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Module in Linear Algebra

This document discusses inner product spaces. It defines an inner product space as a vector space with an inner product defined on it. An inner product must satisfy four axioms: it must be symmetric, distributive over vector addition, distributive over scalar multiplication, and yield a nonnegative result for any non-zero vector. Two examples are provided to illustrate checking if a given function satisfies the four axioms of an inner product. The document also defines the length (norm) of a vector and distance between vectors using an inner product. It provides examples of calculating the inner product, length, and distance for specific vectors.

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Jowella Mae Guasis
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9 views4 pages

Module in Linear Algebra

This document discusses inner product spaces. It defines an inner product space as a vector space with an inner product defined on it. An inner product must satisfy four axioms: it must be symmetric, distributive over vector addition, distributive over scalar multiplication, and yield a nonnegative result for any non-zero vector. Two examples are provided to illustrate checking if a given function satisfies the four axioms of an inner product. The document also defines the length (norm) of a vector and distance between vectors using an inner product. It provides examples of calculating the inner product, length, and distance for specific vectors.

Uploaded by

Jowella Mae Guasis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 5.

5 – INNER PRODUCT SPACES

ENGAGE

Illustrate if the following function defines an inner product.

R2, where u = (u1 , u2) and v = ( v1 , v 2)


⟨ u , v ⟩ = 4u1 v 1 + 3u1 v 1

EXPLORE

SOLUTION:

R , where u = (u1 , u2) and v = ( v1 , v 2)


2

⟨ u , v ⟩ = 4u1 v 1 + 3u2 v 2

1. ⟨ u , v ⟩=¿4u1 v 1 + 3u2 v 2
¿ 4 v1 u1 + 3 v 2 u2
¿ ⟨ v ,u ⟩

2. ⟨ u , v+ w ⟩=¿ 4u1 v 1 + 3u2 v 2


¿4u1 ( v ¿ ¿1+ w1 )¿ + 3u2 ¿ ¿)
¿ 4u1 v 1 +¿4u1 w1 + 3u2 v 2 +3 u2 w2)
¿ (4u1 v 1 +¿3u2 v 2) + (4u1 w1 +3 u2 w2 )
¿ ⟨u , v ⟩ + ⟨u , w⟩

3. c⟨ u , v ⟩ ¿ 4u1 v 1 + 3u2 v 2
¿ c(4u1 v 1 + 3u2 v 2 ¿
¿ 4(cu ¿¿ 1)v 1 ¿ + 3(c u2) v2
¿ ⟨ cu , v ⟩

4. ⟨ v , v ⟩ =¿ 4u1 v 1 + 3u2 v 2
¿ 4 v1 v 1 + 3 v 2 v 2
¿ 4 v 1 + 3 v 22 ≥ 0 0
2

Let v=(1 , 2)
¿ 4(12) + 3(22)
= 16

EXPLAIN
DIFINATION

 Inner Product Space – is a vector space V together with an inner product on V.

NOTATION

 We use the notation ⟨ u , v ⟩ as an inner product for a vector space V.

NOTE: For a function to qualify as an inner product, it must satisfy the four Axioms.

AXIOMS

1. ⟨ u , v ⟩= ⟨ v , u ⟩
2. ⟨ u , v+w ⟩=¿ ⟨ u , v ⟩ + ⟨ u , w ⟩
3. c⟨ u , v ⟩= ⟨ cu , v ⟩
4. ⟨ v , v ⟩ ≥ 0, and ⟨ v , v ⟩ = 0 if and only if v = 0
Example:

Illustrate if the function satisfies the four axioms.

R , where u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) and v = ( v1 , v 2 , v 3)


3

⟨ u , v ⟩ = 3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3


SOLUTION:

1. The product of a real number is commutative,


⟨ u , v ⟩ = 3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3
= 3 v1 u1 +2 v 2 u 2+ v 3 u 3
= ⟨ v ,u ⟩

2. We let w = (w 1 , w 2 , w3 ¿, so we have
⟨ u , v+ w ⟩ = 3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3
= 3u1 ( v ¿ ¿1+ w1 )+ 2u2 (v 2+ w2 )+ u3 (v 3 + w 3 )¿
= 3u1 v 1 +3 u1 w1 +2u 2 v 2+2 u2 w2 +u3 v3 +u 3 w 3
= (3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3) + (3u1 w1 +2 u2 w2 +u3 w 3 )
= ⟨u , v ⟩ + ⟨u , w⟩

3. If c is any scalar, then


c⟨ u , v ⟩ = 3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3
= c(3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3)
= 3(c u1) v 1 +2(c u2 ) v 2+(cu¿ ¿3) v 3 ¿
= ⟨ cu , v ⟩

4. The square of a real number is nonnegative


⟨ v , v ⟩ = 3u1 v 1 +2u 2 v 2+u 3 v 3
= 3 v1 v 1 +2 v 2 v 2 +v 3 v 3
= 3 v12 + 2 v 22 + v32 ≥ 0
Furthermore, this expression is equal to zero, if and only if v = 0

ADDITIONAL:

 The LENGTH or (norm) of u is ‖u‖ = √ ( u ,u )


 The DISTANCE between u and v is d(u, v) = ‖u−v‖

Example:

Find the inner product, length and distance where ⟨ r , s ⟩ = a 0 b 0+ a1 b1 +a2 b2 ,

r(x) = 3 + 2x -2 x 2∧¿s(x) = 5 - 4 x 2. (a). ⟨ r , s ⟩, (b). ‖r‖ , ( c ) .‖s‖, (d). d ⟨ r , s ⟩ .

a. ⟨ r , s ⟩ = a 0 b 0+ a1 b1 +a2 b2
= (3)(5) + (2)(0) + (-2)(-4)
= 23

b. ‖r‖ = √ ( r , r )
√
= (3)2 +22 +(−2)2
= √ 9+ 4−4 ¿ ¿
=3

c. ‖s‖ = √ ( s , s )
= √ 52 +02 +−42
= √ 25−16
=3

d. d ⟨ r , s ⟩ =‖r−s‖
= ‖( 3+ 2 x−2 x 2 )−(5−4 x 2)‖
= ‖−2+2 x +2 x 2‖

√
= (−2)2 +22+ ¿ 22 ¿
√
= (−4 ) +4 +4
=2
EVALUATE

Illustrate if the function is an inner product on M 2,2

U=
[ ] [ ]
c 11 c 12
c 21 c 22
V=
d 11 d 12
d 21 d 22

1. ⟨ U , B ⟩ = c 11 d11 +2 c 21 d 21+3 c12 d 12+ 4 c 22 d 22


2. ⟨ U , B ⟩ = 4 c 11 d 11+ c 21 d 21+ 3 c12 d 12+c 22 d 22

Find the inner product, length and distance.

⟨ a , b ⟩ = a 0 b 0+ a1 b1 +a2 b2; a. ⟨ a , b ⟩ , b. ‖a‖, c. ‖b‖, d. d ⟨ a ,b ⟩


1. a(x) = 1 + 2 x2 , b(x) = -2x + 2 x2
2. a(x) = 2 + 2x + 3 x 2, b(x) = 1 + 2x + 2 x2
3. a(x) = 4 + 3 x + x 2, b(x) = 2 + x + x 2

2.2 References
 Axler, S. (2015). Linear Algebra (3rd ed., p. 167). Spring International Publishing.
 Larson, R. (2013). Elementary Linear Algebra (7th ed., pp. 237-240). Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning.

2.3 Acknowledgment
The images, tables, figures, and information contained in this module were taken
from the references cited above.

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