Research Design, Sample

and Sampling Procedure

Practical Research 1
4th Quarter Lesson 3
Ms. Jhade Jen A. Jacinto, LPT
Activity 3: Research Design, Sample & Sampling Procedure
I. Identification. Write your answer on the space provided. 10 pts.
1. An approach which gathers data first before forming a theory.
2. An in-depth study about a specific topic within a specific context.
3. The actual participants taken from the population considered for the research.
4. Sampling technique that divides population into groups based on their
characteristics.
5. This sampling technique is used to ensure that members of the population have
an equal chance of being selected.
6. Research makes use of this to make the selection of samples more streamlined
and systematic.
7. A sampling technique that chooses respondents based on the researcher’s
formulated theory.
8. A guide for conducting data gathering, analysis, and interpretation.
9. Sampling technique that selects samples based on the criteria that the
researchers set.
10. Research design used for studying past events using documents from the past.
Activity 3: Research Design, Sample & Sampling Procedure
II. Situational Analysis. Analyze the given research problems and provide the
necessary information and solution for each given question. Write your answers
on a necessary separate sheet. 30 pts.

A group of researchers is conducting a study on how selected Grade 11 student’s

vocabulary development is influenced by their environment. They have planned that
their research is considered a Case Study and they will have multiple observations and
investigations. The researchers are to choose samples using a Purposive Sampling.
Based on the given descriptions, are all the methods considered significantly
appropriate on the structure of the study? Explain and justify your answer in three to
five sentences.
Chapter 1 & Chapter 2
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background
includes background of the study, the
framework, the statement of the problem, the
hypothesis (if any) or assumption, the
significance of the study, scope and
delimitations and the definition of terms.

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and

Studies includes the justification for the study
through relevant related literature and studies.
Chapter 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter in the research discusses relevant information
regarding how the research will be conducted.

This includes what will be used to gather data, from whom will
the data be gathered, how will the data be analyzed, what is
the specific location for the research, and other information
relevant to data gathering.
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is a guide in
conducting research, specifically in
gathering data about the topic
under investigation and ensuring
that the data gathered is relevant to
the topic being studied.

Failure to choose the research

design fit for the research can result
into research being considered weak
or uncomprehensive.
PHENOMENOLOGY
focuses on the lived experiences of the respondents
and their interpretations for the said experiences.

The goal of the design is not to look at what the

individual considers objective in their situation, but
rather on the meanings they associate with their
experiences.

ADVANTAGES OF USING
PHENOMENOLOGY AS RESEARCH DESIGN

provides a deeper understanding of the

phenomena as experienced by the respondents

provides richer data from the experiences of

individuals
PHENOMENOLOGY
DISADVANTAGES OF USING
PHENOMENOLOGY AS RESEARCH DESIGN

highly subjective or biased

data cannot be generalized due to a

small number of samples

difficulties in communication can prove

to be a problem in capturing the
respondents’ thoughts
 Examples of
Phenomenology
What are the experiences of a student who failed in his or her subject?
The researcher may have their own notions regarding this problem due to
first-hand or second-hand experience. During the data collection, the
researcher must put aside all the assumptions in order to identify the real
essence of the answers of the participants.

Lived experiences of Filipino mothers with autistic children

Ground zero experience of soldiers during the Marawi siege

ETHNOGRAPHY
Studies on ethnicity, culture, and tradition are not the
only applications of this design as it can be used to
study any group of people.

The goal of this research design is to study people in

their natural environment, describing their life,
behavior, culture, etc. within a specified social context
(the group).

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Researchers immerses themselves into the
respondent’s social context or setting and
takes notes of what happens in the
environment.
ETHNOGRAPHY
ADVANTAGES OF USING ETHNOGRAPHY
AS RESEARCH DESIGN

Direct Observation
The researcher’s direct participation in the environment yields
firsthand data. This means that the use of information from other
people’s observations are minimized, ensuring that his data is
accurate – unless the researcher made errors

Detailed Data
Because of the length of time spent with the samples in their
environment, a more detailed data is gathered. This also results
into the researcher gaining insight on the samples’ lives and
experiences.

Holistic
Because the researcher is a participant in the environment, he or
she can see all the aspects that played a part in the phenomena
under investigation.
ETHNOGRAPHY
DISADVANTAGES OF USING
ETHNOGRAPHY AS RESEARCH DESIGN

Time
Taking part in the activities done by the participants of the
study requires more time as the observations are in-depth.

Reliability
Because the researcher would most likely study the samples
alone, whether the data is factual or not can be questioned by
others as no other individuals took part in the study to check
the data gathered by the researcher.

Ideal Behavior
behavior may change to accommodate the researcher instead
of acting as they usually do in their environment.

Invasion of Privacy
concerns over privacy may arise as they may have not realized
that observations will be detailed and in-depth
 Examples of
Ethnography
Kapampangans’ Elaborative and Fancy Dining in Pampanga

Public School Teachers Involvement in Small Scale

K-Pop Idol Training Process in South Korea

The researcher may desire to study an intact cultural group’s unique

practices and beliefs in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time
by collecting, primarily, observational data (Creswell, 2003).
GROUNDED THEORY
This research design is a design concerned with
gathering and analyzing data for the sake of formulating
a theory, thus the theory is “grounded” on the data.

The resulting theory can then be used for the purpose of

providing different perspectives, explain, and/or predict
behavior in the context of the research’s samples.
ABDUCTIVE REASONING:

INDUCTIVE APPROACH
Data is collected then thoroughly analyzed
to create a theory.

DEDUCTIVE APPROACH
A theory is formulated first, then data is
gathered to prove the theory.
Figure: GROUNDED THEORY FLOWCHART
CASE STUDY
This design is a comprehensive investigation of a
specific individual, group, or institution.

It may be used to gain insights into an obscure or

specific problem; provide background data for
broader studies; or explain socio-psychological
and socio-cultural processes.

While this design focuses on deeply understanding

a phenomenon by studying only a select individual,
group, or institution, it lacks the general
applicability of its results.
HISTORICAL DESIGN
This design concerns the identification, evaluation
and synthesis of data from the past to confirm or
reject a hypothesis.

Past records, diaries, journals, pictures, maps,

reports, archives, and any form of artifact from the
past can be used as a source of information.

primary source: materials which contain firsthand

information or the original source of the information

secondary source: information based on another work or

resource including interpretations of an original work,
restating of another source’s information, and the like
Steps in Planning the
Research Design
1. Establish the research’s purpose

2. Determine methods and strategies to be

used

3. Consider the nature of the data to be

gathered

4. Consider other factors such as challenges in

the study, intended result, etc.
 SAMPLING IN RESEARCH
Even with a narrowly defined population,
A
it’s rarely possible to collect data from
every individual. Instead, you’ll collect
data from a sample.

1 POPULATION C
refers to the group of people from D
whom the actual participants will be
chosen
B

sampling process of choosing respondents

2 SAMPLE E
chosen participants in the study
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING SAMPLING

o members of the population o not every member of the

have an equal chance of being population is given a chance to
selected participate in the study
o used when the researcher o used when the researcher does not
intends to generalize the intend to generalize the results of
results into a larger population the study
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
samples are chosen randomly through chance
• i.e. choosing samples through lottery or fishbowl
wherein names are put in one container and the
researcher would pick random names to be
samples

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

uses a specific system in facilitating the
random selection of samples
• i.e. listing every member of the population,
assigning numbers to them (1, 2, 3, …) and
choosing every nth of the list (every 10th, 20th,
30th, etc.)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
population is divided into groups (strata)
based on their characteristics then sample
are randomly selected from each strata
• i.e. sample from different strata in Senior High
School Students like ICT 11, HE 11, ABM 11, STEM
11, HUMSS 11, etc.

CLUSTER SAMPLING
each member is assigned to groups called
clusters then researcher would choose
clusters that will serve as the samples of the
study
 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
select or gather samples based on the number that
needs to be met
• i.e. aiming to have 100 respondents as instructed by
the research adviser

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
select samples based on the criteria that a
researcher sets
• i.e. using samples from doctors who have 2 year-
experience

VOLUNTEER SAMPLING
utilizes samples who made the choice to be
included in the research
• i.e. a sample is interested in participating in a
study about experiences in learning computer
programming
 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
not required to consider any characteristic for the
JUPITER
samples in the study aside from being easy to
SATURN
reach, thus being convenient
• i.e. a researcher can ask his/her family members or
relative as a sample in a study

SNOWBALL SAMPLING
Rely on current sample to recommend or refer to
the next sample for the study
• i.e. a researcher can start with an individual for an
interview then ask that sample for another individual
who can be interviewed
 OTHER SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

HOMOGENOUS SAMPLE
a sampling technique wherein the samples have similar experiences
or characteristics
Ø involves selecting similar cases to further investigate a particular phenomenon or
subgroup of interest
Ø Homogeneous sampling is used when the goal of the research is to understand
and describe a particular group in depth.

i.e., In a recent evaluation of village level revitalization in Aceh, post-tsunami,

leadership was identified as a contributing factor to village success. Those
villages with effective leaders were able to rebuild more productively than
those without effective leadership. A homogenous sample of village leaders
could be a useful augment to the study, identifying common leadership
characteristics and circumstances.
 OTHER SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
CRITICAL CASE SAMPLE
a sampling technique used for samples who are not normally open
publicly about specific conditions and experiences; these samples
are also those that highlight vital information
 OTHER SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

EXTREME CASE SAMPLE

sampling technique used to gather respondents with extreme
experiences of phenomena or rare cases; this can also be used to
select samples that are “extreme” or outstanding

THEORETICAL SAMPLE
a sampling technique that chooses respondents based on the
researcher’s formulated theory
ANY QUESTIONS OR CLARIFICATIONS?

RESEARCH ? SAMPLE
DESIGN o Population
o Phenomenology o Sample
o Ethnography
??
o Grounded Theory
o Case Study ??? SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
o Historical Design
o Probability Sampling
o Non-Probability
Sampling
 THANKS! J
References

• Better Evaluation. https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/evaluation-

options/Homogenous
• Bhandari, P. (2021). How to create a research design.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-design/
• Cristobal, A. and Cristobal, M. (2017). Practical Research 1 For Senior
High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.: South Triangle, Quezon City, p. 159,
164-165.
• Ochoco, A. (2018).
CREDITS: Teacher’s Guide
This presentation templateinwas
Practical Research 1 (With
Integration of Faith,
created Values, and
by Slidesgo, Learning),
including icons p.
by112, 118, 120-121.
• Patton,
Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik and & Evaluation Methods:
M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research
Integrative Theory and Practice.
illustrations SAGE Publications.
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