. KBO is soluble in walie-
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    4. KBs can conduct
    electricityin molten
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    State -

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Q
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    write
    Lack downtwo physical roperties of or
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    solubchly?
    -- I

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -Solid Imp
    Conduct inmolten laqueous
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    2 -
    Chemical Bonding
    1- A student adds excess large pieces of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, to dilute hydrochloric
    acid, HCl, and measures the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, given off. [M22/P42/Q2]
    (a) Add the missing state symbols to the chemical equation for the reaction.
    MgCO3..... + 2HCl..... → MgCl2(aq) +H2O ..... +CO2 ..... [1]
    X 0
    (b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in
    Magnesium chloride. The inner shells have been drawn.
    Give the charges on the ions.

    N
    2t

    8
    X
    88 - I
    iMg 2,8,2
    * X ⑨
    X

    XX
    0 is
    08 1 2,8,7
    I 8

    08

    [3]
    (c) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
    Carbon dioxide. Show outer shell electrons only

    [2]
    2- This question is about compounds of nitrogen. [S21/P42/Q5(a)]
    (a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form lithium nitride, Li3N.
    (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.
    Li + N2 -
    Ligh
    …………………………………………............................................................................................... [2]
    (ii) Lithium nitride is ionically bonded.
    Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of the nitride ion.
    Show the charge on the nitride ion.

    3 -
    IN [2]

    XX
    2,5
    -

    -/4
    H
    Li ↳N X X
    .
    ③. B.

    Lisa ⑧X

    3- Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride, KCl. [S21/P41/Q3]


    (a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
    ……………………………………............................................................................................................... [2]
    (b) Potassium chloride is an ionic compound.
    Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
    in potassium chloride. Give the charges on both ions.

    xx +1 -S
    -
    1 K C
    19 17

    * * -
    ⑨
    2,8, 8, 1 2,8,7
    xX 80

    [3]
    (c) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
    Chlorine, Cl2. Show the outer electrons only

    [1]
    (d) The melting points and boiling points of chlorine and potassium chloride are shown.
    Liquid S -
    - -
    G
    solid MP -> BP
    -
    -> Melting Boiling -
    -
    - ⑪
    point/°C point/°C BP
    MP
    -- -
    011-35 Chlorine -
    -
    -101 -35
    35
    110
    101
    -

    - - -

    Potassium 770 1500


    chloride
    -
    S -
    B
    -

    (i) Deduce the physical state of chlorine at –75°C. Use the data in the table to explain your
    answer.
    Liquid
    Physical state .................................................................................................................................

    of C2
    75 -

    is between MP and BD
    Explanation ....................................................................................................................................
    .................................................................................................................................................... [2]
    (ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why potassium chloride has a much higher
    melting point than chlorine. Your answer should refer to the:
    ● types of particles held together by the forces of attraction electrostatis
    ● types of forces of attraction between particles
    oppositecus
    strong
    -

    ● relative strength of the forces of attraction.


    attractionbelvin
    shing electrostatic
    force of
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    IThat
    opposite why KC
    greater
    -

    ims. is
    requires
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    to Nercare.
    energy
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    .......................................................................................................................................................... [3]

    4- Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of COCl2.
    [W21/P42/Q4(e)]

    Show outer electrons only

    [3]
    5- Lead(II) oxide and carbon dioxide are oxides of Group IV elements. [W21/P43/Q3(f)]
    (a) Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in one molecule of CO2.
    (i) Show only the outer electrons.

    [2]
    (i) The melting points of lead (II) oxide and carbon dioxide are shown:

    Melting point/°C
    Lead(II)oxide 886
    Carbondioxide -56
    Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why lead(II) oxide has a much higher
    melting point than carbon dioxide. Your answer should refer to:
    ● the types of particles involved
    ● the relative strength of the forces of attraction between the particles.
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    .......................................................................................................................................................... [3]

    6- The Periodic Table is a method of classifying elements. [M20/P42/Q3]


    (a) Identify the element which is in Group VI and Period 4.
    ……………………………………............................................................................................................... [1]
    (b) Calcium is in Group II and chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
    Explain, in terms of number of outer shell electrons and electron transfer, how calcium atoms
    and chlorine atoms form ions. Give the formulae of the ions formed.
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...................................................................................................................................................... [5]
    (c) Group V chlorides are covalent molecules. The boiling points of some Group V chlorides are
    shown.
    Boiling
    Chlorides
    point/°C
    NCl3 71
    PCl3
    AsCl3 130
    SbCl3 283
    (i) Suggest the approximate boiling point of PCl3.
    …………………………………............................................................................................................ [1]
    (ii)Explain the trend in boiling points in terms of attractive forces between particles.
    .......................................................................................................................................................
    ................................................................................................................................................. [2]

    (iii)Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of


    PCl3. Show outer electrons only.

    [3]
    7- Magnesium is a metal. [S20/P41/Q2(a,b)]
    (a) Name and describe the bonding in magnesium.
    Name ...................................................................................................................
    Description of bonding
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................................[4]
    (b) Magnesium oxide, MgO, is formed when magnesium burns in oxygen.
    (i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in
    magnesium oxide. The inner shells have been drawn.
    Give the charges on the ions.

    (ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when Magnesium burns in
    oxygen.
    ………………………………................................................................................................................[2]
    8- Fluorine forms both ionic and covalent compounds. [S20/P42/Q2]
    (a) Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form the ionic compound magnesium fluoride. The
    electronic structures of an atom of magnesium and an atom of fluorine are shown.

    (i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic structures of one magnesium
    ion and one fluoride ion. Show the charges on the ions.

    [3]
    (ii) What is the formula of magnesium fluoride?
    ………………………….............................................................................................................. [1]
    (iii) Magnesium fluoride does not conduct electricity when it is solid.
    What can be done to solid magnesium fluoride to make it conduct electricity?
    In your answer explain why magnesium fluoride conducts electricity when this change is
    made.
    ...............................................................................................................................................
    ...............................................................................................................................................
    ...............................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

    (b) Carbonyl fluoride, COF2, is a covalent compound. The structure of a molecule of COF2 is shown.
    Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of carbonyl
    fluoride. Show outer shell electrons only

    [3]
    (c) The melting points of magnesium fluoride and carbonyl fluoride are shown.
    Melting point/°C
    Magnesium flouride 1263
    Carbonyl flouride -111
    (i) Explain, using your knowledge of structure and bonding, why magnesium fluoride has a high
    melting point.
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................
    ...................................................................................................................................................... [2]
    (ii) Explain, using your knowledge of structure and bonding, why carbonyl fluoride has a low
    melting point.
    …………………………………….....................................................................................................................
    …………………………………….....................................................................................................................
    ……………………………………............................................................................................................... [2]
    [Total: 13]
    9- Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride. [S20/P43/Q3(c)]
    Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in magnesium
    chloride. Give the charges on the ions.
    The inner shells have been completed.

    [3]
    10- Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a covalent molecule. [W20/P41/Q4(c)]
    Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in one molecule of CO2
    Show only the outer electrons.

    [2]
    11- The electronic structures of some atoms and ions are shown. [W20/P42/Q1]
    10
    *
    ↓ 0

    -
    X*
    2
    y
    -

    2+ -
    X

    Or roe-

    (a) Write the letter A, B, C, D, E, F, G or H of the electronic structure which shows:


    A
    (i) Atoms of two different noble gases …............... and .................... H [2]

    B
    (ii) An ion of a Group I element …............................................. [1]

    E/G
    (iii) An ion of a Group V element …............................... [1]
    C
    (iv) A pair of ions that can form a compound with the formula XY2 …............. and …................. [1]
    (b) State which electronic structure, A,B,C,D,E,F,G,or H is incorrect.
    Explain why.
    F
    Incorrect electronic structure.........................................................
    As his and shell is
    incomplete
    Explanation............................................................................................................................................
    ...........................................................................................................................................................[2]

    (c) State how many protons are found in the nucleus of ion C
    12
    …...............................................................[1]
    (d) Use the periodic table to deduce: - 1
    A
    (i) The chemical symbol for ion G …......................................... [1]
    (ii) The element which forms and ion with a 3+ charge and the same electronic structure as H.
    Al
    …....................................................................................................................................................... [1]
    12- This question is about phosphorus and compounds of phosphorus. [S19/P42/Q3]
    (a) Phosphorus has the formula P4. Some properties of P4 are shown.
    Melting point/°C 45
    Boiling point/°C 280
    Electrical conductivity Non-conductor
    Solubility in water Insoluble
    (i) Name the type of bonding that exists between the atoms in a P4 molecule.
    ................................................................................................................................................ [1]
    (ii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why P4 has a low melting point.
    .....................................................................................................................................................
    .................................................................................................................................................[1]

    (iii) Explain why phosphorus is a non-conductor of electricity.


    .....................................................................................................................................................
    ................................................................................................................................................ [1]

    (b) Phosphorus, P4, reacts with air to produce phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10.
    (i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
    …………………………………............................................................................................................ [2]
    (ii) What type of chemical reaction is this?
    ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
    (c) Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, is an acidic oxide.
    Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a salt containing the
    phosphate ion, PO43- . Water is the only other product.
    Write a chemical equation for the reaction between phosphorus(V) oxide and aqueous sodium
    hydroxide.
    ................................................................................................................................................... [2]
    (d) Phosphine has the formula PH3.
    Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
    phosphine. Show outer shell electrons only. [2]

    (e) Phosphine, PH3, has a similar chemical structure to ammonia, NH3.


    Ammonia acts as a base when it reacts with sulfuric acid.
    (i) What is meant by the term base?
    …………………………............................................................................................................... [1]
    (ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid.
    ………………………………..........................................................................................................[2]
    [Total: 13]
    13- (a)Magnesium is a metal. [S19/P43/Q2(c,d)]
    Describe the structure and bonding of metals. Include a labelled diagram in your answer.

    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .....................................................................................................................................................[3]

    (b) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form the ionic compound magnesium oxide.
    (i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic structures of the ions in
    Magnesium oxide. Show the charges on the ions.

    [3]
    (ii) Magnesium oxide melts at 2853°C.
    Why does magnesium oxide have a high melting point?
    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .................................................................................................................................................... [1]

    (iii) Explain why molten magnesium oxide can conduct electricity.


    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .........................................................................................................................................................
    ................................................................................................................................................... [1]

    [Total: 17]
    14- Potassium reacts with bromine at room temperature to form potassium bromide.
    (a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction. Include state symbols. [S18/P42/Q4(a,b,d-f)]
    …………………………………………........................................................................................................ [3]
    (b) Potassium bromide exists as an ionic lattice.
    Potassium bromide does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct electricity when
    molten.
    (i) What is meant by the term ionic lattice?
    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .................................................................................................................................................... [2]

    (ii) Explain why potassium bromide does not conduct electricity when solid but does
    conduct electricity when molten.
    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .........................................................................................................................................................
    .................................................................................................................................................... [2]

    (c) Iodine reacts with chlorine to form iodine monochloride, ICl, as the only product.
    (i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
    ……………………………………......................................................................................................... [2]
    (ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of Iodine
    monochloride. Show outer shell electrons only.
    (d) Potassium bromide has a melting point of 734°C. Iodine monochloride has a melting point of
    27°C. In terms of attractive forces, explain why there is a large difference between these melting
    points.
    ............................................................................................................................................................
    ............................................................................................................................................................
    ............................................................................................................................................................
    ............................................................................................................................................................
    ...................................................................................................................................................... [3]

    (e) When chlorine gas is passed through aqueous potassium bromide, a redox reaction occurs.
    The ionic equation is shown.
    Cl 2 + 2Br – → 2Cl – + Br2
    (i) Write an ionic half-equation showing what happens to the chlorine molecules, Cl2, in this
    reaction.
    ……………………………………........................................................................................................... [1]
    (ii) Explain why the bromide ions, Br –, act as reducing agents in this reaction.
    ……………………………………........................................................................................................... [1]
    [Total: 23]
    15- The gas hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is produced when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid
    Potassium iodide. [W18/P41/Q4(c)]
    The reaction involves oxidation.
    (a) Define the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
    …………………………………………........................................................................................................ [1]
    (b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
    Hydrogen sulfide. Show outer shell electrons only.

    [2]
    (c) Hydrogen sulfide has a simple molecular structure. Explain why hydrogen sulfide has a low
    boiling point.
    ...............................................................................................................................................................
    .......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
    16- Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
    (a) Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound. [W18/P42/Q2(d)]
    (i) Complete the diagrams to show the electronic structures of the ions in magnesium
    chloride. Show the charges on the ions

    (ii) Give three physical properties that are typical of ionic compounds such as MgCl2.
    1.............................................................................................................
    2.............................................................................................................
    3.............................................................................................................
    [3]
    (b) Aqueous magnesium chloride is added to aqueous silver nitrate. A white precipitate forms.
    Write an ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
    …………………………………………........................................................................................................ [2]

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