Fluid Mechanics

6th session
 1
Ex.1: ∞
An airfoil at an angle of attack
α, as in Fig. provides lift by a 2
Bernoulli effect, because the
lower surface slows the flow
(high pressure) and the upper
surface speeds up the flow (low 1 2
pressure). If the foil is 1.5 m long 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
2
and 18 m wide into the paper,
and the ambient air is 5000 m 1 2
1
𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉1 + 𝛾1 𝑧1 = 𝑃∞ + 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞2 + 𝛾∞ 𝑧∞
standard atmosphere, estimate 2 2
the total lift if the average
velocities on upper and lower 1 2
1
𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑉2 + 𝛾2 𝑧2 = 𝑃∞ + 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞2 + 𝛾∞ 𝑧∞
surfaces are 215 m/s and 185 2 2
m/s, respectively.
1 1 1
Neglect gravity. 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌1 𝑉12 − 𝜌2 𝑉22 = (0.7361)(2152 − 1852 )
2 2 2
𝐹𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 = ∆𝑃𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 1195.25𝑘𝑁
 1 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
2
1 2
Ex.2: 1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉12 + 𝛾1 𝑧1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑉22 + 𝛾2 𝑧2
In Figure the flowing 2 2
fluid is CO2 at 20°C.
Neglect losses. If 2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
p1=170 kPa and the 𝑉2 =
𝜌
manometer fluid is
Meriam red oil
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝐶𝑂2 𝑔ℎ = 645𝑃𝑎
(SG=0.827), estimate:
(a) p2 and (b) the gas
flow rate in m3/h. 2 645 𝑚
𝑉2 = = 20.5
3.07 𝑠

0.062 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 20.5 𝜋 = 0.058 = 209
4 𝑠 ℎ𝑟
 1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉1 + 𝛾1 𝑧1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑉22 + 𝛾2 𝑧2
2
2 2
1 1
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌1 𝑉12 − 𝜌2 𝑉22 (𝐼)
Ex.3: 2 2
A necked-down section in a 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎
pipe flow, called a venturi, In pipe:
develops a low throat
pressure which can aspirate 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ (𝐼𝐼)
fluid upward from a Continity:
reservoir, as in Figure. Using
2
Bernoulli’s equation with no 𝐷2
losses, derive an expression 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 → 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 (𝐼𝐼𝐼)
𝐷1
for the velocity V1 which is
just sufficient to bring Put (II) & (III) in (I), we have:
reservoir fluid into the
throat. 1 2𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌 𝛼 4 − 1 𝑉22 ≥ 𝜌𝑔ℎ → 𝑉2 ≥ 4
2 𝐷2
−1
𝐷1
2
𝐷2 2𝑔ℎ
→ 𝑉1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉2 = 4
𝐷1 𝐷
1 − 𝐷1
2
 1 2 (a)
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
2
Apply Bernoulli From (a) to (2):
1 1
𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑉22 + 𝛾2 𝑧2 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑎2 + 𝛾𝑎 𝑧𝑎
2 2
Ex.4: 𝑧𝑎 − 𝑧2 = ℎ
If losses are neglected 𝑉2 = 2𝑔ℎ
in Figure, for what Continuity:
water level h will the 2
flow begin to form 𝐷2
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 → 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 2.56𝑉2
vapor cavities at the 𝐷1
throat of the nozzle? Vapor bubbles form when P1 reaches the vapor pressure at
30°C, from Thermodynamic Tables, we have:
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 4242 𝑃𝑎
Apply Bernoulli From (1) to (2):
𝑃2 1 2 𝑃1 1 100000 1 2 4242 1
+ 𝑉2 + 𝑔𝑧2 ≈ + 𝑉12 + 𝑔𝑧1 → + 𝑉2 ≈ + 2.56V2 2
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 996 2 996 2
2
→ 𝑉2 = 34.62 = 2𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 1.76𝑚
 1 2 ΔP=45 mm water 3
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
2 1=atm
2
Apply Bernoulli From (1) to (2):
Ex.5: 1 1
A wind tunnel draws in sea- 𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑉22 + 𝛾2 𝑧2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉12 + 𝛾1 𝑧1
2 2
level standard air from the
room and accelerates it 2∆𝑃 𝑚
into a 1-m by 1-m test section. 𝑉2 = = 26.8
𝑔 𝑠
A pressure transducer in the
test section wall measures
∆p=45 mm water between Apply Bernoulli From (1) to (3):
inside and outside. Estimate (a)
1 1
the test section velocity and (b) 𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉12 + 𝛾1 𝑧1 = 𝑃3 + 𝜌3 𝑉32 + 𝛾3 𝑧3
the absolute pressure at the 2 2
nose of the model. Both velocities are zero, so:
1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉12 = 𝑃3 + 𝜌3 𝑉32 → 𝑃3 = 𝑃1 = 101.35 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2 2
 Bernoulli eq. for comp. Flow:

𝑑𝑃 𝑉 2
න + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
𝜌 2
Ex.6: 𝑘
𝑐𝑝
The incompressible-flow form of 𝑃 = 𝐶𝜌 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 =
𝑐𝑣
Bernoulli’s relation, is accurate only
for Mach numbers less than about
0.3. At higher speeds, variable 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘𝐶𝜌𝑘−1 𝑑𝜌
density must be accounted for. The
most common assumption for
compressible fluids is isentropic flow 2
of an ideal gas, or 𝑃 = 𝐶𝜌𝑘 , where 𝑉
න 𝑘𝐶𝜌𝑘−2 𝑑𝜌 + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
k=cp/cv. 2

𝑘𝐶𝜌𝑘−1 𝑉 2 𝑘𝐶𝜌𝑘−1 𝑘𝑃
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: =
𝑘−1 2 𝑘−1 𝜌 𝑘−1

𝑘𝑃 𝑉2
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
(𝑘 − 1)𝜌 2
 1 2 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
2
Apply Bernoulli From (A) to (2):
1 1
𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑉22 + 𝛾2 𝑧2 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 𝛾𝐴 𝑧𝐴
2 2
Ex.7: 𝑧2 =
𝑃𝐴
+ 𝑧𝐴 ⇒ 20 + ℎ =
𝑃𝐴
+ 20 ⇒ ℎ =
𝑃𝐴
(I)
Streams of water from two 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 1
tanks impinge upon each other Apply Bernoulli From (A) to (1):
as shown in Fig.. If viscous
effects are negligible and point 1 1
A is a stagnation point, 𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑉12 + 𝛾1 𝑧1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 + 𝛾𝐴 𝑧𝐴
2 2
determine the height h 𝑃𝐴 𝑃1
𝑃1 + 𝛾1 𝑧1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾𝐴 𝑧𝐴 ⇒ = + 𝑧1 − 𝑧𝐴 𝐼𝐼
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃1 25 × 144
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 ⇒ ℎ = + 𝑧1 − 𝑧𝐴 = + 8 − 20 = 45.7 𝑓𝑡
𝛾 62.4
 1 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
2 0
Apply Bernoulli From (1) to (2):
1 1
𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑉22 + 𝛾𝑤 𝑧2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑉12 + 𝛾𝑤 𝑧1
2 2
Ex.8: 1 2
𝑉22 𝑃1 1.9𝛾𝑜il 1
𝜌𝑤 𝑉2 = 𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑤 𝑧1 ⇒ = +ℎ = +ℎ
Water collects in the bottom of 2 2𝑔 𝛾𝑤 𝛾𝑤 ℎ
2 2
a rectangular oil tank as shown 𝑉2
in the figure. How long will it ⇒ = 1.9𝑆𝐺 + ℎ ⇒ 𝑉2 = 2𝑔 1.9𝑆𝐺 + ℎ = 4.43 1.653 + ℎ
2𝑔
take for the water to drain from
the tank through a 0.02 m- 𝜋𝐷22
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝑉 = 0.00139 1.653 + ℎ(𝐼)
diameter drain hole in the 4 2
bottom of the tank? Assume 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
quasi steady flow. 𝑄 = 𝐴1 − = −24.7 (𝐼𝐼)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ −5
𝑑ℎ
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 ⇒ = −5.63 × 10 1.653 + ℎ ⇒ = −5.63 × 10−5 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1.653 + ℎ
0 𝑡𝑓
𝑑ℎ 0
⇒න = න −5.63 × 10 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 2 1.653 + ℎ ቚ = −5.63 × 10−5 𝑡𝑓
−5
0.7 1.653 + ℎ 0 0.7
𝑡𝑓 = 8.83 × 103 𝑠 = 2.45 ℎ𝑟