Assignment

1. Thedatashownrepresentthe resultofstatisticsof 20collegestudents.

18 16 16 14
17 18 17 16
19 17 13 16
16 17 16 20
17 18 15 12
a. Calculate the mean, mode, median, range, variance, coefficient of variation and
standarddeviation
b. Interpretthestandarddeviationandcoefficientof variationofthedata.
2. Adoctor’sofficestaffstudiedthewaitingtimesforpatientswhoarriveattheofficewitha request for
emergency service. The following data with waiting times in minutes werecollectedover
aone-month period.
2 4 11 12 7
5 4 8 21 13
10 5 9 6 18
12 17 8 8 3

a) Constructfrequencypolygon forthedata.
b) Constructhistogram forthedata.
c) Construct Ogive curve forthedata.
d) Whatproportion ofpatients needingemergencyservicewait9 minutesorless?
e) Calculatethecentraltendencyanddispersion/variation ofthe data.
 3. Suppose a student has scored A, B, A, C, B for five courses each having 3 credit
hours.Calculatetheweighted mean/semestercumulativeGPA.
4. If a family has three children, find the probability that exactly two of the three children
areboys.
5. In a study, it was found that 24% of people who were victims of a violent crime were age
20to 24. If a person is selected at random, find the probability that the person is younger than
20orolder than 24.
6. Explainandgiveanexamplefor:
a) Binomialdistribution
b) Poissondistribution
c) Normaldistribution
7. In a study, it was found that 24% of people who were victims of a violent crime were age
20to 24. If a person is selected at random, find the probability that the person is younger than
20orolder than 24.
8. In a survey, 8% of the respondents said that their favorite ice cream flavor is cookies, and
6%like mint chocolate chip. If a person is selected at random, find the probability that her or
hisfavoriteicecream flavoris eithercookies ormintchocolate chip.
According to the survey carried out, 8% of the respondents mentioned that their favorite ice
cream flavor is cookies, while 6% preferred mint chocolate chip. Now, if we have to
determine the probability of selecting a person who likes either cookies or mint chocolate
chip out of a random sample, we need to add the respective probabilities.

For instance, let us assume the sample size to be 100. Out of 100 people, approximately 8
individuals will like cookies, and 6 will show preference for mint chocolate chip. Hence, the
probability of selecting a person who likes cookies would be 8/100 or 0.08, and the
probability of a person preferring mint chocolate chip would be 6/100 or 0.06.

Now, we need to find the probability that a person divulges his/her fondness for either
cookies or mint chocolate chip, which would be the combined probability of both. Therefore,
in this situation, the probability would be 0.08 + 0.06 = 0.14 or 14%.

Therefore, if a person is picked randomly from the target population, the chance of choosing
someone who likes either cookies or mint chocolate chip would be 14%.

9. In a meeting room in a dormitory there are 8 bags of potato chips, 5 bags of popcorn, 2
bagsofpretzels,and1bagofcheesepuffs.Ifastudentselects1bagatrandom,findtheprobabilitythatit
is a bagof potato chips or abagof pretzels.
The total number of bags in the meeting room is 8 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 16 bags. The probability of
selecting a bag of potato chips or a bag of pretzels is the sum of the probability of selecting a bag
of potato chips and the probability of selecting a bag of pretzels.

The probability of selecting a bag of potato chips is 8/16, which simplifies to 1/2. The probability
of selecting a bag of pretzels is 2/16, which simplifies to 1/8. When we add the probabilities
together, we get:

1/2 + 1/8 = 4/8 + 1/8 = 5/8

Therefore, the probability of selecting a bag of potato chips or a bag of pretzels is 5/8.

This means that if a student selects one of the 16 bags at random, there is a 5/8 chance that it will
be either a bag of potato chips or a bag of pretzels. If the student wants to increase their chances
of getting potato chips or pretzels, they should pick from the 10 bags of potato chips and pretzels,
which would give them a 10/16 or 5/8 chance of getting one of those two snack options.

10. An urn contains 2 red balls, 5 blue balls, and 3 white balls. A ball is selected and its color
isnoted.Thenitisreplaced.Asecondballisselectedanditscolorisnoted.Findtheprobabilityofeach
of theseevents.
a) Selecting3blueballs
b) Selecting1 white balland then ared ball
c) Selecting2 blueballs andthen onewhite ball
The probability of an event can be calculated by dividing the number of ways the event
can occur by the total number of outcomes. In this case, there are 10 balls in the urn, so the
total number of outcomes is 10.

a) To select 3 blue balls, we need to select a blue ball on the first and second draws, and
another blue ball on the third draw. The probability of selecting a blue ball on the first
draw is 5/10, or 1/2. Since the ball is replaced, the probability of selecting a blue ball on
the second draw is also 1/2. The probability of selecting another blue ball on the third draw
is also 1/2. Therefore, the probability of selecting 3 blue balls is (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/2) = 1/8
or 0.125.

b) To select 1 white ball and then a red ball, we need to select a white ball on the first
draw, replace it, and then select a red ball on the second draw. The probability of selecting
a white ball on the first draw is 3/10. Since the ball is replaced, the probability of selecting
a red ball on the second draw is 2/10, or 1/5. Therefore, the probability of selecting 1 white
ball and then a red ball is (3/10) x (1/5) = 3/50 or 0.06.

c) To select 2 blue balls and then one white ball, we need to select a blue ball on the first
and second draws, and a white ball on the third draw. The probability of selecting a blue
ball on the first draw is 5/10, or 1/2. Since the ball is replaced, the probability of selecting
another blue ball on the second draw is also 1/2. The probability of selecting a white ball
on the third draw is 3/10. Therefore, the probability of selecting 2 blue balls and then one
white ball is (1/2) x (1/2) x (3/10) = 3/40 or 0.075.

In summary, the probability of selecting 3 blue balls is 1/8, selecting 1 white ball and then
a red ball is 3/50, and selecting 2 blue balls and then one white ball is 3/40. These
probabilities demonstrate how varying the sequence of ball selection can affect the overall
probability of specific outcomes. By understanding these probabilities, individuals can
better determine the likelihood of certain outcomes when multiple draws from the same
urn are possible.
11. A student scored 85 on a Math’s test while the mean score of all the students was 76 and
thestandard deviation was 4. She also scored 42 on a Statistics test where the class mean was
36and the standard deviation was 3. Find the Z-score or standard score and compare the
relativepositionson thetwo tests.
Scoring well on a test is always a source of pride and accomplishment for students. However,
in order to truly understand the significance of their achievement, it is important to look
beyond their individual score and compare it to the scores of their peers. This can be done by
calculating the Z-score or standard score, which measures the distance between the individual
score and the mean score of the population, in terms of standard deviations.

In this case, a student scored 85 on a Math’s test where the mean score of all the students was
76 and the standard deviation was 4. To find the Z-score, we need to first calculate the
difference between the individual score and the mean score of the population, which is 85 -
76 = 9. Then, we need to divide this difference by the standard deviation of the population,
which is 4, to get the Z-score. Therefore, the Z-score for this student on the Math’s test is 9/4
= 2.25.

Similarly, the student scored 42 on a Statistics test where the class mean was 36 and the
standard deviation was 3. To find the Z-score, we need to first calculate the difference
between the individual score and the mean score of the population, which is 42 - 36 = 6.
Then, we need to divide this difference by the standard deviation of the population, which is
3, to get the Z-score. Therefore, the Z-score for this student on the Statistics test is 6/3 = 2.

The Z-scores tell us that the student performed exceptionally well on both tests, with a Z-
score of 2 or greater indicating that their score is two or more standard deviations above the
mean score of the population. However, it is interesting to note that despite the similar Z-
scores, the relative positions of the student’s scores on the two tests are quite different.

On the Math’s test, the student’s score of 85 puts them in the top 1% of the population, as the
Z-score of 2.25 indicates that their score is more than two standard deviations above the
 mean score of 76. This is an impressive feat, as it indicates that they have a strong
understanding of the subject and are able to apply their knowledge effectively.

On the other hand, on the Statistics test, the student’s score of 42 puts them in the top 2.3%
of the population, as the Z-score of 2 indicates that their score is more than two standard
deviations above the mean score of 36. While still a commendable achievement, it is
interesting to note that their Math’s score places them in a higher percentile than their
Statistics score, despite the similar Z-scores.

Overall, the Z-scores provide a useful tool for comparing individual scores to the mean
scores of a population. When analyzing the relative positions of scores on different tests, it is
important to consider not only the Z-score, but also the actual scores and the units in which
they are measured. By doing so, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of student
performance and identify areas where improvement may be needed.
12. SupposeX is normalwith mean20.0and standard deviation6.0. FindP (20 <X <21.8).
The normal distribution is one of the most widely used probability distributions in statistics. It
is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetric and bell-shaped, with the mean,
median, and mode all being equal. The standard normal distribution has a mean of zero and a
standard deviation of one, and it is used to convert any normal distribution to a standard
normal distribution for easier calculations.

Suppose X is a normally distributed random variable with mean μ = 20.0 and standard
deviation σ = 6.0. We want to find the probability of the event that X falls between 20 and
21.8, that is, P(20 < X < 21.8). To do this, we need to standardize the distribution using the z-
score formula:

z = (X - μ) / σ

where X is the observed value, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation. The resulting z-
score tells us by how many standard deviations an observation differs from the mean.

In our case, we have:

z1 = (20 - 20) / 6 = 0

z2 = (21.8 - 20) / 6 = 0.3

Now we need to find the probabilities associated with each z-score using a standard normal
table or a calculator. The area under the standard normal curve between z = 0 and z = 0.3
represents the probability of getting a value between 20 and 21.8 in a standardized normal
distribution. We can find this area using a standard normal table or a calculator:

P(0 < Z < 0.3) = 0.1179

This means that the probability of getting a value between 20 and 21.8 in our normal
distribution is 0.1179 or 11.79%.
 We can also check this result using the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normal
distribution. The CDF gives the probability of getting a value less than or equal to a certain
value in the distribution. For a normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ, the
CDF is:

F(x) = Φ((x - μ) / σ)

where Φ is the standard normal CDF. Therefore, we have:

P(20 < X < 21.8) = F(21.8) - F(20) = Φ((21.8 - 20) / 6) - Φ((20 - 20) / 6) = Φ(0.3) - Φ(0) =
0.1179

which agrees with our previous calculation.

In conclusion, the probability of X falling between 20 and 21.8 in a normal distribution with
mean 20.0 and standard deviation 6.0 is 0.1179 or 11.79%. This calculation illustrates how the
z-score formula and the standard normal distribution can be used to find probabilities for any
normal distribution.

13. Suppose a company developed a new steel-belted radial tire to be sold. The manager
wantsprobability information about x = number of miles the tires will last. From actual road
testswiththetires,itisestimatedthatthemeantiremileageisµ=36,500milesandthatthestandarddevi
ationisσ= 5000withanormal distribution.
a) Calculate Z-valueof40,000
b) What percentage of the tires can be expected to last more than 40,000 miles? In
otherwords,what is the probabilitythat the tiremileage, x, will exceed 40,000?
Suppose a company developed a new steel-belted radial tire to be sold. The manager
of the company wants to know what the probability is that the tires will last a certain
number of miles. In this case, the manager is interested in the probability of x =
number of miles the tires will last. From actual road tests undertaken with the tires, it
is estimated that the mean tire mileage is µ= 36,500 miles and that the standard
deviation is σ = 5000 with a normal distribution.

a) To calculate the Z-value of 40,000, we use the formula:

Z = (X - µ) / σ

Here, X = 40,000, µ = 36,500, and σ = 5000. Substituting these values, we get:

Therefore, the Z-value of 40,000 is 0.7.

b) To find the percentage of tires that can be expected to last more than 40,000 miles
(i.e., the probability that the tire mileage, x, will exceed 40,000), we need to find the
probability that X > 40,000. We can use a Z-table to find this probability.

Using the Z-table, we can find the probability corresponding to the Z-value of 0.7 as
0.7580. This means that there is a 75.80% probability that a tire will last more than
40,000 miles.

In other words, roughly speaking, out of every 100 steel-belted radial tires the
company sells, 75 can be expected to last more than 40,000 miles. This could be good
news for buyers who want to make sure they get the most mileage out of their tires.

Suppose X is normal with mean 20.0 and standard deviation 6.0. We need to find P
(20 < X < 21.8). Here, X is a normally distributed variable with mean µ = 20.0 and
standard deviation σ = 6.0.

To find P (20 < X < 21.8), we need to find the area under the curve between X = 20
and X = 21.8. We can use the standard normal distribution for this problem by
standardizing X as follows:

Z1 = (20 - µ) / σ
Z1 = (20 - 20.0) / 6.0
Z1 = 0

Z2 = (21.8 - µ) / σ
Z2 = (21.8 - 20.0) / 6.0
Z2 = 0.3

Using a Z-table, we can find the probability corresponding to Z1 = 0 as 0.5 and the
probability corresponding to Z2 = 0.3 as 0.6179.

Therefore, the probability that 20 < X < 21.8 is:

P (20 < X < 21.8) = P (Z1 < Z < Z2)

Therefore, the probability that 20 < X < 21.8 is approximately 0.1179 or 11.79%.

In conclusion, probability knowledge is essential in decision-making for business