WTS TUTORING

WTS TUTORING 1

2019 WTS
FUCTIONS & INVERSES
GRADE : 12

COMPILED BY : PROF KHANGELANI SIBIYA

CELL NO. : 082 672 7928

EMAIL : [email protected]

FACEBOOK P. : WTS MATHS & SCEINCE TUTORING

WEBSITE : www.wtstutor.co.za

Twitter

Instagram WTS TUTORI

: @wtstutor

: wtstutor

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 2

FUNCTIONS AND INVERSES

 A function is a relationship between x and y, where for every x-value there is only

one y-value.

 One way to decide whether or not a graph represents a function is to use the vertical

line test.

 If any line drawn parallel to the y-axis cuts the graph only once, then the graph

represents a function.

 We use function notation f(x) to show that each y-value is a function of an x-value.

Key words:

 domain: the set of possible x-values

 Range: the set of possible y-values

 Axis of symmetry: an imaginary line that divides a graph into two mirror images of

each other.

 Maximum: the highest possible y-value of a function.

 Minimum: the lowest possible y-value of a function.

 Asymptote: an imaginary line that a graph approaches but never touches.

 Turning point: The point at which a graph reaches its maximum or minimum value

and changes direction.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 3

Key notes:

 [ kwv right-hand rule : both x and y increases]

 [ kwv left-hand rule : as x increases ,y decreases]

 [horizontal line]

 [vertical line]

 [ average gradient]

 [ parallel lines]

 [ perpendicular lines]

 [ value included]

 [ value excluded]

 The point is given by:

A. INVERSE FUNCTIONS

 The term inverse means: reflection across the line ( kwv right-hand rule)

 Swop x and y and hence make y be the subject of the formula

 The notation for the inverse of a function is

 For the linear :

Determine the inverse of each of the following;

1.

2.

3.

4.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 4

 For exponential:

Determine the inverse of each of the following;

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

 For logarithm:

Determine the inverse of each of the following;

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

 For parabola : √

Determine the inverse of each of the following;

1.

2.

3.

4. √

5. √

 Only use the log for exponential graph or if the variable is an exponent

 To get rid of square root: simple square both side.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 5

 NB: Inverse of parabola is not a function

 Restriction of parabolic inverse to be a function:

1. For Domain: and for the Range:

2. For Domain: and for the Range:

 READING FROM THE GRAPH

 For which value(s) of x will:

a. {where the graph is increasing/ positive gradient}

b. {where the graph is decreasing/negative gradient}

c. {where both graphs are above or below}

d. {One graph above and other one below the horizontal}

e. {above the horizontal/ x-axis}

f. {below the horizontal/ x-axis}

g. {x-value of a turning point}

h. {both graphs increasing}

i. {both graphs decreasing}

j. {graph is above and the distance is 1 unit}

k. {+ve x- &+ve y- value or –ve x-&–ve y-value}

l. {+ve y-value and the decreasing curve}

Key note:

 Remember to manipulate the new given equation into the original one

 Maximum and minimum values means the y values of the turning point

 The transformation of cubic graph

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 6

 Translation

It affects the turning points

1. Horizontal translation: f (x + c)

Then x-value(s) of the turning point is translated c unit left (-ve) or right (+ve)

2. Vertical translation: f (x) + q

Then y-value of turning point will be translated q unit up (+ve) or down (-ve)

 The reflection

It can affect the whole equation and the turning point. The reflection about axes

The reflections are as follows:

 reflected across x-axis

 reflected across y-axis

 reflected about the line

 reflected about the line

 The enlargement

 You simple multiply by the scale factor given

 Especial applies on the turning points

Kwv 1

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 7

Given h( x)  x 2

a. Sketch the graph of h

b. Determine the inverse of h in the form y  …..

c. Give a reason why the inverse of h is not a function.

d. Write down TWO ways in which you could restrict the domain and range of h so that

its inverse is a function?

e. Hence, sketch the two graphs of the function h 1 on separate sets of axes.

Kwv 2

 27 
The graph of f ( x)  a x , where a > 0 and a ≠ 1, passes through the point  3;  .
 8 

a. Determine the value of a.

1
b. Write down the equation of f in the form y = … .

c. Determine the value(s) of x for which f 1 ( x)  1.

1
d. Sketch both graph of f and f on the same set of axis

e. If h( x)  f ( x  5) , write down the domain of h.

f. Write down the range of

1
g. Write down the range of f

h. Write down the domain of f

1
i. Write down the domain of f

1
j. Determine the equation of t if t ( x)  f ( x) .

B. The linear function

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 8

 The forms:

1. [horizontal line]

2. [ vertical line]

3. [ table method]

4. [ dual intercept method]

Consider:

 For shape:

If and

 Domain and Range: are all real numbers.

 Drawing a neat sketch:

 Determine the x-intercept (let y = 0)

 Determine the y-intercept (let x = 0)

 Plot these two points and draw a straight line through

them.

Kwv 1

Sketch the following graphs

a.

b.

 Determining the equation

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER
WTS TUTORING 9

 Determine the gradient of the function.

 Substitute the value of the gradient into the general formula for the linear function.

 Solve for c.

 Write the equation in the form:

Kwv 1

Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (–4, 2) and whose slope is 5

Kwv 2

Find the equation of the line through the points (–2, 5) and (–6, 4)

Kwv 3

Find the equation of a line that is parallel to and that passes through

the point (2, 5).

Kwv 4

Find the equation of a line perpendicular to and that passes through

the point (–1, –1).

Kwv 5

Determine whether the two lines are parallel, perpendicular or either: and

C. HYPERBOLA FUNCTION

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 10

 Forms

1. [Table method]

2. [Table method but take note of y asymptote: ]

3. [Table method but take note of x asymptote: ]

4. [Dual-intercepts method and both asymptotes]

Consider:

 For shape: if

 Two asymptotes; &

 For –intercepts let

 For –intercepts let

 For domain and range: all real numbers excepts the value of

 Draw a neat sketch

 Follow these steps:

1. Indicate the asymptotes

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 11

2. Indicate the axes, both x and y intercepts

3. Consider the shape

 Equations of axis of symmetry

1. For increasing function/ / positive gradient:

2. For decreasing function/ / negative gradient :

NB: for the value of c use asymptotes the point of intersection.

Kwv 1

3
Consider the function f ( x )   2.
x 1

a. Write down the equations of the asymptotes of f.

b. Calculate the intercepts of the graph of f with the axes.

c. Sketch the graph of f .

d. Write down the range and the domain of

e. Write down the range of y =  f (x).

f. Write down the range of

g. Write down the domain of

h. Write down the domain of

i. Write down the range and the domain of

j. Write down the new equation and asymptotes for the following:

i.

ii.

iii.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 12

iv. If is shifted 2 units to the right and 1 unit downwards

v. If is shifted 2 units to the left and 1 unit upwards.

k. Write down the new equations for the following

i. if reflected across x-axis

ii. If reflected across y-axis

l. Describe, in words the transformation of to if

m. Describe, in words the transformation of to if

n. For which value(s) of will:

i.

ii.

iii. is decreasing

 Determining the equation

 Always start with the asymptotes if given in the graph or domain/ range form

 And hence substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

 Take note for the two unknowns: two points are needed and solve the two equations

simultaneously

Kwv 2

The graph of a hyperbola with equation y= f(x) has the following properties

 Domain:

 Range:

 Passes through the point (2; 0) .Determine f(x)

Kwv 3

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 13

Given

Show that the equation can be written as

Kwv 4

a
The diagram below shows the graph of f ( x)   q . The lines x = –1 and y = 1 are the
x p

asymptotes of f . P(2 ; 4) is a point on f and T is the x–intercept of f.

P(─2 ; 4)

1
O x
─1

a. Determine the values of and

b. Calculate the coordinates of , the intercept of

c. Determine the equation of symmetry for negative gradient.

d. Determine the equation of symmetry for positive gradient.

e. Determine the coordinates of if is a reflection of about the line .

f. Write down the length of .

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 14

g. Calculate the average gradient between and

D. PARABOLA GRAPH

 Forms

1. [Table method]

2. [Table method but take note of turning point: ]

3. [Dual-intercepts method]

4. [Dual-intercepts method and turning point: ]

Consider:

 For shape: if

 Axis of symmetry ;

 Maximum or minimum

 Know how to complete the square from:

 For –intercepts let

 For –intercepts let

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 15

 For domain: all real numbers

 For range: [ ]

 Draw a neat sketch:

1. Intercepts

2. Shape

3. Turning point

Kwv 1

Given:

a. Rewrite f(x) in the form of

b. Hence, write the coordinates of turning point

c. Write down the coordinate of the y-intercept of f

d. Determine the coordinates of the x –intercepts of f

e. Determine the equation of axis of symmetry.

f. Hence, calculate the maximum value

g. Write down the coordinates of the turning point of f

h. Sketch the graph of y = f (x)

i. Write down the domain and range of f.

j. Determine the equation of k , the reflection of f in the y –axis.

k. Determine the equation of w , the reflection of f in the x –axis.

Kwv 2

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 16

x
1
Given f ( x)  ( x  2) 2  6 and g ( x)     1 .
2

Draw graphs of f and g on the same set of axes.

l. Determine the equation of k , the reflection of f in the y –axis.

m. Determine the equation of w , the reflection of f in the x –axis.

n. Determine the equation of l , the reflection of g in the x –axis.

o. Determine the equation of V , the reflection of g in the y–axis.

p. Write down the equation and the new asymptote of g , :

i. if g is translated one unit up.

ii. if g is translated two units up.

i. if g is translated one unit left.

ii. if g is translated two units right.

iii. For

q. Write down the equation and the new asymptote of :

i. if is translated one unit up.

ii. if is translated two units up.

iii. if is translated one unit left.

iv. if is translated two units right.

iv. For

r. Write down the coordinates of the new turning point of for the following:

i. if is translated one unit up.

ii. if f is translated two units up.

iii. if f is translated one unit left.

iv. if f is translated two units right.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 17

v. for

 Determining the equation

 Always start with substituting the turning if given into :

 And hence substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

 If intercepts [ and one point on the curve given and then substitute into:

 Take note for the two unknowns: two points are needed and solve the two equations simultaneously

 Any point along the y-axis is given by :

 Any point along the y-axis is given by :

 Length is given by: and for the maximum;

substitute with the x value turning point

 Reading y-value

 For which value(s) of k will f(x) has:

 The roots of a quadratic equation are the x-values when the equation is zero.

 The roots are the x-intercepts of the graph.

 When you are asked to „determine the nature of the roots of an equation:

“ you are NOT asked to solve the equation”.

 Summary:

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

 WTS TUTORING 18

To find the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation: , the discriminant.

•If Δ < 0 : The roots are non-real/no real roots.

•If Δ = 0 : There are two equal, real and rational roots.

•If Δ > 0 : There are two real roots which may be rational or irrational.

•If Δ is a perfect square: the roots are rational.

•If Δ is not a perfect square: then the roots are irrational

 The nature of the roots also tells us about the x-intercepts of the graph of the quadratic equation

Note: The line y = k + c has to intersect the graph f(x) at different places.

Make sure the given equation is derived to the original equation and make y the subject of the formula

Kwv 3

The sketch below represent the graphs and The point

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

 WTS TUTORING 19

S(2 ; 4) lies on the axis of symmetry of the graph p and on the line g. A is the turning point of the

graph of p. The graphs of p and g intersect at D and E. The y–intercepts of p and g are C and B

respectively.

y
A

p
C
g

S(2 ; 4)

B
x
E O

a. Show that k = 2, b = 4 and c = 12.

b. Determine the coordinates of A, the turning point of p.

c. Calculate the length of BC.

d. Calculate the length of OB.

e. Calculate the length of AS.

f. Determine the coordinates of D, the point of intersection of p and g.

g. For which value(s) of is ?

h. For which value(s) of is ?

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 20

i. For which value(s) of x is

j. For which value(s) of x is

k. Determine the equation of p in the form y  a( x  p ) 2  q.

l. Write down the maximum value of t(x) if t(x) = 1 – p(x).

m. Solve for x if

n. Solve for x if

o. Determine

p. For which value(s) of is

q. Show that the coordinates S(3;5) lies on the graph g?

r. Write down the of for which .

s. Determine graphically the value(s) of for which:

i. has equal roots

ii. has non-real solutions

iii. has two real, unequal roots

iv. has two positive roots

v. has equal roots

vi. has non-real solutions

vii. has two real, unequal roots

x. has two unequal solutions which differ in signs

kwv 4

The sketch below shows the graphs of g ( x)   x 2  2 x  3 and h( x)  ax  q . The

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 21

graphs intersect at B and E. The graph of g intersects the x – axis at A and B and has a

turning point at C. The graph of h intersects the y – axis at D. The length of CD is 6 units.

a. Determine the coordinates of B and C.

b. Write down the coordinates of D.

c. Write down the values of a and q.

d. Determine the coordinates of E.

e. Determine the value(s) of x for which g ( x).g ( x)  0 .

f. Calculate the length of CD in terms of x

g. hence, the length of CD

Kwv 5

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 22

The graph of a parabola f has x-intercepts at x = 1 and x = 5. is a tangent to f at

P, the turning point of f. Sketch the graph of f, clearly showing the intercepts with the axes

and the coordinates of the turning point.

Kwv 6

The graphs of √ ; and for are given.

a. Determine the coordinates of A, the point of intersection between f and g.

b. Determine the equation of .

c. Give the equation of the graph which is obtained when is reflected in

the line .

Kwv 7

The graph of g is defined by the equation √ . The point (8; 4) lies on g.

a. Calculate the value of a.

b. If g(x) > 0, for what values of x will g be defined?

c. Determine the range of g.

d. Write down the equation of , the inverse of g, in the form y = ...

e. If is drawn, determine ALGEBRAICALLY the point(s) of

intersection of h and g.

f. Hence, or otherwise, determine the values of x for which

Kwv 8

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 23

The graph of is sketched below. The point P (– 6 ; – 8) lies on the graph

of f.

a. Calculate the value of a.

b. Determine the equation of , in the form y = …

c. Write down the range of .

e. The graph of f is reflected across the line y = x and thereafter it is reflected

across the x-axis. Determine the equation of the new function in the form y = …

E. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 24

 Forms

1. [Table method]

2. [Table method but take note of y asymptote: ]

3. [Table method but take note of shift: ]

4. [Dual-intercepts method and the y- asymptote : ]

Consider:

 b >1 :increasing function: as x increases y also increases

 Kwv- Right -hand rule

Consider:

 0 < b < 1 :decreasing function: as x increases y decreases

 Kwv- left -hand rule

Consider:

 Asymptote;

 If p < 0, the graph shift p units to the right.

 If p > 0 , the graph shift p units to the left.

 If q > 0 , the graph shift q units upwards.

 If q < 0 , the graph shift q units downwards.

 NB: p is for the translation not for asymptote.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 25

 For –intercepts let

 For –intercepts let

 For domain all real numbers

 For the range:

 Drawing a neat sketch

 Follow these steps:

4. Indicate the asymptote

5. Indicate the axes, both x and y intercepts

6. Consider the shape

Kwv 1

x
1
Consider the function f ( x)    .
3

a. Is f an increasing or decreasing function? Give a reason for your answer.

1
b. Determine f ( x) in the form y = …

c. Sketch the graph of on the same set of axes

d. Write down the range and domain of

e. Write down the equation of the asymptote of .

f. Write down the range of f(x) – 5.

g. Write down the domain of f(x) – 5.

h. Write down the new equation of for

i. Write down the new equation of if is reflected across axis.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 26

j. Describe the transformation from f to g if g ( x)  log3 x .

k. Write down the new equation of if is reflected across:

i. the line y= 0

ii. the line x = 0

l. Write down the new equation for and then.

i. Write down the equation of asymptote

ii. Calculate the x intercept

iii. Calculate the y intercept

ii. Sketch the graph of h

iii. Write down the range of h

iv. Write down the domain of h

v. Write down the new equation of

vi. Write the new equation of if is shifted 6 units up.

vii. If , write down an equation of the asymptote of

viii. Calculate the average gradient of h between the points on the graph where

and

 Determining the equation

 Always start with the asymptote if given in the graph or range form

 And hence substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

 Take note for the two unknowns: two points are needed and solve the two equations

simultaneously

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 27

Kwv 1

Determine the equation of in the form , if A(1; 18) and the equation of

the horizontal line is .

Kwv 2

The graph of an increasing exponential function with equation has the

following properties:

• Range: y > -3

• The points (0; – 2) and (1; – 1) lie on the graph of f.

Determine the equation that defines f

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

 WTS TUTORING 28

Kwv3

y
The graph of is sketched

alongside.

x
0

a. Give the coordinates of A.

b. Write down the equation of in the form y = …

c. For which value(s) of x will ?

d. For which value(s) of x will ?

e For which value(s) of x will ?

f. For which value(s) of x will ?

g. For which value(s) of x will ?

h. Write down the equation of the asymptote of

i. Write down the equation of the asymptote of +3

j. Write down the equation of the asymptote of

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

 WTS TUTORING 29

kwv 4

Sketched is the graph of √ , the inverse of a restricted parabola. The point

A(8 ;2) lies on the graph of f

A(8 ; 2)

x
O

i. Determine the equation of f in the form y = …

1
ii. Hence, write down the equation of f in the form y = …

1
iii. Give the coordinates of the turning point of g(x) = f ( x  3)  1 .

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 30

F. LOGARITHM FUNCTION

Form:

 Work with log as it is or change it to exponential form:

 And hence use the table method to draw the graph as x dependent

Kwv 1

Given p( x)  log3 x

i. Write down the equation of p 1 , the inverse of p, in the form y = …

ii. Sketch the graphs of p and p 1 on the same system of axes. Show clearly all the

intercepts with the axes and at least one other point on each graph.

iii. Determine the values of x for which p ( x )  2

iv. Write down the x intercept of h if h(x) = p(–x).

v. Solve for x if

 Determining the equation

Form:

 Substitute with any point along the curve for the value of a

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 31

Kwv 1

Sketched below is the graph of

a. Write down the domain of f.

b. Write down the equation of in the form y = …

c. Write down the equation of the asymptote of ,

d. Explain how, using the graph of f, you would sketch the graphs of:

i.

ii.

e. Use the graph of f to solve for x where .

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

WTS TUTORING 32

EXAM GUIDLINES

 FUNCTIONS

1. Candidates must be able to use and interpret functional notation. In the teaching process

learners must be able to understand how f has been transformed

2. Trigonometric functions will ONLY be examined in Paper 2.

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

 WTS TUTORING 33

MERCY!!!!!

WHERE TO START MATHS AND SCIENCE TUTORING

Our vision is to create a majority of learners who will master Maths and Science around the country

 TO: EDUCATORS & LEARNERS

 JOIN US ON WHATSAP GROUP: 082 672 7928

 WE CONDUCT THE FOLLOWING PROGRAMS

 WTS VISITING SCHOOL PROGRAM

 DAYS : FRIDAYS, SATURDAYS & SUNDAYS

 SUBJECTS : MATHS, MATHS LIT AND PHYSCS

 TIME : ANY TIME AND EVEN CROSSNIGHTS

 WTS PRIVATE CLASSES

 AREAS: RICHARDS BAY, MZINGAZI, MTUBATUBA,

EMPANGENI,ESKHAWINI, DURBAN & PMB

 GRADES : 8 TO 12

 WTS SATURDAY & SUNDAYS CLASSES

 LEARNERS FROM DIFFERENT SCHOOLS ARE ALLOWED

 TIME : 09:00 TO 12:00

 SUBJECTS : MATHS & SCIENCES

 VENUE : MZINGAZI PRIMARY SCHOOL

(RICHARDS BAY)

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER

 WTS TUTORING 34

 DAYS : SATURDAYS

 WTS FINISHINING SCHOOL

 PLACE : KZN RICHARDS BAY @

MZINGAZI

 SUBJECTS : MATHS, PHYSCS & LIFE

SCIENCES

 TIME : 15:00 TO 16:30

 ACCOMMODATION IS

AVAILABLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 WTS CROSSNIGHTS

 EVRY TERM

 WTS CAMPS

 EVERY TERM

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PAST PAPERS

“WHERE TO START MATHS & SCIENCE TUTORING IS FOR THE NATION”

COPYRIGHT RESERVED PLEASE TURN OVER