8085 Microprocessor Architecture memory, accepts binary data as input and

processes data according to those

Basic Concepts instructions, and provides results as output.”

MICROPROCESSOR
- One of the most important components of a
digital computer
- Act as a brain of a computer system.
COMPUTER
- Types:
(a) Digital Computers
- makes processing of digital signals or
numbers
- a programmable machine.
- its main components are: CPU, memory,
input and output device.
(b) Analog Computers o HARDWARE – physical component digital computer
- process analog signals system or programmable machine
o PROGRAM – set of instructions written for
ANALOG COMPUTER microprocessor to perform a task.
o any of a class of devices in which o SOFTWARE – group of program.
continuously variable physical o BITS- the microprocessor operates in binary digits,
quantities such as electrical potential, 0, 1 (bits)
fluid pressure, or mechanical motion o WORD – each microprocessor recognizes and
are represented in a way analogous to processes a group of bits (word)
the corresponding quantities in the o WORD LENGTH – microprocessors are classified
problem to be solved. according to their word length.
o The analog system is set up according
to initial conditions and then allowed  WORD LENGTH OF MP
to change freely - The word length of microcomputer or
DIGITAL COMPUTER microprocessor is given as “n-bit” where, n= 4, 8,
o any of a class of devices capable of 16, 32 or 64. An 8-bit microprocessor can process
solving problems by processing 8-bit data at a time.
information in discrete form. It - Its ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is of 8 bit, its
operates on data, including
general purpose registers which holds data for
magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that processing, are 8- bit.
are expressed in binary code—i.e.,
- Similarly, a 16 bit processor handles 16 bit data at
using only the two digits 0 and 1.
a time and its ALU, general purpose registers, are
o CPU - executes instructions given by
of 16 bits
the programmer
- A processor of longer word length is more
o INPUT DEVICE - used to feed programs
powerful and can process data at faster speed.
and data to the computer.
o MEMORY- storage device, stores
programs, data and result.  ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
o OUTPUT DEVICE – displays or prints - A typical microprocessor consists of arithmetic
programs, data and/or results and logic unit (ALU) in association with control
according to the instruction given to unit to process the instruction execution. Almost
the computer. all the microprocessors are based on the principle
o “ A microprocessor is a multipurpose, of store-program concept.
programmable, clock driven, register based - In store-program concept, programs or
electronic device that reads binary instructions are sequentially stored in the memory
instructions from storage device called locations that are to be executed. Each
 microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list
which is provided by the microprocessor
manufacturer.
- The instruction set of a microprocessor is provided in
two forms: binary machine code and mnemonics.
- Microprocessor communicates and operates in binary
numbers 0 and 1. The set of instructions in the form of
binary patterns is called a machine language and it is
difficult for us to understand.
- MNEMONICS - the binary patterns are given
abbreviated names, called mnemonics
- ASSEMBLER - The conversion of assembly-level
language into binary machine-level language is done by
using an application called assembler.

8085 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE  TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT

- 8085 MICROPROCESSOR ✓ It generates timing & control signals which are

necessary for the execution of instructions.
- an 8-bit processor available as a 40- pin IC
package and uses +5 V for power. ✓ It controls data flow between CPU and
peripherals including memory.
- It can run at a maximum frequency of 3 MHz.
Its data bus width is 8-bit and address bus width is 16- ✓ It provides status, control and timing signals
bit, thus it can address 216 = 64 KB of memory. which are required for the operation of memory
and I/O devices.
- The internal architecture of 8085 is shown in
the next figure. ✓ It controls entire operations of the
microprocessor and peripherals connected to it.
✓ Thus it is seen that the control unit of the CPU
o 8085 - regarded as the mother of CPU design and all
acts as the brain of the computer system.
other microprocessors are enhancement of 8085.

o
 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT
- performs the actual numerical and logical operations
such as Addition (ADD), Subtraction (SUB), AND, OR etc.
- It uses data from memory and from Accumulator to
perform operations.
- The results of the arithmetic and logical operations are
stored in the accumulator.
 SET OF REGISTERS
✓ The figure in the next slide shows the various
registers of Intel 8085 which are used by the
microprocessor for temporary storage and
manipulation of data and instructions.
✓ Intel 8085 microprocessor has the following
registers:
 i. One 8-bit Accumulator (ACC) i.e register  GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS
A ✓ The 8085 microprocessor contains six 8-bit
ii. Six 8-bit general purpose registers. general purpose registers. They are B, C, D, E, H and
These are B, C, D, E, H & L L.
iii. One 16-bit stack pointer, SP ✓ To hold 16-bit data a combination of two 8-bit
iv. One 16-bit program Counter, PC registers can be employed which known as register
v. Intruction register pairs.
vi. Temporary register ✓ The valid register pairs in 8051 are B-C, D-E and H-
L. the programmer cannot form the register pair by
selecting any two registers of his choice.
✓ The H-L pair is used to act as memory pointer and
for this purpose it holds the 16-bit address of a
memory location.
✓ The general-purpose registers and the
accumulator are accessible to programmer. He can
store data in these registers during writing his
program.

 ACCUMULATOR

✓ The accumulator (register A) is an 8-bit register

associated with ALU.
✓ It is used to hold one of the operands of an
arithmetic or logical operation.
✓ It serves as one input to the ALU. The other
operand for an arithmetic or logical operation
may be stored either in the memory or in one of
the general purpose registers.
✓ Final result of an arithmetic or logical operation
is placed in the accumulator.

 PROGRAM COUNTER
✓ It is a 16-bit special purpose register used to
hold the memory address of the next
instruction which is to be executed.
✓ It keeps the track of memory addresses of the
instructions in the program while they are being
executed.
✓ The microprocessor increments the content
of the program counter during the execution of
an instruction so that it points to the address of
the next instruction in the program at the end
of the execution of an instruction.
 STACK POINTER (SP)
 FLAGS (Program Status Word i.e. PSW)
✓ It is a 16-bit special purpose register.
✓ The Intel 8085 microprocessor contains five
✓ “Stack is a sequence of memory location set aside by
✓ The flip-flops are set or reset according to the
the programmer to store/retrieve the content of
conditions which arises during an arithmetic or
accumulator, flags, program counter and general-purpose
logical operation. The five status flags of Intel
registers during the execution of a program.
8085 are:
✓ Any portion of the memory can be used as stack. Since
✓ i. Carry flag (CS)
the stack works on LIFO (last in first out) principle, its
✓ ii. Parity Flag (P)
operation is faster compared normal store/ retrieve of
memory locations. ✓ iii. Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)
✓ “The SP holds the address of the top element of data ✓ iv. Zero Flag (Z)
stored in the stack. ✓ v. Sign Flag (S)
✓ “The stack is defined and stack pointer is initialized by
the programmer at the beginning of a program which
needs stack operation. Stack is also used by the
microprocessor. For example, it stores the contents of
program counter when it jumps to a subroutine using
CALL instruction
 CONTROL UNIT 8085 MICROPROCESSOR PIN DIAGRAM
- Generates signals on data bus, address bus and
control bus within microprocessor to carry out
the instruction, which has been decoded. Typical
buses and their timing are described as follows:
✓ Data Bus: Data bus carries data in binary form
between microprocessor and other external
units such as memory. It is used to transmit data
i.e. information, results of arithmetic etc
between memory and the microprocessor. Data
bus is bidirectional in nature.
✓ Address Bus: The address bus carries
addresses and is one way bus from
microprocessor to the memory or other devices.
8085 microprocessor contain 16-bit address bus
and are generally identified as A0 - A15. The
higher order address lines (A8 – A15) are
unidirectional and the lower order lines (A0 –
A7) are multiplexed (time-shared) with the  ADDRESS BUS
eight data bits (D0 – D7) and hence, they are ✓These pins carry the higher order of address
bidirectional. bus.
✓ Control Bus: Control bus are various lines ✓The address is sent from microprocessor to
which have specific functions for coordinating memory.
and controlling microprocessor operations. The ✓A8 – A15. It carries the most significant 8-bit of
control bus carries control signals partly memory I/O address
unidirectional and partly bidirectional.
- The schematic representation of the 8085 bus
structure is as shown in the next figure. The
microprocessor performs primarily four
operations:
I. Memory Read: Reads data (or instruction)
from memory.
II. Memory Write: Writes data (or instruction)
into memory.
III. I/O Read: Accepts data from input device.
IV. I/O Write: Sends data to output device
  DATA BUS
✓Data bus is of 8 Bit.  STATUS SIGNAL
✓It is used to transfer Data between IO/M(Active low)
microprocessor and memory. - This signal is used to differentiate between
✓AD0 – AD7. It carries the least significant 8-bit address and I/O and Memory operations, i.e. when it is high it
data bus. indicates I/O operation and when it is low then it
indicates memory operation
S0 &S1
- These signals are used to identify the type of
current operation.

 CONTROL SIGNAL
RD(Active Low Signal)
- This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory
device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available
on the data bus.  INTERRUPT SIGNALS
WR(Active Low Signal) TRAP: is usually used for power failure and
- This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be emergency shutoff.
written into a selected memory or IO location. RST 7.5: It is a maskable interrupt. It has the second
highest priority.
RST 6.5: It is a maskable interrupt. It has the third
highest priority.
RST 5.5: It is a maskable interrupt. It has the fourth
highest priority.
INTR: It is a general-purpose interrupt. It is a
maskable interrupt. It has the lowest priority.
  SERIAL I/O SIGNALS
SOD: (Serial Output Data line) The output SOD is set/reset
as specified by the SIM instruction. SID: (Serial Input Data
line) The data on this line is loaded into accumulator
whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

 EXTERNALLY INITIATED SIGNALS

INTA: It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.
Resen In: This signal is used to reset the
microprocessor by setting the program counter to
zero.
Reset Out: This signal is used to reset all the  CLOCK SIGNALS
connected devices when the microprocessor is X1, X2: A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two
reset. pins and is used to set frequency of the internal clock
Ready: This signal indicates that the device is generator. This frequency is internally divided by two. To
ready to send or receive data. If READY is low, obtain 3.03 MHz, a clock source of 6.06 MHz must be
then the CPU has to wait for READY to go high. connect to X1 and X2
HOLD: This signal indicates that another master is CLK OUT: This signal is used as the system clock for
requesting the use of the address and data buses. devices connected with the microprocessor.
HLDA: It indicates that the CPU has received the
HOLD request and it will relinquish the bus in the
next clock